Humic acid （HA）, a fairly stable product of decomposed organic matter that consequently accumulates in ecological systems, enhances plant growth by chelating unavailable nutrients and buffering pH. We examined the e...Humic acid （HA）, a fairly stable product of decomposed organic matter that consequently accumulates in ecological systems, enhances plant growth by chelating unavailable nutrients and buffering pH. We examined the effect of HA derived from lignite on growth and macronutrient uptake of wheat （Triticum acstivum L.） grown in earthen pots under greenhouse conditions. The soils used in the pot experiment were a calcareous Haplustalf and a non-calcareous Haplustalf collected from Raisalpur and Guliana, respectively, in Punjab Province, Pakistan. The experiment consisted of four treatments with HA levels of 0 （control without HA）, 30, 60, and 90 mg kg^-1 soil designated as HA0, HA1, HA2, and HA3, respectively. In the treatment without HA （HA0）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） were applied at 200, 100, and 125 mg kg^-1 soil, respectively. Significant differences among HA levels were recorded for wheat growth （plant height and shoot weight） and N uptake. On an average of both soils, the largest increases in plant height and shoot fresh and dry weights were found with HA2 （60 mg kg^-1 soil）, being 10%, 25%, and 18%, respectively, as compared to the control without HA （HA0）. Both soils responded positively towards HA application. The wheat growth and N uptake in the non-calcareous soil were higher than those of the calcareous soil. The HA application significantly improved K concentration of the non-calcareous soil and P and NO3-N of the calcareous soil. The highest rate of HA （90 mg kg^-1 soil） had a negative effect on growth and nutrient uptake of wheat as well as nutrient accumulation in soil, whereas the medium dose of HA （60 mg kg^-1 soil） was more efficient in promoting wheat growth.展开更多
China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation,and local authorities need more city-specifc information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies.This study provi...China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation,and local authorities need more city-specifc information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies.This study provides the most comprehensive COemission inventories of 287 Chinese cities from 2001 to2019.The emission inventories are compiled for 47 economic sectors and include energy-related emissions for 17 types of fossil fuels and process-related emissions from cement production.We further investigate the state of the emission peak in each city and reveal hidden driving forces.The results show that38 cities have proactively peaked their emissions for at least fve years and another 21 cities also have emission decline,but passively.The 38 proactively peaked cities achieved emission decline mainly by effciency improvements and structural changes in energy use,while the 21 passively emission declined cities reduced emissions at the cost of economic recession or population loss.We propose that those passively emission declined cities need to face up to the reasons that caused the emission to decline,and fully exploit the opportunities provided by industrial innovation and green investment brought by low-carbon targets to achieve economic recovery and carbon mitigation goals.Proactively peaked cities need to seek strategies to maintain the downward trend in emissions and avoid an emission rebound and thus provide successful models for cities with still growing emissions to achieve an emission peak.展开更多
Graphene has attracted the interest of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists due to its extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. While pristine graphene is desirable for applications t...Graphene has attracted the interest of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists due to its extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. While pristine graphene is desirable for applications that require a high electrical conductivity, many other applications require modified or functionalized forms of graphene, such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene, or other functionalized forms. Structurally modifying graphene through chemical functionalization reveals the numerous possibilities for tuning its structure; several chemical and physical functionalization methods have been explored to improve the stabilization and modification of graphene. In this review, we report recent progress towards the chemical modification of graphene, including both covalent and noncovalent methods, for use in various applications.展开更多
No effective drug treatments are available for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Host-directed therapies targeting the underlying aberrant immune responses leading to pulmonary tissue damage,death,or long-term functi...No effective drug treatments are available for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Host-directed therapies targeting the underlying aberrant immune responses leading to pulmonary tissue damage,death,or long-term functional disability in survivors require clinical evaluation.We performed a parallel assigned controlled,non-randomized,phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSCs)infusions in the treatment of patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 pulmonary disease.The study enrolled 18 hospitalized patients with COVID-19(n=9 for each group).The treatment group received three cycles of intravenous infusion of UC-MSCs(3×107 cells per infusion)on days 0,3,and 6.Both groups received standard COVID-treatment regimens.Adverse events,duration of clinical symptoms,laboratory parameters,length of hospitalization,serial chest computed tomography(CT)images,the PaO2/FiO2 ratio,dynamics of cytokines,and IgG and IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analyzed.No serious UC-MSCs infusion-associated adverse events were observed.Two patients receiving UC-MSCs developed transient facial flushing and fever,and one patient developed transient hypoxia at 12 h post UC-MSCs transfusion.Mechanical ventilation was required in one patient in the treatment group compared with four in the control group.All patients recovered and were discharged.Our data show that intravenous UC-MSCs infusion in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 is safe and well tolerated.Phase 2/3 randomized,controlled,double-blinded trials with long-term follow-up are needed to evaluate the therapeutic use of UC-MSCs to reduce deaths and improve long-term treatment outcomes in patients with serious COVID-19.展开更多
Background:The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties(geographic regions)for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day,their confirmation and investigation within 3 ...Background:The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties(geographic regions)for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day,their confirmation and investigation within 3 days,and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days.Assessing the level of compliance to the 1-3-7 strategy at the county level is a first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is happening according to plan.This study assessed if the time-bound targets of the 1-3-7 strategy were being sustained over time.Such information would be useful to improve implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved country-wide programmatic data for the period January 1st 2013 to June 30th 2014.Data variables were extracted from the national malaria information system and included socio-demographic information,type of county,date of diagnosis,date of reporting,date of case investigation,case classification(indigenous,or imported,or unknown),focus investigation,date of reactive case detection(RACD),and date of indoor residual spraying(IRS).Summary statistics and proportions were used and comparisons between groups were assessed using the chi-square test.Level of significance was set at a P-value≤0.05.Results:Of a total of 5,688 malaria cases from 731 counties,there were 55(1%)indigenous cases(only in Type 1 and Type 2 counties)and 5,633(99%)imported cases from all types of counties.There was no delay in reporting malaria cases by type of county.In terms of case investigation,97.5%cases were investigated within 3 days with the proportion of delays(1.5%)in type 2 counties,being significantly lower than type 1 counties(4.1%).Regarding active foci,96.4%were treated by RACD and/or IRS.Conclusions:The performance of 1-3-7 strategy was encouraging but identified some challenges that if addressed can further improve implementation.展开更多
The M_(S)6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai Province,west China is the largest earthquake by far in 2022.The earthquake occurs in a tectonically active region,with a background b-value of 0.87 within 100 km of the epic...The M_(S)6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai Province,west China is the largest earthquake by far in 2022.The earthquake occurs in a tectonically active region,with a background b-value of 0.87 within 100 km of the epicenter that we derived from the unified catalog produced by China Earthquake Networks Center since late 2008.Field surveys have revealed surface ruptures extending 22 km along strike,with a maximum ground displacement of 2.1 m.We construct a finite fault model with constraints from In SAR observations,which showed multiple fault segments during the Menyuan earthquake.The major slip asperity is confined within 10 km at depth,with the maximum slip of 3.5 m.Near real-time back-projection results of coseismic radiation indicate a northwest propagating rupture that lasted for~10 s.Intensity estimates from the back-projection results show up to a Mercalli scale of IX near the ruptured area,consistent with instrumental measurements and the observations from the field surveys.Aftershock locations(up to January 21,2022)exhibit two segments,extending to~20 km in depth.The largest one reaches M_(S)5.3,locating near the eastern end of the aftershock zone.Although the location and the approximate magnitude of the mainshock had been indicated by previous studies based on paleoearthquake records and seismic gap,as well as estimated stressing rate on faults,significant surfacebreaching rupture leads to severe damage of the high-speed railway system,which poses a challenge in accurately assessing earthquake hazards and risks,and thus demands further investigations of the rupture behaviors for crustal earthquakes.展开更多
Infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP)disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness,disability,an...Infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP)disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness,disability,and social stigma.In 2010,the global deaths from HIV/AIDS have increased to 1.5 million and malaria mortality rose to 1.17 million.Mortality from neglected tropical diseases rose to 152,000,while tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people that same year.Substantial regional variations exist in the distribution of these diseases as they are primarily concentrated in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa,Asia,and Latin America,with geographic overlap and high levels of co-infection.Evidence-based interventions exist to prevent and control these diseases,however,the coverage still remains low with an emerging challenge of antimicrobial resistance.Therefore,community-based delivery platforms are increasingly being advocated to ensure sustainability and combat co-infections.Because of the high morbidity and mortality burden of these diseases,especially in resource-poor settings,it is imperative to conduct a systematic review to identify strategies to prevent and control these diseases.Therefore,we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of one of these strategies,that is community-based delivery for the prevention and treatment of IDoP.In this paper,we describe the burden,epidemiology,and potential interventions for IDoP.In subsequent papers of this series,we describe the analytical framework and the methodology used to guide the systematic reviews,and report the findings and interpretations of our analyses of the impact of community-based strategies on individual IDoPs.展开更多
Treatment of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is challenging.We performed a phase 2 trial to assess the efficacy andsafety of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MScs)to treat severe coViD-19 patien...Treatment of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is challenging.We performed a phase 2 trial to assess the efficacy andsafety of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MScs)to treat severe coViD-19 patients with lung damage,based onour phase 1 data.In this randomized,double-blind,and placebo-controlled trial,we recruited 101 severe coVID-19 patients withlung damage.They were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ratio to receive either UC-MSCs(4×10^(7)cells per infusion)or placebo on day 0,3,and 6.The primary endpoint was an altered proportion of whole lung lesion volumes from baseline to day 28.Other imagingoutcomes,6-minute walk test(6-MWT),maximum vital capacity,diffusing capacity,and adverse events were recorded and analyzed.In all,100 COVID-19 patients were finally received either UC-MSCs in=65)or placebo(n=35).UC-MSCs administrationexerted numerical improvement in whole lung lesion volume from baseline to day 28 compared with the placebo(the mediandifference was-13.31%,95%Cl-29.14%,2.13%,P=0.08).UC-MSCs significanty reduced the proportions of solid componentlesion volume compared with the placebo(median difference:-15.45%;95%CI-30.82%,-0.39%;P=0.043).The 6-MWT showedan increased distance in patients treated with UC-MSCs(difference:27.00 m;95%CI 0.00,57.00;P=0.057).The incidence of adverseevents was similar in the two groups.These results suggest that UC-MSCs treatment is a safe and potentially effective therapeuticapproach for COVID-19 patients with lung damage.A phase 3 trial is required to evaluate effects on reducing mortality andpreventing long-term pulmonary disability.展开更多
Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) forms homo-oligomers and multiple copies of NP wrap around genomic RNA, along with a trimeric polymerase making up ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Sequence comparison of more than...Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) forms homo-oligomers and multiple copies of NP wrap around genomic RNA, along with a trimeric polymerase making up ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Sequence comparison of more than 2500 influenza A NP showed that this protein contains 30.1 % of polymorphic residues. NP is composed of a head and a body domain and a tail loop/ linker region. The head domain is more conserved than the body domain, as revealed from the structure-based sequence alignment. NP oligomerization is mediated by the insertion of the non-polymorphic and structurally conserved tail loop of one NP molecule to a groove of another NP. The different form of NP oligomers is due to the flexibility of the polymorphic linkers that join the tail loop to the rest of the protein. The RNA binding property of NP is known to involve the protruding element and the flexible basic loop between the head and body domains, both having high degree of primary sequence conservation. To bind RNA, NP may first capture the RNA by the flexible basic loop and then the RNA is clamped by the protruding element.展开更多
It has long been known that human activities such as waste fluid disposal and reservoir impoundment may cause earthquakes. Recently, anthropogenic activities to tackle the increasing energy demand and to address clima...It has long been known that human activities such as waste fluid disposal and reservoir impoundment may cause earthquakes. Recently, anthropogenic activities to tackle the increasing energy demand and to address climate change issues are also reported to induce earthquakes. These activities have a common attribute in that fluids are injected and extracted underground and induce spatiotemporal changes of pore pressure and stress, which may cause slip on faults. Induced earthquakes not only pose significant impacts on seismic hazard assessment and preparation, but also raise the question to the society as how to balance the economic needs of resources development and the public's concerns about potential environmental impacts. Here we review the observations of fluid-injection/extraction induced earthquakes, ground deformation associated with these activities, and their physical mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the influences of induced earthquakes on seismic hazard models, regulatory policies on these anthropogenic activities, and current development of academic, industrial and government initiatives and collaborations in order to understand this intriguing phenomenon and address associated challenges.展开更多
Background and Aims:The World Health Organization(WHO)Western Pacific Region set a target of eliminating mother-to-child transmission(MTCT)of hepatitis B virus(HBV)by 2030.To assess the feasibility of this target in C...Background and Aims:The World Health Organization(WHO)Western Pacific Region set a target of eliminating mother-to-child transmission(MTCT)of hepatitis B virus(HBV)by 2030.To assess the feasibility of this target in China,we carried out an epidemiological study to investigate the status quo of MTCT in the real-world setting.Methods:One thousand and eight hepatitis B surface antigen-positive preg-nant women were enrolled at 10 hospitals.Immunoprophy-laxis was administered to infants.In addition,mothers with HBV DNA level>2,000,000 IU/mL were advised to initiate antiviral therapy during late pregnancy.A health application called SHIELD was used to manage the study.Results:Nine hundred and five of the enrolled mothers,with 924 infants,completed the follow-up.Birth-dose hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin were received by 99.7%and 99.7%of infants,respectively,within 24 h after birth.There ;were 446 mothers who received antiviral therapy,including 72.3%of the mothers with HBV DNA level>2,000,000 IU/mL and 21.0%of the mothers with HBV DNA level<2,000,000 IU/mL.Eight infants were infected with HBV.The overall rate of MTCT was 0.9%.Birth defects were rare(0.5%among in-fants with maternal antiviral exposure versus 0.7%among infants without exposure;p=1.00).Conclusions:The MTCT rate was lower than the WHO Western Pacific Region elimina-tion MTCT target in this real-world study,indicating that a comprehensive management composed of immunoprophy-laxis to infants and antiviral prophylaxis to mothers may be a feasible strategy to achieve the 2030 WHO elimination goal.展开更多
CD59, belonging to membrane complement regulatory proteins （mCRPs）, inhibits the cytolytic activity of complement and is over-expressed in solid cancers, including ovary cancer. The aim of the present study was to c...CD59, belonging to membrane complement regulatory proteins （mCRPs）, inhibits the cytolytic activity of complement and is over-expressed in solid cancers, including ovary cancer. The aim of the present study was to construct recombinant retrovirus encoding shRNA targeted human CD59 and infect A2780 cells in order to investigate the relationship between decreased CD59 expression and tumorigenesis of ovary cancer, siCD59 and siCD59-C were successfully constructed and identified by PCR, restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA sequencing, respectively. The siCD59 was able to efficiently infect A2780 cells, which was confirmed by Western blotting. When incubated with fresh normal human serum （8%, v/v） for 1 h at 37℃, the cell viability was decreased and cell damage was increased in siCD59 infected A2780 cells compared to siCD59-C infected cells. This led to the activation of caspase-3. The apoptosis in siCD59 infected cells was shown with hypercondensed nuclei using Hoechst staining. Meanwhile, the weight of ovary tumor graft in nude mice was significantly decreased in siCD59 group compared to that of siCD59-C group. And the expression of CD59 protein in tumor tissue in siCD59 group was significantly decreased. These results suggested that CD59 silencing in ovary cancer cells v/a retrovirusmediated RNAi can enhance complement-mediated cell damage, inhibiting growth of ovary cancer. CD59 might be a potential target for gene therapy in ovary cancer. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.展开更多
The Anninghe fault is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault in southwestern China. It has controlled deposition and magmatic activities since the Proterozoic, and seismic activity occurs frequently. The Mianning-Xich...The Anninghe fault is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault in southwestern China. It has controlled deposition and magmatic activities since the Proterozoic, and seismic activity occurs frequently. The Mianning-Xichang segment of the Anninghe fault is a seismic gap that has been locked by high stress. Many studies suggest that this segment has great potential for large earthquakes(magnitude >7). We obtained three vertical velocity profiles of the Anninghe fault(between Mianning and Xichang) based on the inversion of P-wave first arrival times. The travel time data were picked from seismograms generated by methane gaseous sources and recorded by three linearly distributed across-fault dense arrays. The inversion results show that the P-wave velocity structures at depths of 0-2 km corresponds well with the local lithology. The Quaternary sediments have low seismic velocities, whereas the igneous rocks,metamorphic rocks, and bedrock have high seismic velocities. We then further discuss the fault activities of the two fault branches of the Anninghe fault in the study region based on small earthquakes(magnitudes between ML 0.5 and ML 2.5) detected by the Xichang array.The eastern fault branch is more active than the western branch and that the fault activities in the eastern branch are different in the northern and southern segments at the border of 28°21′N. The high-resolution models obtained are essential for future earthquake rupture simulations and hazard assessments of the Anninghe fault zone. Future studies of velocity models at greater depths may further explain the complex fault activities in the study region.展开更多
Background:Hepatitis A(HepA)vaccination and economic transitions can change the epidemiology of HepA.China's Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita was known to be inversely associated with the incidence of HepA,bu...Background:Hepatitis A(HepA)vaccination and economic transitions can change the epidemiology of HepA.China's Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita was known to be inversely associated with the incidence of HepA,but a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of HepA in different socio-economic regions is lacking.We compare the changing epidemiology of HepA in three socioeconomic-geographic regions of China.Methods:We obtained data on all HepA cases reported through the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System and assessed trends and changes in age-specific incidence rates by age quartile and season.We categorized the country into three regions,the sequential years into five era,compared the incidence,quartile age;seasonal intensity and coverage of HepA of the three regions.Linear regression was peiformed to analyse trends in incidence of HepA and to analyse the association between coverage and incidence.Results:The annual mean incidences of HepA in the eastern,central,and western regions decreased from 63.52/100000,50.57/100000 and 46.39/100000 in 1990-1992 to 1.18/100000,1.05/100000 and 3.14/100000 in 2012-2017,respectively.Decreases in incidence were seen in all age groups in the three regions;the incidence was highest(9.3/100000)in the youngest age group(0-4 years)of the western region,while in the central region,the age group with the highest incidence changed from 0 to 9 years to adults>60 years old.In 2017,the median age of HepA cases was 43 years(Q-Q3:33-55),47 years(Q1-Q3:32-60)and 33 years(Q1-Q3:9-52)in the eastern,central,and western provinces,respectively.Seasonal peaks became smaller or were nearly elimination nationwide,but seasonality persisted in some provinces.After the Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI)included HepA vaccine into the routine schedule in 2007,HepA coverage increased to>80%in the three regions and was negatively association with the HepA incidence.Conclusion:The incidence of HepA decreased markedly between 1990 and 2017.A socioeconomic inequity in coverage of HepA vaccine was 展开更多
Background:During the past six decades,remarkable success on malaria control has been made in China.The major experience could be shared with other malaria endemic countries including Tanzania with high malaria burden...Background:During the past six decades,remarkable success on malaria control has been made in China.The major experience could be shared with other malaria endemic countries including Tanzania with high malaria burden.Especially,China’s 1-3-7 model for malaria elimination is one of the most important refined experiences from many years’efforts and key innovation measures for malaria elimination in China.Methods:The China-UK-Tanzania pilot project on malaria control was implemented from April,2015 to June,2018,which was an operational research with two communities receiving the proposed interventions and two comparable communities serving as control sites.The World Health Organization"Test,Treat,Track"(WHO-T3)Initiative,which calls for every suspected case to receive a diagnostic test,every confirmed case to be treated,and for the disease to be tracked,was integrated with Chinese experiences on malaria control and elimination for exploration of a proper model tailored to the local settings.Application of China’s 1-3-7 model integrating with WHO-T3 initiative and local resources aiming at reducing the burden of malaria in terms of morbidity and mortality by 30%in the intervention communities in comparison with that at the baseline survey.Discussion:The China-UK-Tanzania pilot project on malaria control was that at China’s first pilot project on malaria control in Africa,exploring the feasibility of Chinese experiences by China-Africa collaboration,which is expected that the strategies and approaches used in this project could be potential for scaling up in Tanzania and African countries,and contribute to the acceleration of malaria control and elimination in Africa.展开更多
Dear Editor,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARSCo V)is the causative agent of the 2002–2003 SARS pandemic,which resulted in more than 8000 human infections worldwide and an approximately 10%fatality ra...Dear Editor,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARSCo V)is the causative agent of the 2002–2003 SARS pandemic,which resulted in more than 8000 human infections worldwide and an approximately 10%fatality rate(Ksiazek et al.2003;Peiris et al.2004).The virus infects both upper airway and alveolar epithelial cells,resulting in mild to severe lung injury in展开更多
Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was ...Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.展开更多
Water regime and nitrogen（N） fertilizer are two important factors impacting greenhouse gases（GHG） emission from paddy field, whereas their effects have not been well studied in cold region. In this study, we condu...Water regime and nitrogen（N） fertilizer are two important factors impacting greenhouse gases（GHG） emission from paddy field, whereas their effects have not been well studied in cold region. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment to study the impacts of water regime and N fertilizer on rice yields and GHG emissions in Harbin, China, a cold region located in high latitudes. Our results showed that intermittent irrigation significantly decreased methane（CH4） emission compared with continuous flooding, however,the decrement was far lower than the global average level. The N2O emissions were very small when flooded but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. The N fertilizer treatments increased CH4 emissions at low level（75 kg N/ha）. But both CH4 and N2O emissions were uninfluenced at the levels of 150 kg N/ha and 225 kg N/ha. Rice yields increased under intermittent irrigation and were highest at the level of 150 kg N/ha. From our results, we recommended that the intermittent irrigation and 150 kg N/ha as the ideal water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation for this area to achieve low GHG emissions without impacting rice yields.展开更多
The implementation of strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is frequently hindered by potential trade-offs between priorities for either environmental protection or human well-being.However,ecos...The implementation of strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is frequently hindered by potential trade-offs between priorities for either environmental protection or human well-being.However,ecosystem services(ES)-based solutions can offer possible co-benefits for SDGs implementation that are often overlooked or underexploited.In this study,we cover this gap and investigate how experts from different countries value the SDGs and relate them with ES.A total of 66 countries participated to the survey,and answers were grouped into three macro-regions:Asia;Europe,North America,and Oceania(ENO);Latin America,Caribbean and Africa(LA).Results show that the most prioritized SDGs in the three macro-regions are usually those related to essential material needs and environmental conditions,such as SDG2(Zero Hunger),SDG1(No Poverty),and SDG6(Clean Water).At a global scale,the number of prioritized synergies between SDGs and ES largely exceeded trade-offs.The highest amount of synergies was observed for SDG1(No Poverty),mainly with SDG2,SDG3(Good Health),SDG5(Gender Equality),and SDG8(Economic Growth).Other major synergies among SDGs include SDG14-15(Life below water-Life on land),SDG5-10(Gender Equity-Reduced Inequality),and SDG1-2(No poverty-Zero Hunger).At a global scale,SDG15,SDG13,SDG14,and SDG6 were closely related to ES like climate regulation,freshwater,food,water purification,biodiversity,and education.SDG11(Sustainable Cities)and SDG3 were also relevant in Asia and in LA,respectively.Overall,this study shows the potential to couple future policies that can implement SDGs’strategies while adopting ES-based solutions in different regions of the world.展开更多
基金Supported by the University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Muzaffarabad,Pakistan
文摘Humic acid （HA）, a fairly stable product of decomposed organic matter that consequently accumulates in ecological systems, enhances plant growth by chelating unavailable nutrients and buffering pH. We examined the effect of HA derived from lignite on growth and macronutrient uptake of wheat （Triticum acstivum L.） grown in earthen pots under greenhouse conditions. The soils used in the pot experiment were a calcareous Haplustalf and a non-calcareous Haplustalf collected from Raisalpur and Guliana, respectively, in Punjab Province, Pakistan. The experiment consisted of four treatments with HA levels of 0 （control without HA）, 30, 60, and 90 mg kg^-1 soil designated as HA0, HA1, HA2, and HA3, respectively. In the treatment without HA （HA0）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） were applied at 200, 100, and 125 mg kg^-1 soil, respectively. Significant differences among HA levels were recorded for wheat growth （plant height and shoot weight） and N uptake. On an average of both soils, the largest increases in plant height and shoot fresh and dry weights were found with HA2 （60 mg kg^-1 soil）, being 10%, 25%, and 18%, respectively, as compared to the control without HA （HA0）. Both soils responded positively towards HA application. The wheat growth and N uptake in the non-calcareous soil were higher than those of the calcareous soil. The HA application significantly improved K concentration of the non-calcareous soil and P and NO3-N of the calcareous soil. The highest rate of HA （90 mg kg^-1 soil） had a negative effect on growth and nutrient uptake of wheat as well as nutrient accumulation in soil, whereas the medium dose of HA （60 mg kg^-1 soil） was more efficient in promoting wheat growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72140001 and 41921005)Shandong Provincial Science Fund for Excellent Youth Scholars(ZR2021YQ27)+1 种基金the National Social Science Fund of China(21ZDA065)the Natural Environment Research Council(2021GRIP02COP-AQ)。
文摘China is playing an increasing role in global climate change mitigation,and local authorities need more city-specifc information on the emissions trends and patterns when designing low-carbon policies.This study provides the most comprehensive COemission inventories of 287 Chinese cities from 2001 to2019.The emission inventories are compiled for 47 economic sectors and include energy-related emissions for 17 types of fossil fuels and process-related emissions from cement production.We further investigate the state of the emission peak in each city and reveal hidden driving forces.The results show that38 cities have proactively peaked their emissions for at least fve years and another 21 cities also have emission decline,but passively.The 38 proactively peaked cities achieved emission decline mainly by effciency improvements and structural changes in energy use,while the 21 passively emission declined cities reduced emissions at the cost of economic recession or population loss.We propose that those passively emission declined cities need to face up to the reasons that caused the emission to decline,and fully exploit the opportunities provided by industrial innovation and green investment brought by low-carbon targets to achieve economic recovery and carbon mitigation goals.Proactively peaked cities need to seek strategies to maintain the downward trend in emissions and avoid an emission rebound and thus provide successful models for cities with still growing emissions to achieve an emission peak.
文摘Graphene has attracted the interest of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists due to its extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. While pristine graphene is desirable for applications that require a high electrical conductivity, many other applications require modified or functionalized forms of graphene, such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene, or other functionalized forms. Structurally modifying graphene through chemical functionalization reveals the numerous possibilities for tuning its structure; several chemical and physical functionalization methods have been explored to improve the stabilization and modification of graphene. In this review, we report recent progress towards the chemical modification of graphene, including both covalent and noncovalent methods, for use in various applications.
基金supported by The National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFC0841900,2020YFC0844000)The Innovation Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81721002)+2 种基金The National Science and Technology Major Project(2017YFA0105703)The Military Emergency Research Project for COVID-19(BWS20J006)The Project for Innovation of Military Medicine of China(16CXZ045).
文摘No effective drug treatments are available for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Host-directed therapies targeting the underlying aberrant immune responses leading to pulmonary tissue damage,death,or long-term functional disability in survivors require clinical evaluation.We performed a parallel assigned controlled,non-randomized,phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSCs)infusions in the treatment of patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 pulmonary disease.The study enrolled 18 hospitalized patients with COVID-19(n=9 for each group).The treatment group received three cycles of intravenous infusion of UC-MSCs(3×107 cells per infusion)on days 0,3,and 6.Both groups received standard COVID-treatment regimens.Adverse events,duration of clinical symptoms,laboratory parameters,length of hospitalization,serial chest computed tomography(CT)images,the PaO2/FiO2 ratio,dynamics of cytokines,and IgG and IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analyzed.No serious UC-MSCs infusion-associated adverse events were observed.Two patients receiving UC-MSCs developed transient facial flushing and fever,and one patient developed transient hypoxia at 12 h post UC-MSCs transfusion.Mechanical ventilation was required in one patient in the treatment group compared with four in the control group.All patients recovered and were discharged.Our data show that intravenous UC-MSCs infusion in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 is safe and well tolerated.Phase 2/3 randomized,controlled,double-blinded trials with long-term follow-up are needed to evaluate the therapeutic use of UC-MSCs to reduce deaths and improve long-term treatment outcomes in patients with serious COVID-19.
基金This research was conducted through the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative(SORT IT),a global partnership led by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization(WHO/TDR).The model is based on a course developed jointly by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease(The Union)and Medécins sans Frontières(MSF).The specific SORT IT programme which resulted in this publication was jointly developed and implemented by:The Centre for Operational Research,The Union,Paris,FranceThe Operational Research Unit(LUXOR),Medécins Sans Frontières,Brussels Operational Center,Luxembourg+1 种基金The Union,South-East Asia Regional Office,New Delhi,Indiaand The Centre for International Health,University of Bergen,Norway The programme was supported and funded by Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network(APMEN,Grant 108-06),Bloomberg Philanthropies,The Union,MSF,the Department for International Development(DFID),UK and the World Health Organization.La Fondation Veuve Emile Metz-Tesch supported open access publications costs.The funders except for APMEN had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.APMEN support the data collection and data analysis.
文摘Background:The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties(geographic regions)for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day,their confirmation and investigation within 3 days,and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days.Assessing the level of compliance to the 1-3-7 strategy at the county level is a first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is happening according to plan.This study assessed if the time-bound targets of the 1-3-7 strategy were being sustained over time.Such information would be useful to improve implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved country-wide programmatic data for the period January 1st 2013 to June 30th 2014.Data variables were extracted from the national malaria information system and included socio-demographic information,type of county,date of diagnosis,date of reporting,date of case investigation,case classification(indigenous,or imported,or unknown),focus investigation,date of reactive case detection(RACD),and date of indoor residual spraying(IRS).Summary statistics and proportions were used and comparisons between groups were assessed using the chi-square test.Level of significance was set at a P-value≤0.05.Results:Of a total of 5,688 malaria cases from 731 counties,there were 55(1%)indigenous cases(only in Type 1 and Type 2 counties)and 5,633(99%)imported cases from all types of counties.There was no delay in reporting malaria cases by type of county.In terms of case investigation,97.5%cases were investigated within 3 days with the proportion of delays(1.5%)in type 2 counties,being significantly lower than type 1 counties(4.1%).Regarding active foci,96.4%were treated by RACD and/or IRS.Conclusions:The performance of 1-3-7 strategy was encouraging but identified some challenges that if addressed can further improve implementation.
基金supported by China Earthquake Sciences Experiment Site(2018CSES0102)China Earthquake Administration Science for Earthquake Resilience(XH20072)+2 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0603500)atural Science Foundation of China(41874062 and 41922025)Youth Science and Technology Fund Project of CENC。
文摘The M_(S)6.9 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai Province,west China is the largest earthquake by far in 2022.The earthquake occurs in a tectonically active region,with a background b-value of 0.87 within 100 km of the epicenter that we derived from the unified catalog produced by China Earthquake Networks Center since late 2008.Field surveys have revealed surface ruptures extending 22 km along strike,with a maximum ground displacement of 2.1 m.We construct a finite fault model with constraints from In SAR observations,which showed multiple fault segments during the Menyuan earthquake.The major slip asperity is confined within 10 km at depth,with the maximum slip of 3.5 m.Near real-time back-projection results of coseismic radiation indicate a northwest propagating rupture that lasted for~10 s.Intensity estimates from the back-projection results show up to a Mercalli scale of IX near the ruptured area,consistent with instrumental measurements and the observations from the field surveys.Aftershock locations(up to January 21,2022)exhibit two segments,extending to~20 km in depth.The largest one reaches M_(S)5.3,locating near the eastern end of the aftershock zone.Although the location and the approximate magnitude of the mainshock had been indicated by previous studies based on paleoearthquake records and seismic gap,as well as estimated stressing rate on faults,significant surfacebreaching rupture leads to severe damage of the high-speed railway system,which poses a challenge in accurately assessing earthquake hazards and risks,and thus demands further investigations of the rupture behaviors for crustal earthquakes.
文摘Infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP)disproportionately affect the poorest population in the world and contribute to a cycle of poverty as a result of decreased productivity ensuing from long-term illness,disability,and social stigma.In 2010,the global deaths from HIV/AIDS have increased to 1.5 million and malaria mortality rose to 1.17 million.Mortality from neglected tropical diseases rose to 152,000,while tuberculosis killed 1.2 million people that same year.Substantial regional variations exist in the distribution of these diseases as they are primarily concentrated in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa,Asia,and Latin America,with geographic overlap and high levels of co-infection.Evidence-based interventions exist to prevent and control these diseases,however,the coverage still remains low with an emerging challenge of antimicrobial resistance.Therefore,community-based delivery platforms are increasingly being advocated to ensure sustainability and combat co-infections.Because of the high morbidity and mortality burden of these diseases,especially in resource-poor settings,it is imperative to conduct a systematic review to identify strategies to prevent and control these diseases.Therefore,we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of one of these strategies,that is community-based delivery for the prevention and treatment of IDoP.In this paper,we describe the burden,epidemiology,and potential interventions for IDoP.In subsequent papers of this series,we describe the analytical framework and the methodology used to guide the systematic reviews,and report the findings and interpretations of our analyses of the impact of community-based strategies on individual IDoPs.
基金Funded by The National Key R&D Program of China and others.ClinicalTrials.gov number,NCT04288102supported by The National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFC0841900,2020YFC0844000,2020YFC08860900)+1 种基金The Innovation Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81721002)The National Science and Technology Major Project(2017YFA0105703).
文摘Treatment of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is challenging.We performed a phase 2 trial to assess the efficacy andsafety of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MScs)to treat severe coViD-19 patients with lung damage,based onour phase 1 data.In this randomized,double-blind,and placebo-controlled trial,we recruited 101 severe coVID-19 patients withlung damage.They were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ratio to receive either UC-MSCs(4×10^(7)cells per infusion)or placebo on day 0,3,and 6.The primary endpoint was an altered proportion of whole lung lesion volumes from baseline to day 28.Other imagingoutcomes,6-minute walk test(6-MWT),maximum vital capacity,diffusing capacity,and adverse events were recorded and analyzed.In all,100 COVID-19 patients were finally received either UC-MSCs in=65)or placebo(n=35).UC-MSCs administrationexerted numerical improvement in whole lung lesion volume from baseline to day 28 compared with the placebo(the mediandifference was-13.31%,95%Cl-29.14%,2.13%,P=0.08).UC-MSCs significanty reduced the proportions of solid componentlesion volume compared with the placebo(median difference:-15.45%;95%CI-30.82%,-0.39%;P=0.043).The 6-MWT showedan increased distance in patients treated with UC-MSCs(difference:27.00 m;95%CI 0.00,57.00;P=0.057).The incidence of adverseevents was similar in the two groups.These results suggest that UC-MSCs treatment is a safe and potentially effective therapeuticapproach for COVID-19 patients with lung damage.A phase 3 trial is required to evaluate effects on reducing mortality andpreventing long-term pulmonary disability.
基金supported by a General Research Fund (CUHK472808) from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong SAR. J.H. Wang’s group was supported by the Claudia Adams Barr Program in Cancer Research.
文摘Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) forms homo-oligomers and multiple copies of NP wrap around genomic RNA, along with a trimeric polymerase making up ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Sequence comparison of more than 2500 influenza A NP showed that this protein contains 30.1 % of polymorphic residues. NP is composed of a head and a body domain and a tail loop/ linker region. The head domain is more conserved than the body domain, as revealed from the structure-based sequence alignment. NP oligomerization is mediated by the insertion of the non-polymorphic and structurally conserved tail loop of one NP molecule to a groove of another NP. The different form of NP oligomers is due to the flexibility of the polymorphic linkers that join the tail loop to the rest of the protein. The RNA binding property of NP is known to involve the protruding element and the flexible basic loop between the head and body domains, both having high degree of primary sequence conservation. To bind RNA, NP may first capture the RNA by the flexible basic loop and then the RNA is clamped by the protruding element.
基金supported by the NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Grant Nos. N_CUHK418/15, N_CUHK430/16)CUHK-University of Manchester Research Fund (Grant No. 4930227)+4 种基金United States National Science Foundation (Grant No. OCE-1357433)Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant No. STPGP 494141-16)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant Nos. KAKENHI 2624004, 26280006)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41474033)the Summer School Program of Peking University
文摘It has long been known that human activities such as waste fluid disposal and reservoir impoundment may cause earthquakes. Recently, anthropogenic activities to tackle the increasing energy demand and to address climate change issues are also reported to induce earthquakes. These activities have a common attribute in that fluids are injected and extracted underground and induce spatiotemporal changes of pore pressure and stress, which may cause slip on faults. Induced earthquakes not only pose significant impacts on seismic hazard assessment and preparation, but also raise the question to the society as how to balance the economic needs of resources development and the public's concerns about potential environmental impacts. Here we review the observations of fluid-injection/extraction induced earthquakes, ground deformation associated with these activities, and their physical mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the influences of induced earthquakes on seismic hazard models, regulatory policies on these anthropogenic activities, and current development of academic, industrial and government initiatives and collaborations in order to understand this intriguing phenomenon and address associated challenges.
基金the China Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control(CFHPC)and National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81673243)the Chinese National Research Grant of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Key Projects in Infectious Diseases(Grant No.2017ZX10201201).
文摘Background and Aims:The World Health Organization(WHO)Western Pacific Region set a target of eliminating mother-to-child transmission(MTCT)of hepatitis B virus(HBV)by 2030.To assess the feasibility of this target in China,we carried out an epidemiological study to investigate the status quo of MTCT in the real-world setting.Methods:One thousand and eight hepatitis B surface antigen-positive preg-nant women were enrolled at 10 hospitals.Immunoprophy-laxis was administered to infants.In addition,mothers with HBV DNA level>2,000,000 IU/mL were advised to initiate antiviral therapy during late pregnancy.A health application called SHIELD was used to manage the study.Results:Nine hundred and five of the enrolled mothers,with 924 infants,completed the follow-up.Birth-dose hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin were received by 99.7%and 99.7%of infants,respectively,within 24 h after birth.There ;were 446 mothers who received antiviral therapy,including 72.3%of the mothers with HBV DNA level>2,000,000 IU/mL and 21.0%of the mothers with HBV DNA level<2,000,000 IU/mL.Eight infants were infected with HBV.The overall rate of MTCT was 0.9%.Birth defects were rare(0.5%among in-fants with maternal antiviral exposure versus 0.7%among infants without exposure;p=1.00).Conclusions:The MTCT rate was lower than the WHO Western Pacific Region elimina-tion MTCT target in this real-world study,indicating that a comprehensive management composed of immunoprophy-laxis to infants and antiviral prophylaxis to mothers may be a feasible strategy to achieve the 2030 WHO elimination goal.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30671936).
文摘CD59, belonging to membrane complement regulatory proteins （mCRPs）, inhibits the cytolytic activity of complement and is over-expressed in solid cancers, including ovary cancer. The aim of the present study was to construct recombinant retrovirus encoding shRNA targeted human CD59 and infect A2780 cells in order to investigate the relationship between decreased CD59 expression and tumorigenesis of ovary cancer, siCD59 and siCD59-C were successfully constructed and identified by PCR, restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA sequencing, respectively. The siCD59 was able to efficiently infect A2780 cells, which was confirmed by Western blotting. When incubated with fresh normal human serum （8%, v/v） for 1 h at 37℃, the cell viability was decreased and cell damage was increased in siCD59 infected A2780 cells compared to siCD59-C infected cells. This led to the activation of caspase-3. The apoptosis in siCD59 infected cells was shown with hypercondensed nuclei using Hoechst staining. Meanwhile, the weight of ovary tumor graft in nude mice was significantly decreased in siCD59 group compared to that of siCD59-C group. And the expression of CD59 protein in tumor tissue in siCD59 group was significantly decreased. These results suggested that CD59 silencing in ovary cancer cells v/a retrovirusmediated RNAi can enhance complement-mediated cell damage, inhibiting growth of ovary cancer. CD59 might be a potential target for gene therapy in ovary cancer. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.2018YFC1503400)。
文摘The Anninghe fault is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault in southwestern China. It has controlled deposition and magmatic activities since the Proterozoic, and seismic activity occurs frequently. The Mianning-Xichang segment of the Anninghe fault is a seismic gap that has been locked by high stress. Many studies suggest that this segment has great potential for large earthquakes(magnitude >7). We obtained three vertical velocity profiles of the Anninghe fault(between Mianning and Xichang) based on the inversion of P-wave first arrival times. The travel time data were picked from seismograms generated by methane gaseous sources and recorded by three linearly distributed across-fault dense arrays. The inversion results show that the P-wave velocity structures at depths of 0-2 km corresponds well with the local lithology. The Quaternary sediments have low seismic velocities, whereas the igneous rocks,metamorphic rocks, and bedrock have high seismic velocities. We then further discuss the fault activities of the two fault branches of the Anninghe fault in the study region based on small earthquakes(magnitudes between ML 0.5 and ML 2.5) detected by the Xichang array.The eastern fault branch is more active than the western branch and that the fault activities in the eastern branch are different in the northern and southern segments at the border of 28°21′N. The high-resolution models obtained are essential for future earthquake rupture simulations and hazard assessments of the Anninghe fault zone. Future studies of velocity models at greater depths may further explain the complex fault activities in the study region.
基金operating system for public health preparedness and response of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(131031001000150001)Major Science and Technology Special Project(grant no.2017ZX10105015).
文摘Background:Hepatitis A(HepA)vaccination and economic transitions can change the epidemiology of HepA.China's Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita was known to be inversely associated with the incidence of HepA,but a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of HepA in different socio-economic regions is lacking.We compare the changing epidemiology of HepA in three socioeconomic-geographic regions of China.Methods:We obtained data on all HepA cases reported through the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System and assessed trends and changes in age-specific incidence rates by age quartile and season.We categorized the country into three regions,the sequential years into five era,compared the incidence,quartile age;seasonal intensity and coverage of HepA of the three regions.Linear regression was peiformed to analyse trends in incidence of HepA and to analyse the association between coverage and incidence.Results:The annual mean incidences of HepA in the eastern,central,and western regions decreased from 63.52/100000,50.57/100000 and 46.39/100000 in 1990-1992 to 1.18/100000,1.05/100000 and 3.14/100000 in 2012-2017,respectively.Decreases in incidence were seen in all age groups in the three regions;the incidence was highest(9.3/100000)in the youngest age group(0-4 years)of the western region,while in the central region,the age group with the highest incidence changed from 0 to 9 years to adults>60 years old.In 2017,the median age of HepA cases was 43 years(Q-Q3:33-55),47 years(Q1-Q3:32-60)and 33 years(Q1-Q3:9-52)in the eastern,central,and western provinces,respectively.Seasonal peaks became smaller or were nearly elimination nationwide,but seasonality persisted in some provinces.After the Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI)included HepA vaccine into the routine schedule in 2007,HepA coverage increased to>80%in the three regions and was negatively association with the HepA incidence.Conclusion:The incidence of HepA decreased markedly between 1990 and 2017.A socioeconomic inequity in coverage of HepA vaccine was
基金the China-UK Global Health Support Programme funded by UK DFID(grant No:GHSP-CS-OP4-D02)。
文摘Background:During the past six decades,remarkable success on malaria control has been made in China.The major experience could be shared with other malaria endemic countries including Tanzania with high malaria burden.Especially,China’s 1-3-7 model for malaria elimination is one of the most important refined experiences from many years’efforts and key innovation measures for malaria elimination in China.Methods:The China-UK-Tanzania pilot project on malaria control was implemented from April,2015 to June,2018,which was an operational research with two communities receiving the proposed interventions and two comparable communities serving as control sites.The World Health Organization"Test,Treat,Track"(WHO-T3)Initiative,which calls for every suspected case to receive a diagnostic test,every confirmed case to be treated,and for the disease to be tracked,was integrated with Chinese experiences on malaria control and elimination for exploration of a proper model tailored to the local settings.Application of China’s 1-3-7 model integrating with WHO-T3 initiative and local resources aiming at reducing the burden of malaria in terms of morbidity and mortality by 30%in the intervention communities in comparison with that at the baseline survey.Discussion:The China-UK-Tanzania pilot project on malaria control was that at China’s first pilot project on malaria control in Africa,exploring the feasibility of Chinese experiences by China-Africa collaboration,which is expected that the strategies and approaches used in this project could be potential for scaling up in Tanzania and African countries,and contribute to the acceleration of malaria control and elimination in Africa.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant (81290341) to ZLSthe National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (Award Number R01AI110964) to PD and ZLS+2 种基金United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT project Grant (Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-14-00102) to PDSingapore NRFCRP Grant (NRF2012NRF-CRP001–056)CD-PHRG Grant (CDPHRG/0006/2014) to LFW
文摘Dear Editor,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARSCo V)is the causative agent of the 2002–2003 SARS pandemic,which resulted in more than 8000 human infections worldwide and an approximately 10%fatality rate(Ksiazek et al.2003;Peiris et al.2004).The virus infects both upper airway and alveolar epithelial cells,resulting in mild to severe lung injury in
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40901289)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(No.2009CB421104),U.S.National Science Foundation
文摘Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012M511005)National Key Technology Support Program of China(No.2015BAC02B02)+6 种基金the Agro-scientific Research Programs in Public Interest(No.201303102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31501263)the Postdoctoral Financial Assistance of Heilongjiang Province(No.LBH-Z12232)the Scientific Research Initiation Fund for Introduction of Ph.D Talent of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.201507-14)the State Key Program of China(No.2016YFD0300900)the Major Project of Research and Development of Applied Technology of Heilongjiang Province(No.GA15B101)the Provincial Matching Funds to the National Foundation of Applied Technology Research and Development Program in Heilongjiang Province(No.GX16B002)
文摘Water regime and nitrogen（N） fertilizer are two important factors impacting greenhouse gases（GHG） emission from paddy field, whereas their effects have not been well studied in cold region. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment to study the impacts of water regime and N fertilizer on rice yields and GHG emissions in Harbin, China, a cold region located in high latitudes. Our results showed that intermittent irrigation significantly decreased methane（CH4） emission compared with continuous flooding, however,the decrement was far lower than the global average level. The N2O emissions were very small when flooded but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. The N fertilizer treatments increased CH4 emissions at low level（75 kg N/ha）. But both CH4 and N2O emissions were uninfluenced at the levels of 150 kg N/ha and 225 kg N/ha. Rice yields increased under intermittent irrigation and were highest at the level of 150 kg N/ha. From our results, we recommended that the intermittent irrigation and 150 kg N/ha as the ideal water regime-nitrogen fertilizer incorporation for this area to achieve low GHG emissions without impacting rice yields.
基金This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0604700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.4181101243)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesFrancesco Cherubini was supported by Nor-wegian Research Council(Grant No.286773)Paulo Pereira was sup-ported by the European Social Fund project LINESAM(Grant No.09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0104).
文摘The implementation of strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is frequently hindered by potential trade-offs between priorities for either environmental protection or human well-being.However,ecosystem services(ES)-based solutions can offer possible co-benefits for SDGs implementation that are often overlooked or underexploited.In this study,we cover this gap and investigate how experts from different countries value the SDGs and relate them with ES.A total of 66 countries participated to the survey,and answers were grouped into three macro-regions:Asia;Europe,North America,and Oceania(ENO);Latin America,Caribbean and Africa(LA).Results show that the most prioritized SDGs in the three macro-regions are usually those related to essential material needs and environmental conditions,such as SDG2(Zero Hunger),SDG1(No Poverty),and SDG6(Clean Water).At a global scale,the number of prioritized synergies between SDGs and ES largely exceeded trade-offs.The highest amount of synergies was observed for SDG1(No Poverty),mainly with SDG2,SDG3(Good Health),SDG5(Gender Equality),and SDG8(Economic Growth).Other major synergies among SDGs include SDG14-15(Life below water-Life on land),SDG5-10(Gender Equity-Reduced Inequality),and SDG1-2(No poverty-Zero Hunger).At a global scale,SDG15,SDG13,SDG14,and SDG6 were closely related to ES like climate regulation,freshwater,food,water purification,biodiversity,and education.SDG11(Sustainable Cities)and SDG3 were also relevant in Asia and in LA,respectively.Overall,this study shows the potential to couple future policies that can implement SDGs’strategies while adopting ES-based solutions in different regions of the world.
