Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)by manual preparation has been applied to treat diseases for thousands of years.However,this method still endures safety risks and challenges the psychological endurance and accept...Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)by manual preparation has been applied to treat diseases for thousands of years.However,this method still endures safety risks and challenges the psychological endurance and acceptance of doctors,patients and donors.Population evidence showed the washed microbiota preparation with microfiltration based on an automatic purification system followed by repeated centrifugation plus suspension for three times significantly reduced FMT-related adverse events.This washing preparation makes delivering a precise dose of the enriched microbiota feasible,instead of using the weight of stool.Intraperitoneal injection in mice with the fecal microbiota supernatant obtained after repeated centrifugation plus suspension for three times induced less toxic reaction than that by the first centrifugation following the microfiltration.The toxic reactions that include death,the change in the level of peripheral white blood cells,and the proliferation of germinal center in secondary lymphoid follicles in spleen were noted.The metagenomic next-generation sequencing(NGS)indicated the increasing types and amount of viruses could be washed out during the washing process.Metabolomics analysis indicated metabolites with pro-inflammatory effects in the fecal microbiota supernatant such as leukotriene B4,corticosterone,and prostaglandin G2 could be removed by repeated washing.Near-infrared absorption spectroscopy could be served as a rapid detection method to control the quality of the washingprocess.In conclusion,this study for the first time provides evidence linking clinical findings and animal experiments to support that washed microbiota transplantation(WMT)is safer,more precise and more quality-controllable than the crude FMT by manual.展开更多
A high performance polymer solar cells(PSCs) based on polymer donor PM6 containing fluorinated thienyl benzodithiophene unit and n-type organic semiconductor acceptor IT-4 F containing fluorinated end-groups were deve...A high performance polymer solar cells(PSCs) based on polymer donor PM6 containing fluorinated thienyl benzodithiophene unit and n-type organic semiconductor acceptor IT-4 F containing fluorinated end-groups were developed. In addition to complementary absorption spectra(300–830 nm) with IT-4 F, the PM6 also has a deep HOMO(the highest occupied molecular) level(-5.50 e V), which will lower the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc)) sacrifice and reduce the E_(loss) of the IT-4 F-based PSCs. Moreover, the strong crystallinity of PM6 is beneficial to form favorable blend morphology and hence to suppress recombination. As a result, in comparison with the PSCs based on a non-fluorinated D/A pair of PBDB-T:ITIC with a medium PCE of 11.2%, the PM6:IT-4 Fbased PSCs yielded an impressive PCE of 13.5% due to the synergistic effect of fluorination on both donor and acceptor, which is among the highest values recorded in the literatures for PSCs to date. Furthermore, a PCE of 12.2% was remained with the active layer thickness of up to 285 nm and a high PCE of 11.4% was also obtained with a large device area of 1 cm^2. In addition, the devices also showed good storage, thermal and illumination stabilities with respect to the efficiency. These results indicate that fluorination is an effective strategy to improve the photovoltaic performance of materials, as well as the both fluorinated donor and acceptor pair-PM6:IT-4 F is an ideal candidate for the large scale roll-to-roll production of efficient PSCs in the future.展开更多
The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)into value-added products presents an appealing approach to mitigate CO_(2) emission caused by excess consumption of fossil fuels.To obtain high catalytic activity and selectiv...The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)into value-added products presents an appealing approach to mitigate CO_(2) emission caused by excess consumption of fossil fuels.To obtain high catalytic activity and selectivity toward target product in ECR,designing and developing a stable and efficient electrocatalyst is of significant importance.To date,metal nanomaterials have been widely applied as electrocatalysts for ECR due to their unique physicochemical properties.The structural modulation of metal nanomaterials is an attractive strategy to improve the catalytic performance.In this review,the recent progress of structural modulation,including size,facet,grain boundary,composition,interface,ligand modification,and crystal phase,is systematically summarized from both theoretical and experimental aspects.Finally,the opportunities and perspectives of structural modulation of metal nanomaterials for ECR are proposed.展开更多
Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compound...Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials展开更多
Herein,we fabricated all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)based on a fluorinated wide-bandgap p-type conjugated polymer PM6 as the donor,and a narrow bandgap n-type conjugated polymer PZ1 as the acceptor.In addition to th...Herein,we fabricated all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)based on a fluorinated wide-bandgap p-type conjugated polymer PM6 as the donor,and a narrow bandgap n-type conjugated polymer PZ1 as the acceptor.In addition to the complementary absorption and matching energy levels,the optimized blend films possess high cystallinity,predominantly face-on stacking,and a suitable phase separated morphology.With this active layer,the devices exhibited a high Vocof 0.96 V,a superior Jscof 17.1 mA cm^-2,a fine fill factor(FF)of 68.2%,and thus an excellent power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 11.2%,which is the highest value reported to date for single-junction all-PSCs.Furthermore,the devices showed good storage stability.After 80 d of storage in the N2-filled glovebox,the PCE still remained over 90%of the original value.Large-area devices(1.1 cm^2)also demonstrated an outstanding performance with a PCE of 9.2%,among the highest values for the reported large-area all-PSCs.These results indicate that the PM6:PZ1 blend is a promising candidate for scale-up production of large area high-performance all-PSCs.展开更多
Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have attracted great interest in numerous applications due to their excellent electronic and structural properties.However,harsh synthesis conditions and high energy consumption limit the further...Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have attracted great interest in numerous applications due to their excellent electronic and structural properties.However,harsh synthesis conditions and high energy consumption limit the further application of CNTs.Herein,we developed a facile and innovative strategy to generate CNTs by physically pressurizing metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and then pyrolyzing.The synthesized bimetallic nitrogen/sulfur double-doped carbon nanotubes are denoted as Fe_(x)Co_(1-x)P(x=0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9).The introduction of pressure not only revolutionized the morphology of the electrocatalysts,but also enhanced the activity of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in alkaline solution.Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.4)-P exhibits superior OER and HER performances in 1.0 mol·L^(-1)KOH solution with overpotentials of 364 and 346 mV at 10 mA·cm^(-2),which are 28 and 5 mV lower than unpressurized Fe0.6Co0.4.展开更多
Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and a...Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.展开更多
The reversible solid oxide cell(RSOC)is an attractive technology to mutually convert power and chemicals at elevated temperatures.However,its development has been hindered mainly due to the absence of a highly active ...The reversible solid oxide cell(RSOC)is an attractive technology to mutually convert power and chemicals at elevated temperatures.However,its development has been hindered mainly due to the absence of a highly active and durable fuel electrode.Here,we report a phase-transformed CoFe-Sr_(3)Fe_(1.25)Mo_(0.75)O_(7)-δ(CoFe-SFM)fuel electrode consisting of CoFe nanoparticles and Ruddlesden-Popper-layered Sr_(3)Fe_(1.25)Mo_(0.75)O_(7)-δ(SFM)from a Sr_(2)Fe_(7/6)Mo_(0.5)Co_(1/3)O_(6)-δ(SFMCo)perovskite oxide after annealing in hydrogen and apply it to reversible CO/CO_(2)conversion in RSOC.The CoFeSFM fuel electrode shows improved catalytic activity by accelerating oxygen diffusion and surface kinetics towards the CO/CO_(2)conversion as demonstrated by the distribution of relaxation time(DRT)study and equivalent circuit model fitting analysis.Furthermore,an electrolyte-supported single cell is evaluated in the 2:1 CO-CO_(2)atmosphere at 800℃,which shows a peak power density of 259 mW cm^(-2)for CO oxidation and a current density of-0.453 A cm^(-2)at 1.3 V for CO_(2)reduction,which correspond to 3.079 and3.155 m L min-1cm^(-2)for the CO and CO_(2)conversion rates,respectively.More importantly,the reversible conversion is successfully demonstrated over 20 cyclic electrolysis and fuel cell switching test modes at 1.3 and 0.6 V.This work provides a useful guideline for designing a fuel electrode through a surface/interface exsolution process for RSOC towards efficient CO-CO_(2)reversible conversion.展开更多
The ＂lab-on-fiber＂ concept envisions novel and highly functionalized technological platforms completely integrated in a single optical fiber that would allow the development of advanced devices, components and sub-s...The ＂lab-on-fiber＂ concept envisions novel and highly functionalized technological platforms completely integrated in a single optical fiber that would allow the development of advanced devices, components and sub-systems to be incorporated in modem optical systems for communication and sensing applications. The realization of integrated optical fiber devices requires that several structures and materials at nano- and micro-scale are constructed, embedded and connected all together to provide the necessary physical connections and light-matter interactions. This paper reviews the strategies, the main achievements and related devices in the lab-on-fiber roadmap discussing perspectives and challenges that lie ahead.展开更多
In Na-ion batteries,O3-type layered oxide cathode materials encounter challenges such as particle cracking,oxygen loss,electrolyte side reactions,and multi-phase transitions during the charge/discharge process.This st...In Na-ion batteries,O3-type layered oxide cathode materials encounter challenges such as particle cracking,oxygen loss,electrolyte side reactions,and multi-phase transitions during the charge/discharge process.This study focuses on surface coating with NiTiO_(3) achieved via secondary heat treatment using a coating precursor and the surface material.Through in-situ x-ray diffraction(XRD)and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),along with crystal structure characterizations of post-cycling materials,it was determined that the NiTiO_(3) coating layer facilitates the formation of a stable lattice structure,effectively inhibiting lattice oxygen loss and reducing side reaction with the electrolyte.This enhancement in cycling stability was evidenced by a capacity retention of approximately 74%over 300 cycles at 1 C,marking a significant 30%improvement over the initial sample.Furthermore,notable advancements in rate performance were observed.Experimental results indicate that a stable and robust surface structure substantially enhances the overall stability of the bulk phase,presenting a novel approach for designing layered oxide cathodes with higher energy density.展开更多
As open substructures of fullerenes,aromaticπ-bowls are promising candidates as new organic semiconductors,as well as attractive hosts for fullerenes.We demonstrate herein the synthesis and characterization of a nove...As open substructures of fullerenes,aromaticπ-bowls are promising candidates as new organic semiconductors,as well as attractive hosts for fullerenes.We demonstrate herein the synthesis and characterization of a novel C_(2v)symmetricπ-bowl,pyracyleno[6,5,4,3,2,1-pqrstuv]pentaphene(3).Bowl 3 was equipped with two distinctive reactive sites,allowing for bromination and cross-coupling reactions to readily yield functionalized bowls with two 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl(5)and triethylsilyl(TES)-ethynyl(6)substituents,respectively.Variable-temperature 1H NMR analysis and density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicated bowl-to-bowl inversions of 3,5,and 6 at room temperature.By alternating the substituents,the crystal structures of the threeπ-bowls 3,5,and 6 could be controlled from 1D linear to 1D slipped to 2D herringbone packing motifs,providing insight into the packing behavior ofπ-bowls.1H NMR titration study indicated that the TES-ethynyl substituent enhanced the ability ofπ-bowl to bind C_(70)with an association constant of 2485 M−1.The C_(70)molecules withπ-bowls 3 and 6 formed 1:1 complexes,in which C_(70)molecules aggregated into zig-zag and 1D linear arrays,respectively.The hole mobility of 2.3 cm^(2)V^(−1)^s(−1)and electron mobility of 0.16 cm^(2)V^(−1)^s(−1)ofπ-bowl 3 and its complex with C_(70)were demonstrated,respectively,which proved a great value for the development of aromaticπ-bowl semiconductors with tunable properties for organic electronic devices.展开更多
本文研究了一种新型低密度(~6.24 g cm^(-3))双相AlTiVCoNi高熵合金,其组织结构由有序L21高熵金属间化合物、无序体心立方结构和纳米L21相多层次结构构成.该合金在1200℃+24 h热处理下未发生相结构转变,在此条件下具有优异的高温相结构...本文研究了一种新型低密度(~6.24 g cm^(-3))双相AlTiVCoNi高熵合金,其组织结构由有序L21高熵金属间化合物、无序体心立方结构和纳米L21相多层次结构构成.该合金在1200℃+24 h热处理下未发生相结构转变,在此条件下具有优异的高温相结构稳定性,其铸态和热处理态的压缩屈服强度相当,达到~1.6 GPa.另外,该合金在室温和600℃条件下表现出了优异的强塑性匹配和优异的比屈服强度,分别达到了约261和210 MPa g^(-1)cm^(3).该合金的超高强度主要源于有序L21相与体心立方相的半共格界面导致的一种强相结构稳定性和多层次结构的复合强化机制.该合金在800和1000℃压缩过程中出现了动态再结晶软化,使得其高温强度有所降低.这种“具有半共格界面L21+体心立方+纳米L21颗粒”的多层次结构设计为开发新型低密度耐高温高熵合金提供了一种新设计思路.展开更多
Monolayer group VI transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)have recently emerged as promising candidates for photonic and opto-valleytronic applications.The optoelectronic properties of these atomically-thin semiconduct...Monolayer group VI transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)have recently emerged as promising candidates for photonic and opto-valleytronic applications.The optoelectronic properties of these atomically-thin semiconducting crystals are strongly governed by the tightly bound electron-hole pairs such as excitons and trions(charged excitons).The anomalous spin and valley configurations at the conduction band edges in monolayer WS_(2)give rise to even more fascinating valley many-body complexes.Here we find that the indirect Q valley in the first Brillouin zone of monolayer WS_(2)plays a critical role in the formation of a new excitonic state,which has not been well studied.By employing a high-quality h-BN encapsulated WS_(2)field-effect transistor,we are able to switch the electron concentration within K-Q valleys at conduction band edges.Consequently,a distinct emission feature could be excited at the high electron doping region.Such feature has a competing population with the K valley trion,and experiences nonlinear power-law response and lifetime dynamics under doping.Our findings open up a new avenue for the study of valley many-body physics and quantum optics in semiconducting 2D materials,as well as provide a promising way of valley manipulation for next-generation entangled photonic devices.展开更多
Over 100 years ago, atoms were believed to be the smallest indivisible particles and no one knew what was inside an electric current. For instance, what was cathode ray made of had puzzled many. In 1897, J. J. Thomson...Over 100 years ago, atoms were believed to be the smallest indivisible particles and no one knew what was inside an electric current. For instance, what was cathode ray made of had puzzled many. In 1897, J. J. Thomson, based on his refined and newly designed experiments, discovered that cathode rays were made of electrons! Fifty years later, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented a device called transistor that operated on the flow of electrons. A revolution of information technology started.展开更多
Quantum dots(QDs)have attracted wide attention from academia and industry because of their advantages such as high emitting efficiency,narrow half-peak width,and continuously adjustable emitting wavelength.QDs light e...Quantum dots(QDs)have attracted wide attention from academia and industry because of their advantages such as high emitting efficiency,narrow half-peak width,and continuously adjustable emitting wavelength.QDs light emitting diodes(QLEDs)are expected to become the next generation commercial display technology.This paper reviews the progress of QLED from physical mechanism,materials,to device engineering.The strategies to improve QLED performance from the perspectives of quantum dot materials and device structures are summarized.展开更多
Nanostructured iron oxyhydroxide（Fe OOH） thin films have been synthesized using an electrodeposition method on a nickel foam（NF） substrate and effect of air annealing temperature on the catalytic performance is st...Nanostructured iron oxyhydroxide（Fe OOH） thin films have been synthesized using an electrodeposition method on a nickel foam（NF） substrate and effect of air annealing temperature on the catalytic performance is studied. The as-deposited and annealed thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, field emission scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） and linear sweep voltammetry（LSV） to determine their structural, morphological, compositional and electrochemical properties, respectively. The as-deposited nanostructured amorphous Fe OOH thin film is converted into a polycrystalline Fe;O;with hematite crystal structure at a high temperature. The Fe OOH thin film acts as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction（OER） in an alkaline 1 M KOH electrolyte. The film annealed at 200 °C shows high catalytic activity with an onset overpotential of 240 m V with a smaller Tafel slope of 48 m V/dec. Additionally, it needs an overpotential of 290 mV to the drive the current density of 10 m A/cm;and shows good stability in the 1 M KOH electrolyte solution.展开更多
The growing concern about scarcity and large-scale applications of lithium resources has attracted efforts to realize cost-effective phosphate-based cathode materials for next-generation Na-ion batteries(NIBs).In prev...The growing concern about scarcity and large-scale applications of lithium resources has attracted efforts to realize cost-effective phosphate-based cathode materials for next-generation Na-ion batteries(NIBs).In previous work,a series of materials(such as Na_(4)Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)(P_(2)O_(7)),Na_(3)VCr(PO_(4))_(3),Na_(4)VMn(PO_(4))3,Na_(3)MnTi(PO_(4))_(3),Na_(3)MnZr(PO_(4))3,etc)with∼120 mAh g^(-1) specific capacity and high operating potential has been proposed.However,the mass ratio of the total transition metal in the above compounds is only∼22 wt%,which means that one-electron transfer for each transition metal shows a limited capacity(the mass ratio of Fe is 35.4 wt%in LiFePO_(4)).Therefore,a multi-electron transfer reaction is necessary to catch up to or go beyond the electrochemical performance of LiFePO_(4).This review summarizes the reported NASICON-type and other phosphate-based cathode materials.On the basis of the aforementioned experimental results,we pinpoint the multi-electron behavior of transition metals and shed light on designing rules for developing high-capacity cathodes in NIBs.展开更多
Doping luminescent lanthanide ions into semiconductor nanocrystals is an ideal approach for developing nanodevices for various applications. Quantum confinement effects are expected for lanthanide ions doped in small ...Doping luminescent lanthanide ions into semiconductor nanocrystals is an ideal approach for developing nanodevices for various applications. Quantum confinement effects are expected for lanthanide ions doped in small semiconductor nanocrystals. The most recent progress on the synthesis and spectroscopy of lanthanide ions in various semiconductor nanocrystals such as Ⅱ -Ⅵ, Ⅲ-Ⅴ and Ⅳ-Ⅵ families were systematically reviewed, focusing on our recent findings on the optical spectroscopy of Eu^3 ＋ doped in ZnO and TiO2 nanocrystals by wet chemical synthesis. The energy transfer from the band-gap excitation to lanthanides further confirmed that lanthanide ions could be successfully incorporated into the lattice sites in spite of the mismatch in ionic radii.展开更多
Electrocatalysts with high activities are crucial for highenergy-density Zn-air batteries.However,the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on the electrocatalysts hinder...Electrocatalysts with high activities are crucial for highenergy-density Zn-air batteries.However,the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on the electrocatalysts hindered the development of Zn-air batteries.Herein,a new class of MOF-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes encapsulated with bimetallic oxide(FeNiO@NCNT)through facile pyrolysis strategy is reported.The FeNiO@NCNT exhibits high catalytic activities for both OER and ORR.展开更多
基金This work was supported by publicly donated Intestine Initiative FoundationPrimary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2018751)+1 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Team(Zhang F),National Natural Science Foundation of China(81600417,81670495 and 81873548)China National Center for Clinical Research of Digestive Diseases(201502026).
文摘Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)by manual preparation has been applied to treat diseases for thousands of years.However,this method still endures safety risks and challenges the psychological endurance and acceptance of doctors,patients and donors.Population evidence showed the washed microbiota preparation with microfiltration based on an automatic purification system followed by repeated centrifugation plus suspension for three times significantly reduced FMT-related adverse events.This washing preparation makes delivering a precise dose of the enriched microbiota feasible,instead of using the weight of stool.Intraperitoneal injection in mice with the fecal microbiota supernatant obtained after repeated centrifugation plus suspension for three times induced less toxic reaction than that by the first centrifugation following the microfiltration.The toxic reactions that include death,the change in the level of peripheral white blood cells,and the proliferation of germinal center in secondary lymphoid follicles in spleen were noted.The metagenomic next-generation sequencing(NGS)indicated the increasing types and amount of viruses could be washed out during the washing process.Metabolomics analysis indicated metabolites with pro-inflammatory effects in the fecal microbiota supernatant such as leukotriene B4,corticosterone,and prostaglandin G2 could be removed by repeated washing.Near-infrared absorption spectroscopy could be served as a rapid detection method to control the quality of the washingprocess.In conclusion,this study for the first time provides evidence linking clinical findings and animal experiments to support that washed microbiota transplantation(WMT)is safer,more precise and more quality-controllable than the crude FMT by manual.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51422306,51503135,51573120,91633301)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(BK20150332)T.P.Russell was supported by the U.S.Office of Naval Research(N00014-15-1-2244)
文摘A high performance polymer solar cells(PSCs) based on polymer donor PM6 containing fluorinated thienyl benzodithiophene unit and n-type organic semiconductor acceptor IT-4 F containing fluorinated end-groups were developed. In addition to complementary absorption spectra(300–830 nm) with IT-4 F, the PM6 also has a deep HOMO(the highest occupied molecular) level(-5.50 e V), which will lower the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc)) sacrifice and reduce the E_(loss) of the IT-4 F-based PSCs. Moreover, the strong crystallinity of PM6 is beneficial to form favorable blend morphology and hence to suppress recombination. As a result, in comparison with the PSCs based on a non-fluorinated D/A pair of PBDB-T:ITIC with a medium PCE of 11.2%, the PM6:IT-4 Fbased PSCs yielded an impressive PCE of 13.5% due to the synergistic effect of fluorination on both donor and acceptor, which is among the highest values recorded in the literatures for PSCs to date. Furthermore, a PCE of 12.2% was remained with the active layer thickness of up to 285 nm and a high PCE of 11.4% was also obtained with a large device area of 1 cm^2. In addition, the devices also showed good storage, thermal and illumination stabilities with respect to the efficiency. These results indicate that fluorination is an effective strategy to improve the photovoltaic performance of materials, as well as the both fluorinated donor and acceptor pair-PM6:IT-4 F is an ideal candidate for the large scale roll-to-roll production of efficient PSCs in the future.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program(N os.2017 YF A0204503 and 2016YFB0401100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91833306,21875158,51633006 and 51703159)。
文摘The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)into value-added products presents an appealing approach to mitigate CO_(2) emission caused by excess consumption of fossil fuels.To obtain high catalytic activity and selectivity toward target product in ECR,designing and developing a stable and efficient electrocatalyst is of significant importance.To date,metal nanomaterials have been widely applied as electrocatalysts for ECR due to their unique physicochemical properties.The structural modulation of metal nanomaterials is an attractive strategy to improve the catalytic performance.In this review,the recent progress of structural modulation,including size,facet,grain boundary,composition,interface,ligand modification,and crystal phase,is systematically summarized from both theoretical and experimental aspects.Finally,the opportunities and perspectives of structural modulation of metal nanomaterials for ECR are proposed.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Alberta Innovates,and Alberta Health
文摘Introduction Natural organic matter（NOM）present in source water has significant impact on water treatment processes and on the quality of drinking water.NOM is a complex mixture of diverse groups of organic compounds,humic and fulvic acids,proteins,peptides,carbohydrates,and heterogeneous materials
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51773142, 51573120, 21734009, 91633301)T. P. Russell was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research (N0001415-1-2244)
文摘Herein,we fabricated all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)based on a fluorinated wide-bandgap p-type conjugated polymer PM6 as the donor,and a narrow bandgap n-type conjugated polymer PZ1 as the acceptor.In addition to the complementary absorption and matching energy levels,the optimized blend films possess high cystallinity,predominantly face-on stacking,and a suitable phase separated morphology.With this active layer,the devices exhibited a high Vocof 0.96 V,a superior Jscof 17.1 mA cm^-2,a fine fill factor(FF)of 68.2%,and thus an excellent power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 11.2%,which is the highest value reported to date for single-junction all-PSCs.Furthermore,the devices showed good storage stability.After 80 d of storage in the N2-filled glovebox,the PCE still remained over 90%of the original value.Large-area devices(1.1 cm^2)also demonstrated an outstanding performance with a PCE of 9.2%,among the highest values for the reported large-area all-PSCs.These results indicate that the PM6:PZ1 blend is a promising candidate for scale-up production of large area high-performance all-PSCs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171277)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY20E020001)。
文摘Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have attracted great interest in numerous applications due to their excellent electronic and structural properties.However,harsh synthesis conditions and high energy consumption limit the further application of CNTs.Herein,we developed a facile and innovative strategy to generate CNTs by physically pressurizing metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and then pyrolyzing.The synthesized bimetallic nitrogen/sulfur double-doped carbon nanotubes are denoted as Fe_(x)Co_(1-x)P(x=0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9).The introduction of pressure not only revolutionized the morphology of the electrocatalysts,but also enhanced the activity of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in alkaline solution.Fe_(0.6)Co_(0.4)-P exhibits superior OER and HER performances in 1.0 mol·L^(-1)KOH solution with overpotentials of 364 and 346 mV at 10 mA·cm^(-2),which are 28 and 5 mV lower than unpressurized Fe0.6Co0.4.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDB31000000Naritsada Thongklang would like to thank Thailand research fund grants“Study of saprobic Agaricales in Thailand to find new industrial mushroom products”(Grant No.DBG6180015)+6 种基金Mae Fah Luang University grant“Optimal conditions for domestication and biological activities of selected species of Ganoderrma”(Grant No.621C1535)K.D.Hyde and Naritsada Thongklang would like to thanks to Thailand research fund grants“Domestication and bioactive evaluation of Thai Hymenopellis,Oudemansiella,Xerula and Volvariella species(basidiomycetes)”(Grant No.DBG6180033)K.D.Hyde thanks the financial support from the Visiting Professor grant at Chiang Mai University,Thailand and KIB.The authors acknowledge the contribution of M.M.Vasanthakumari,K.M.Manasa and P.Rajani,in various stages of preparation of the manuscript.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Number 2018PC0006)the National Science Foundation.Associate Professor R Jeewon thanks University of Mauritius for support.Binu C.Samarakoon offers her sincere gratitude to the“National Research Council of Thailand”(NRCT Grant No.256108A3070006)for the financial supportPeter E Mortimer would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following Grants:41761144055,41771063,Y4ZK111B01M.Doilom would like to thank Chiang Mai University,the 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province and the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.T.S.Suryanarayanan thanks the United States-India Educational Foundation(USIEF)New Delhi and the Fulbright Scholar Program(USA)for the award of a Fulbright-Nehru Senior Researcher grant to conduct research in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,The Ohio State University,USA.Thanks to Research and Researchers for Industri
文摘Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (52002249,51402093 and 21706162)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019A1515110025 and 2017A 030313289)+3 种基金the Research Grant for Scientific Platform and Project of Guangdong Provincial Education Office (2019KTSCX151)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M682872)Shenzhen Government’s Plan of Science and Technology (JCYJ201803005125247308)Technical support from the Instrumental Analysis Center of Shenzhen University (Xili Campus) is also appreciated。
文摘The reversible solid oxide cell(RSOC)is an attractive technology to mutually convert power and chemicals at elevated temperatures.However,its development has been hindered mainly due to the absence of a highly active and durable fuel electrode.Here,we report a phase-transformed CoFe-Sr_(3)Fe_(1.25)Mo_(0.75)O_(7)-δ(CoFe-SFM)fuel electrode consisting of CoFe nanoparticles and Ruddlesden-Popper-layered Sr_(3)Fe_(1.25)Mo_(0.75)O_(7)-δ(SFM)from a Sr_(2)Fe_(7/6)Mo_(0.5)Co_(1/3)O_(6)-δ(SFMCo)perovskite oxide after annealing in hydrogen and apply it to reversible CO/CO_(2)conversion in RSOC.The CoFeSFM fuel electrode shows improved catalytic activity by accelerating oxygen diffusion and surface kinetics towards the CO/CO_(2)conversion as demonstrated by the distribution of relaxation time(DRT)study and equivalent circuit model fitting analysis.Furthermore,an electrolyte-supported single cell is evaluated in the 2:1 CO-CO_(2)atmosphere at 800℃,which shows a peak power density of 259 mW cm^(-2)for CO oxidation and a current density of-0.453 A cm^(-2)at 1.3 V for CO_(2)reduction,which correspond to 3.079 and3.155 m L min-1cm^(-2)for the CO and CO_(2)conversion rates,respectively.More importantly,the reversible conversion is successfully demonstrated over 20 cyclic electrolysis and fuel cell switching test modes at 1.3 and 0.6 V.This work provides a useful guideline for designing a fuel electrode through a surface/interface exsolution process for RSOC towards efficient CO-CO_(2)reversible conversion.
文摘The ＂lab-on-fiber＂ concept envisions novel and highly functionalized technological platforms completely integrated in a single optical fiber that would allow the development of advanced devices, components and sub-systems to be incorporated in modem optical systems for communication and sensing applications. The realization of integrated optical fiber devices requires that several structures and materials at nano- and micro-scale are constructed, embedded and connected all together to provide the necessary physical connections and light-matter interactions. This paper reviews the strategies, the main achievements and related devices in the lab-on-fiber roadmap discussing perspectives and challenges that lie ahead.
基金MOE2016-T2-1-131(Tier 2)Singapore was acknow-ledged.the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11274380,91433103, 11622437,and 61674171)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China (No.16XNLQ01)Calculations were performed at the pkysics lab of high-performance computing of Renmin University of China.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2022YFB2402500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52122214,92372116,and 52394174)+2 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.2020006)Jiangsu Province Carbon Peak and Neutrality Innovation Program (Industry tackling on prospect and key technology BE2022002-5)Guangxi Power Grid Project (Grant No.GXKJXM20210260)。
文摘In Na-ion batteries,O3-type layered oxide cathode materials encounter challenges such as particle cracking,oxygen loss,electrolyte side reactions,and multi-phase transitions during the charge/discharge process.This study focuses on surface coating with NiTiO_(3) achieved via secondary heat treatment using a coating precursor and the surface material.Through in-situ x-ray diffraction(XRD)and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),along with crystal structure characterizations of post-cycling materials,it was determined that the NiTiO_(3) coating layer facilitates the formation of a stable lattice structure,effectively inhibiting lattice oxygen loss and reducing side reaction with the electrolyte.This enhancement in cycling stability was evidenced by a capacity retention of approximately 74%over 300 cycles at 1 C,marking a significant 30%improvement over the initial sample.Furthermore,notable advancements in rate performance were observed.Experimental results indicate that a stable and robust surface structure substantially enhances the overall stability of the bulk phase,presenting a novel approach for designing layered oxide cathodes with higher energy density.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(grant nos.21871022,22005018,22175013)JSPS KAKENHI(grant nos.JP20H00379(H.Y.),JP20H05833(H.Y.),and JP20H02816(H.H.)).
文摘As open substructures of fullerenes,aromaticπ-bowls are promising candidates as new organic semiconductors,as well as attractive hosts for fullerenes.We demonstrate herein the synthesis and characterization of a novel C_(2v)symmetricπ-bowl,pyracyleno[6,5,4,3,2,1-pqrstuv]pentaphene(3).Bowl 3 was equipped with two distinctive reactive sites,allowing for bromination and cross-coupling reactions to readily yield functionalized bowls with two 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl(5)and triethylsilyl(TES)-ethynyl(6)substituents,respectively.Variable-temperature 1H NMR analysis and density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicated bowl-to-bowl inversions of 3,5,and 6 at room temperature.By alternating the substituents,the crystal structures of the threeπ-bowls 3,5,and 6 could be controlled from 1D linear to 1D slipped to 2D herringbone packing motifs,providing insight into the packing behavior ofπ-bowls.1H NMR titration study indicated that the TES-ethynyl substituent enhanced the ability ofπ-bowl to bind C_(70)with an association constant of 2485 M−1.The C_(70)molecules withπ-bowls 3 and 6 formed 1:1 complexes,in which C_(70)molecules aggregated into zig-zag and 1D linear arrays,respectively.The hole mobility of 2.3 cm^(2)V^(−1)^s(−1)and electron mobility of 0.16 cm^(2)V^(−1)^s(−1)ofπ-bowl 3 and its complex with C_(70)were demonstrated,respectively,which proved a great value for the development of aromaticπ-bowl semiconductors with tunable properties for organic electronic devices.
基金the supports from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-MP-19-013)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019B1515120020)+6 种基金the State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials,the University of Science and Technology Beijing(2020Z-08)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China(51921001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51801128)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515012278 and 2022A1515010288)the supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51871015 and 52171151)the supports from the National Science Foundation(DMR-1611180 and 1809640)the US Army Research Office(W911NF13-1-0438 and W911NF-19-2-0049)。
文摘本文研究了一种新型低密度(~6.24 g cm^(-3))双相AlTiVCoNi高熵合金,其组织结构由有序L21高熵金属间化合物、无序体心立方结构和纳米L21相多层次结构构成.该合金在1200℃+24 h热处理下未发生相结构转变,在此条件下具有优异的高温相结构稳定性,其铸态和热处理态的压缩屈服强度相当,达到~1.6 GPa.另外,该合金在室温和600℃条件下表现出了优异的强塑性匹配和优异的比屈服强度,分别达到了约261和210 MPa g^(-1)cm^(3).该合金的超高强度主要源于有序L21相与体心立方相的半共格界面导致的一种强相结构稳定性和多层次结构的复合强化机制.该合金在800和1000℃压缩过程中出现了动态再结晶软化,使得其高温强度有所降低.这种“具有半共格界面L21+体心立方+纳米L21颗粒”的多层次结构设计为开发新型低密度耐高温高熵合金提供了一种新设计思路.
基金the strong support from Singapore Ministry of Education via AcRF Tier 3 Programme “Geometrical Quantum Materials” (MOE2018-T3-1-002)AcRF Tier 2 grants (MOE2017-T2-1040)+7 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61435010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61905156)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61575010)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2017M622764)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2022J01555)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 4162016)the financial support of the Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship program of the Nanyang Technological Universitysupport from the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan and the CREST (JPMJCR15F3), JST
文摘Monolayer group VI transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)have recently emerged as promising candidates for photonic and opto-valleytronic applications.The optoelectronic properties of these atomically-thin semiconducting crystals are strongly governed by the tightly bound electron-hole pairs such as excitons and trions(charged excitons).The anomalous spin and valley configurations at the conduction band edges in monolayer WS_(2)give rise to even more fascinating valley many-body complexes.Here we find that the indirect Q valley in the first Brillouin zone of monolayer WS_(2)plays a critical role in the formation of a new excitonic state,which has not been well studied.By employing a high-quality h-BN encapsulated WS_(2)field-effect transistor,we are able to switch the electron concentration within K-Q valleys at conduction band edges.Consequently,a distinct emission feature could be excited at the high electron doping region.Such feature has a competing population with the K valley trion,and experiences nonlinear power-law response and lifetime dynamics under doping.Our findings open up a new avenue for the study of valley many-body physics and quantum optics in semiconducting 2D materials,as well as provide a promising way of valley manipulation for next-generation entangled photonic devices.
文摘Over 100 years ago, atoms were believed to be the smallest indivisible particles and no one knew what was inside an electric current. For instance, what was cathode ray made of had puzzled many. In 1897, J. J. Thomson, based on his refined and newly designed experiments, discovered that cathode rays were made of electrons! Fifty years later, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented a device called transistor that operated on the flow of electrons. A revolution of information technology started.
基金Project supported by Leading innovation and entrepreneurship team of Zhejiang Province of China (Grant No.2021R01003)Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo (Grant No.2022Z085)+2 种基金Ningbo 3315 Programme (Grant No.2020A-01-B)YONGJIANG Talent Introduction Programme (Grant No.2021A-038-B)Zhujiang Talent Programme (Grant No.2016LJ06C621)。
文摘Quantum dots(QDs)have attracted wide attention from academia and industry because of their advantages such as high emitting efficiency,narrow half-peak width,and continuously adjustable emitting wavelength.QDs light emitting diodes(QLEDs)are expected to become the next generation commercial display technology.This paper reviews the progress of QLED from physical mechanism,materials,to device engineering.The strategies to improve QLED performance from the perspectives of quantum dot materials and device structures are summarized.
基金supported by the Human Resources Development program(no.20124010203180) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)Grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energysupported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(NRF-2015R1A2A2A01006856)
文摘Nanostructured iron oxyhydroxide（Fe OOH） thin films have been synthesized using an electrodeposition method on a nickel foam（NF） substrate and effect of air annealing temperature on the catalytic performance is studied. The as-deposited and annealed thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, field emission scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） and linear sweep voltammetry（LSV） to determine their structural, morphological, compositional and electrochemical properties, respectively. The as-deposited nanostructured amorphous Fe OOH thin film is converted into a polycrystalline Fe;O;with hematite crystal structure at a high temperature. The Fe OOH thin film acts as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction（OER） in an alkaline 1 M KOH electrolyte. The film annealed at 200 °C shows high catalytic activity with an onset overpotential of 240 m V with a smaller Tafel slope of 48 m V/dec. Additionally, it needs an overpotential of 290 mV to the drive the current density of 10 m A/cm;and shows good stability in the 1 M KOH electrolyte solution.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3807800)National Natural Science Foundation(NSFC)of China(51725206,52122214,52002394,and 52072403)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020006).
文摘The growing concern about scarcity and large-scale applications of lithium resources has attracted efforts to realize cost-effective phosphate-based cathode materials for next-generation Na-ion batteries(NIBs).In previous work,a series of materials(such as Na_(4)Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)(P_(2)O_(7)),Na_(3)VCr(PO_(4))_(3),Na_(4)VMn(PO_(4))3,Na_(3)MnTi(PO_(4))_(3),Na_(3)MnZr(PO_(4))3,etc)with∼120 mAh g^(-1) specific capacity and high operating potential has been proposed.However,the mass ratio of the total transition metal in the above compounds is only∼22 wt%,which means that one-electron transfer for each transition metal shows a limited capacity(the mass ratio of Fe is 35.4 wt%in LiFePO_(4)).Therefore,a multi-electron transfer reaction is necessary to catch up to or go beyond the electrochemical performance of LiFePO_(4).This review summarizes the reported NASICON-type and other phosphate-based cathode materials.On the basis of the aforementioned experimental results,we pinpoint the multi-electron behavior of transition metals and shed light on designing rules for developing high-capacity cathodes in NIBs.
基金Project supported by the One Hundred Talents Program from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the NSFC (10504032)the Startup Foundation from the State Ministry of Personnel of China, the 973 Program (2007CB936703)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2006F3137 and 2007I0024)Work at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357
文摘Doping luminescent lanthanide ions into semiconductor nanocrystals is an ideal approach for developing nanodevices for various applications. Quantum confinement effects are expected for lanthanide ions doped in small semiconductor nanocrystals. The most recent progress on the synthesis and spectroscopy of lanthanide ions in various semiconductor nanocrystals such as Ⅱ -Ⅵ, Ⅲ-Ⅴ and Ⅳ-Ⅵ families were systematically reviewed, focusing on our recent findings on the optical spectroscopy of Eu^3 ＋ doped in ZnO and TiO2 nanocrystals by wet chemical synthesis. The energy transfer from the band-gap excitation to lanthanides further confirmed that lanthanide ions could be successfully incorporated into the lattice sites in spite of the mismatch in ionic radii.
基金financially supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY20E020001)the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(No.22212290-Y)。
文摘Electrocatalysts with high activities are crucial for highenergy-density Zn-air batteries.However,the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on the electrocatalysts hindered the development of Zn-air batteries.Herein,a new class of MOF-derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes encapsulated with bimetallic oxide(FeNiO@NCNT)through facile pyrolysis strategy is reported.The FeNiO@NCNT exhibits high catalytic activities for both OER and ORR.
