＂Splitting＂ and ＂lumping＂ are perpetual problems in vertebrate, especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy. Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy, which began in 1940, provides a series of interesting case studies, highlighting ...＂Splitting＂ and ＂lumping＂ are perpetual problems in vertebrate, especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy. Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy, which began in 1940, provides a series of interesting case studies, highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies （one Triassic, 28 Jurassic, and 34 Cretaceous）, exclusive of other, non-type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China. Fifty-two （~83%） of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level, we prune---either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy--17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera （a 32% reduction）, leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa, which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes. Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa （only six of 21 ichnogenera） are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time. Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies. This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy, which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.展开更多
A new geological section recognized in Baishantou of Jiayin,Heilongjiang Province,China,was studied preliminarily in searching for the K/T boundary.An early Paleocene florule characrerized by abundant Tiliaephyllum ts...A new geological section recognized in Baishantou of Jiayin,Heilongjiang Province,China,was studied preliminarily in searching for the K/T boundary.An early Paleocene florule characrerized by abundant Tiliaephyllum tsagajanicum leaves and its associated plants,was collected from the Baishantou Member(new member representing the lower part of the Paleocene Wuyun Formation)overlying the possible K/T boundary.A tuff bed was found from the upper part of the Furao Formation(uppermost Cretaceous)in this section.The new findings imply that the K/T boundary is probable lying in the interval between the base of the Baishantou Member and the tuff bed,based on the correlation of the present strata with the stratotype of the Tsagajan Group spanning the K/T boundary in"Belaya Gara"of the Bureya Basin,Russia.The early Paleocene florule from the Baishantou Member and the early-middle Maastrichtian dinosaurs found from the Yuliangzi Formation underlying the Furao Formation suggest that the Baishantou section is more promising for searching for the K/T boundary in this area.Further studies of the section is needed,integrating paleontological,biostratigraphic,geochemical,paleomagnetic,and sedimentary research would benefit our understanding the mass extinction event and biotic recovery in the Heilongjiang River area,China,and even all of northeast Asia during the K/T boundary interval.展开更多
In this paper,we provide a phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and related phyla in relation to ten years of DNA based phylogenetic studies since the AFTOL publications in 2007.We selected 529 species to address ph...In this paper,we provide a phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and related phyla in relation to ten years of DNA based phylogenetic studies since the AFTOL publications in 2007.We selected 529 species to address phylogenetic relationships of higher-level taxa using a maximumlikelihood framework and sequence data from six genes traditionally used in fungal molecular systematics(nrLSU,nrSSU,5.8S,tef1-a,rpb1 and rpb2).These species represent 18 classes,62 orders,183 families,and 392 genera from the phyla Basidiomycota(including the newly recognized subphylum Wallemiomycotina)and Entorrhizomycota,and 13 species representing 13 classes of Ascomycota as outgroup taxa.We also conducted a molecular dating analysis based on these six genes for 116 species representing 17 classes and 54 orders of Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota.Finally we performed a phyloproteomics analysis from 109 Basidiomycota species and 6 outgroup taxa using amino-acid sequences retrieved from 396 orthologous genes.Recognition of higher taxa follows the criteria in Zhao et al(Fungal Divers 78:239–292,2016):(i)taxa must be monophyletic and statistically well-supported in molecular dating analyses,(ii)their respective stem ages should be roughly equivalent,and(iii)stem ages of higher taxa must be older than those of lower level taxa.The time-tree indicates that the mean of stem ages of Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota are ca.530 Ma;subphyla of Basidiomycota are 406–490 Ma;most classes are 358–393 Ma for those of Agaricomycotina and 245–356 Ma for those of Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina;most orders of those subphyla split 120–290 Ma.Monophyly of most higherlevel taxa of Basidiomycota are generally supported,especially those taxa introduced in the recent ten years:phylum Entorrhizomycota,classes Malasseziomycetes,Moniliellomycetes,Spiculogloeomycetes,Tritirachiomycetes and orders Amylocorticiales,Golubeviales,Holtermanniales,Jaapiales,Lepidostromatales,Robbauerales,Stereopsidales and Trichosporonales.However,the younger diverge展开更多
High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data.Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the ...High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data.Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone.We propose an updated phylum-and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative.Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates,we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Glomeromycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota.We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla.We consider the kingdom Nucleariae(phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida)as a sister group to the Fungi.We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework,using this or any other classification system.We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set.展开更多
This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa,including five new families,20 new genera,and 100 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new families,Ascocylindricaceae,Caryosporace...This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa,including five new families,20 new genera,and 100 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new families,Ascocylindricaceae,Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae(Ascomycota)are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology.The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria(Amniculicolaceae),Heracleicola,Neodidymella and Pseudomicrosphaeriopsis(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces(Didymosphaeriaceae),Brunneoclavispora,Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium(Halotthiaceae),Lophiohelichrysum(Lophiostomataceae),Galliicola,Populocrescentia and Vagicola(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Ascocylindrica(Ascocylindricaceae),Elongatopedicellata(Roussoellaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria(Latoruaceae)and Pseudomonodictys(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae)are introduced.The newly described species of Dothideomycetes(Ascomycota)are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola(Amniculicolaceae),Flammeascoma lignicola(Anteagloniaceae),Ascocylindrica marina(Ascocylindricaceae),Lembosia xyliae(Asterinaceae),Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola(Botryosphaeriaceae),Caryospora aquatica(Caryosporaceae),Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodidymella thailandicum(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces palmicola(Didymosphaeriaceae),Floricola viticola(Floricolaceae),Brunneoclavispora bambusae,Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica(Halotthiaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria fagi(Latoruaceae),Keissleriella dactylidicola(Lentitheciaceae),Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi(Lophiostomataceae),Aquasubmersa japonica(Lophiotremataceae),Pseudomonodictys tectonae(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae),Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae(Microthyriaceae),Alloleptosphaeria clematidis,Allophaeosphaeria cytisi,Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora,Dematiopleospora luzulae,Entodesmium artemisiae,Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria,Loratospora luzulae,Nodulosphaeria senecionis,Ophiosphaerella aquaticus,Populocrescentia forlicesenensis and Vagicola vagans(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Elongatopedicellata lignicola,Roussoella magnatum an展开更多
The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Co...The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus 展开更多
Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,principally from Shihuiba(Lufeng)and the Yuanmou Basin,and represent three species of Lufengpithecus.They mostly compris...Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,principally from Shihuiba(Lufeng)and the Yuanmou Basin,and represent three species of Lufengpithecus.They mostly comprise large samples of isolated teeth,but there are also several partial or complete adult crania from Shihuiba and a single juvenile cranium from Yuanmou.Here we describe a new,relatively complete and largely undistorted juvenile cranium from the terminal Miocene locality of Shuitangba,also in Yunnan.It is only the second ape juvenile cranium recovered from the Miocene of Eurasia and it is provisionally assigned to the species present at Shihuiba,Lufengpithecus lufengensis.Lufengpithecus has most often been linked to the extant orangutan,Pongo pygmaeus,but recent studies of the crania from Shihuiba and Yuanmou have demonstrated that this is unlikely.The new cranium reinforces the view that Lufengpithecus represents a distinct,late surviving lineage of large apes in the late Miocene of East Asia that does not appear to be closely affiliated with any extant ape lineage.It substantially increases knowledge of cranial morphology in Lufengpithecus and demonstrates that species of this genus represent a morphologically diverse radiation of apes,which is consistent with the dynamic tectonic and biotic milieu of southwestern China in the late Miocene.展开更多
We herein describe a partial postcranial skeleton of a sauropod dinosaur recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group in the Beipiao area of western Liaoning Province, northeastern China. A suite of features it pos...We herein describe a partial postcranial skeleton of a sauropod dinosaur recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group in the Beipiao area of western Liaoning Province, northeastern China. A suite of features it possesses, including the camellate internal structure of its presacral elements, the existence of pneumatocoels on the proximal ends of the dorsal ribs, and especially the medially deflected proximal portion of the femur, definitively establish the titanosauriform affinities of the specimen. It differs from other titanosauriforms in having a craniocaudally elongate coracoid with a squared cranioventral extreme and a long, smooth, and slightly convex acetabular edge of the pubis. It represents a new taxon, Dongbeititan dongi gen. et sp. nov. Comparative studies suggest that Dongbeititan is a basal titanosauriform, more derived than Euhelopus, Fusuisaurus, and Huanghetitan, but less derived than Gobititan and Jiutaisaurus. Dongbeititan represents the first sauropod dinosaur reported from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province.展开更多
Gypsum-salt rocks and coccolith calcareous shale are widely deposited in the lower part of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, Sbandong Province. The gypsum-salt rock is believed to be formed during ...Gypsum-salt rocks and coccolith calcareous shale are widely deposited in the lower part of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, Sbandong Province. The gypsum-salt rock is believed to be formed during the earlier deposition in salt lake, while the overlying coccolith shale in saline lake with relatively low salinity. By comparing the lake environment and la- custrine microbial communities between ancient and recent lakes, cyanobacteria are regarded as the main representative of productivity during the formation of gypsum-salt strata series, with the annual productivity of 1500-2000 gC m-2 yr1. Based on the research of ultramicrofossils in the calcareous shale, coccolith is considered as the main contributor to the productivity during the formation of calcareous shale. On the basis of statistic data of sedimentary rates, shale laminations, and coccolith fossils in each lamination, the quantitative value of productivity is calculated, with the annual productivity of 2250 3810 gC m 2 yr-1 （averagely 3120 gC m-2 yr-1）. Statistic data of large amount of pyrite framboids indicate that the lower water col- umn was persistently in sulfidic or anoxic conditions during the deposition of gypsum-salt strata series, but it changed to be dysoxic when the coccolith calcareous shale was deposited. Both of these water conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic matter. It is estimated that the organic carbon burial efficiency of the Lower Paleogene salt lakes and saline lakes of Dongying Depression is about 10%-15%, which is calculated and analyzed using the multi-parameter geobiological model.展开更多
An incomplete postcranial avian skeleton is described from the Lower Cretaceous Jingchuan Formation of Otog Banner of western Inner Mongolia and referred to a new species of Cathayornis, C. chabuensis sp. nov. This is...An incomplete postcranial avian skeleton is described from the Lower Cretaceous Jingchuan Formation of Otog Banner of western Inner Mongolia and referred to a new species of Cathayornis, C. chabuensis sp. nov. This is the first report of a Cathayornis from outside Liaoning Province. The new discovery indicates that Cathayornis coexisted with Otogornis genghisi, and a more detailed comparison between these two enantiornithine genera shows that Otogornis represents a more primitive genus than Cathayornis. Our analyses further indicate that Cathayornis is an arboreal bird. The discovery of a Cathayornis from this region also confirms that the avian fossil-bearing Jingchuan Formation is comparable to the Jiufotang Formation of the upper Jehol Group in western Liaoning, and should be referred to the middle-late Early Cretaceous.展开更多
A large track site with multiple, well-preserved trackways of an Early Jurassic quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur is the first report of Moyenisauripus-like trackways from Asia, herein named Shenmuichnus youngteilhar...A large track site with multiple, well-preserved trackways of an Early Jurassic quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur is the first report of Moyenisauripus-like trackways from Asia, herein named Shenmuichnus youngteilhardorum. The tracks occur in a clastic fluvial sequence in the Fuxian Formation in Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province, which is in the same general region as the discovery site of Sinoichnites, the first dinosaur track reported from China. Based on size and morphology, it is likely that Sinoichnites, which is now lost, also represents an ornithischian. The Shenmuichnus youngteilhardorum trackways show two modes of preservation： the first representing deeper tracks, with sediment rims, results in Deltapodus-like tracks, with indistinct pes digit traces and sub-circular manus traces, the second produces Moyenosauripus-like tracks, with clear tridactyl and pentadactyl digit traces in the pes and manus respectively. Thus the Shenmu trackways play a key role in resolving globally significant ichnotaxonomic problems surrounding the nomenclature of Sinoichnites, Moyenosauripus, Deltapodus and other named （Ravatichnus） and unnamed trackways from Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition they shed important light on the paleogeographical and paleoecological distribution of quadrupedal ornithischians in the Early Mesozoic. The track site has been the focus of a major excavation to transfer the trackways from their original remote location to the new Shenmu Museum, in Shenmu City. Other tracksites in the area which reveal Anomoepus, Grallator and the Deltapodus morphotype, together with Shenmuichnus and plant fossil evidence, suggest an Early Jurassic age for the tracksite.展开更多
Trachypithecus,which currently contains 20 species divided into four groups,is the most speciose and geographically dispersed genus among Asian colobines.Despite several morphological and molecular studies,however,its...Trachypithecus,which currently contains 20 species divided into four groups,is the most speciose and geographically dispersed genus among Asian colobines.Despite several morphological and molecular studies,however,its evolutionary history and phylogeography remain poorly understood.Phayre’s langur(Trachypithecus phayrei) is one of the most widespread members of the genus,but details on its actual distribution and intraspecific taxonomy are limited and controversial.Thus,to elucidate the evolutionary history of Trachypithecus and to clarify the intraspecific taxonomy and distribution of T.phayrei,we sequenced 41 mitochondrial genomes from georeferenced fecal samples and museum specimens,including two holotypes.Phylogenetic analyses revealed a robustly supported phylogeny of Trachypithecus,suggesting that the T.pileatus group branched first,followed by the T.francoisi group,and the T.cristatus and T.obscurus groups most recently.The four species groups diverged from each other 4.5-3.1 million years ago(Ma),while speciation events within these groups occurred much more recently(1.6-0.3 Ma).Within T.phayrei,we found three clades that diverged 1.0-0.9 Ma,indicating the existence of three rather than two taxa.Following the phylogenetic species concept and based on genetic,morphological,and ecological differences,we elevate the T.phayrei subspecies to species level,describe a new species from central Myanmar,and refine the distribution of the three taxa.Overall,our study highlights the importance of museum specimens and provides new insights not only into the evolutionary history of T.phayrei but the entire Trachypithecus genus as well.展开更多
An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in th...An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.展开更多
Based on a partial postcranial skeleton collected from the Lower Cretaceous Napai Formation of Guangxi, China, we erect a new sauropod taxon, Fusuisaurus zhaoi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype specimen consists of the le...Based on a partial postcranial skeleton collected from the Lower Cretaceous Napai Formation of Guangxi, China, we erect a new sauropod taxon, Fusuisaurus zhaoi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype specimen consists of the left ilium, left pubis, anterior caudals, most of the dorsal ribs and distal end of the left femur. Fusuisaurus zhaoi is diagnosed by a unique combination of character states among the known sauropods. It displays several synapomorphies of Titanosauriformes but lacks many derived features seen in other titanosauriforms, suggesting that the new taxon represents the basalmost known titanosauriform and providing new evidence that Titanosauriformes originated from Asia. A size comparison suggests that Fusuisaurus zhaoi is among the largest Early Cretaceous sauropods, providing an important addition to the Early Cretaceous Chinese sauropod diversity.展开更多
Two hominid teeth recovered in Mohui cave are morphologically distinguished from Australopithecus in Af-rica, but close to Homo erectus in China. These teeth are therefore provisionally assigned to Homo erectus. The a...Two hominid teeth recovered in Mohui cave are morphologically distinguished from Australopithecus in Af-rica, but close to Homo erectus in China. These teeth are therefore provisionally assigned to Homo erectus. The associ-ated mammalian fauna include Gigantopithecus blacki, Nes-toritherium sp., Sus xiaozhu, Sus peii and Ailuropoda microta, which are typical early Pleistocene taxa in South China. The general characteristics of the Mohui faunal assemblage are similar to the Longgupo site, which is dated to 2 Ma, imply-ing a contemporaneity for the two sites. To date, compared with the discoveries in Africa, far fewer early Pleistocene hominid fossils have been recovered in Asia, and there are intensive controversies concerning their stratigraphic prove-nience and typological and temporal positions. The hominid fossils from Mohui cave, with their reliable biostratigraphic positions and distinct typological features, provide important evidence regarding the issue of early human origins and evo-lution.展开更多
The recognition of taxonomic ranks in the Linnean classification system is largely arbitrary.Some authors have proposed the use of divergence time as a universally standardized criterion.Agaricus(Agaricaceae,Agaricale...The recognition of taxonomic ranks in the Linnean classification system is largely arbitrary.Some authors have proposed the use of divergence time as a universally standardized criterion.Agaricus(Agaricaceae,Agaricales)is a mushroom genus that contains many species of high commercial value.Recent studies using ITS sequence data discovered 11 new phylogenetic lineages within the genus,however their taxonomic ranks were uncertain due to the lack of criteria to define them within traditional taxonomy.In this study,we analyzed ITS sequence data from 745 collections(nearly 600 being newly generated)including 86 from type specimens of previously recognized subgenera and sections.Many monophyletic groups were recognized,but most basal relationships were unresolved.One hundred and fourteen representatives of the identified ITS clades were selected in order to produce a multi-gene phylogeny based on combined LSU,tef-1α,and rpb2 sequence data.Divergence times within the multi-gene phylogeny were estimated using BEAST v1.8.Based on phylogenetic relationships and with respect to morphology,we propose a revised taxonomic system for Agaricus that considers divergence time as a standardized criterion for establishing taxonomic ranks.We propose to segregate Agaricus into five subgenera and 20 sections.Subgenus Pseudochitonia is substantially emended;circumscription of the subgenera Agaricus and Flavoagaricus is restricted to taxa of sections Agaricus and Arvenses,respectively;and two new subgenera(Minores and Spissicaules)are introduced.Within Pseudochitonia,sections Bivelares,Brunneopicti,Chitonioides,Nigrobrunnescentes,Sanguinolenti and Xanthodermatei are maintained,but the latter two are reduced because we raise subsection Bohusia to sectional rank and a clade within section Xanthodermatei is formally introduced as section Hondenses;and sections Rubricosi,Crassispori,Flocculenti,and Amoeni are introduced.Section Laeticolores is placed in the subgenus Minores and sections Rarolentes and Subrutilescentes are placed in the subg展开更多
Sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions are employed to recon-struct the phylogeny of Prunus (Rosaceae), and evaluate the classification schemes of this genus. The two data sets ar...Sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions are employed to recon-struct the phylogeny of Prunus (Rosaceae), and evaluate the classification schemes of this genus. The two data sets are congruent in that the genera Prunus s.l. and Maddenia form a monophyletic group, with Maddenia nested within Prunus. However, the ndhF data set is incongruent with the ITS data supporting two major groups within Prunus: one consisting of subgenera Laurocerasus (including Pygeum) and Padus as well as the genus Maddenia and another of subgenera Amygdalus, Cerasus, and Prunus. The ITS data, on the other hand, support a clade composed of subgenera Amygdalus and Prunus and Prunus sect. Microcerasus in addition to a paraphyletic grade of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus (and the genus Maddenia) taxa. In general, the subgeneric classifications of Prunus s.l. are not supported. The ITS and ndhF phylogenies differ mainly in interspecific relationships and the relative position of the Padus/Laurocerasus group. Both ITS and ndhF data sets suggest that the formerly recog-nized genus Pygeum is polyphyletic and that the distinction of the subgenera Padus and Laurocerasus is not supported. The biogeographic interactions of the temperate and tropical members in the Padus/Laurocera- sus/Maddenia alliance including Pygeum are shown to be highly dynamic and complex.展开更多
Primates are highly successful mammals with significant morphological,behavioral,and physiological diversity.Studying the genomes of non-human primates,as the closest relative of humans,can provide insights into human...Primates are highly successful mammals with significant morphological,behavioral,and physiological diversity.Studying the genomes of non-human primates,as the closest relative of humans,can provide insights into human evolution,genetic structure,and potential drug targets relevant to human health,thus making important contributions to medical research.Additionally,primate genome research can support ecological balance and resource conservation and promote sustainable development and human well-being.Despite the existence of more than 500 primate species belonging to 80 genera and 16 families worldwide,with new species still being discovered in recent years(Fan et al.,2017;Khanal et al.,2021;Roos et al.,2020),genome sequencing efforts have been limited to a relatively small number of species from only 22 genera(Ensembl v103).Notably,approximately 72%of primate genera remain unsequenced,leading to significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of their evolutionary history.This situation presents considerable challenges for the development,utilization,and protection of primate genetic resources.It is for these compelling reasons that we initiated the Primate Genome Project(PGP)(Wu et al.,2022).展开更多
The single prefrontal configuration has historically been used as an important diagnostic character for many natricine taxa. For example, the genus Trimerodytes Cope, 1895 was long been regarded as a junior synonym of...The single prefrontal configuration has historically been used as an important diagnostic character for many natricine taxa. For example, the genus Trimerodytes Cope, 1895 was long been regarded as a junior synonym of Opisthotropis Günther, 1872 for their similar prefrontal configurations and the type species, T. balteatus Cope, 1895, has been assigned to the genus Opisthotropis. However, as the number and arrangement of prefrontal vary frequently both at species and generic level, it is questionable whether the synonymization of Trimerodytes reflects their evolutionary relationships. On the basis of recently collected specimens of O. balteata, the generic status of the species was assessed using both molecular and morphological data. Opisthotropis was recovered as polyphyletic with reference to O. balteata, because O. balteata is nested within the genus Sinonatrix Rossman and Eberle, 1977 and is the sister species of the type species of Sinonatrix. Consequently, we herein resurrect the long-overlooked synonym Trimerodytes from Opisthotropis and synonymize the junior generic nomen Sinonatrix with Trimerodytes. In addition, based on morphological similarities between the monotypic genus Paratapinophis Angel, 1929 and Trimerodytes, we doubt about the validity of Paratapinophis. Following taxonomic changes in this work, the taxonomic account of the genus Trimerodytes, updated descriptions of its type species, and diagnostic key to Trimerodytes species are provided.展开更多
基金supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(to Masaki Matsukawa,no.1183303,1999-2000)the Grant-in Aid for University and Society Collaboration of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science,Sports and Culture(to Masaki Matsukawa,no. 11791012,1999-2001)+2 种基金The Shandong portion of this study was supported financially,in part,by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant no.40972005 to Rihui LiThe Nei Mongol portion of this study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40872005) to Jianjun Lithe Beijing Museum of Natural History,with supplemental support from the Dinosaur Tracks Museum,University of Colorado Denver
文摘＂Splitting＂ and ＂lumping＂ are perpetual problems in vertebrate, especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy. Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy, which began in 1940, provides a series of interesting case studies, highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies （one Triassic, 28 Jurassic, and 34 Cretaceous）, exclusive of other, non-type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China. Fifty-two （~83%） of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level, we prune---either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy--17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera （a 32% reduction）, leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa, which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes. Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa （only six of 21 ichnogenera） are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time. Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies. This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy, which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.
基金The authors are grateful for the Project No.30211330496 of the NSFC(China)for the spe-cial financial support of the Jjilin University,China.
文摘A new geological section recognized in Baishantou of Jiayin,Heilongjiang Province,China,was studied preliminarily in searching for the K/T boundary.An early Paleocene florule characrerized by abundant Tiliaephyllum tsagajanicum leaves and its associated plants,was collected from the Baishantou Member(new member representing the lower part of the Paleocene Wuyun Formation)overlying the possible K/T boundary.A tuff bed was found from the upper part of the Furao Formation(uppermost Cretaceous)in this section.The new findings imply that the K/T boundary is probable lying in the interval between the base of the Baishantou Member and the tuff bed,based on the correlation of the present strata with the stratotype of the Tsagajan Group spanning the K/T boundary in"Belaya Gara"of the Bureya Basin,Russia.The early Paleocene florule from the Baishantou Member and the early-middle Maastrichtian dinosaurs found from the Yuliangzi Formation underlying the Furao Formation suggest that the Baishantou section is more promising for searching for the K/T boundary in this area.Further studies of the section is needed,integrating paleontological,biostratigraphic,geochemical,paleomagnetic,and sedimentary research would benefit our understanding the mass extinction event and biotic recovery in the Heilongjiang River area,China,and even all of northeast Asia during the K/T boundary interval.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to R.-L.Zhao(Project IDs 31470152 and 31360014)and G.-J.Li(Project ID 31500013)the Innovative Group of Edible Mushrooms Industry of Beijing(Project ID:BAIC05-2017)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program from Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Project ID:2016AB05317)R.-L.Zhao,the Thailand Research Fund to K.D.Hyde(Grant BRG 5580009)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the ROM Governors to J.-M.Moncalvo.
文摘In this paper,we provide a phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and related phyla in relation to ten years of DNA based phylogenetic studies since the AFTOL publications in 2007.We selected 529 species to address phylogenetic relationships of higher-level taxa using a maximumlikelihood framework and sequence data from six genes traditionally used in fungal molecular systematics(nrLSU,nrSSU,5.8S,tef1-a,rpb1 and rpb2).These species represent 18 classes,62 orders,183 families,and 392 genera from the phyla Basidiomycota(including the newly recognized subphylum Wallemiomycotina)and Entorrhizomycota,and 13 species representing 13 classes of Ascomycota as outgroup taxa.We also conducted a molecular dating analysis based on these six genes for 116 species representing 17 classes and 54 orders of Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota.Finally we performed a phyloproteomics analysis from 109 Basidiomycota species and 6 outgroup taxa using amino-acid sequences retrieved from 396 orthologous genes.Recognition of higher taxa follows the criteria in Zhao et al(Fungal Divers 78:239–292,2016):(i)taxa must be monophyletic and statistically well-supported in molecular dating analyses,(ii)their respective stem ages should be roughly equivalent,and(iii)stem ages of higher taxa must be older than those of lower level taxa.The time-tree indicates that the mean of stem ages of Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota are ca.530 Ma;subphyla of Basidiomycota are 406–490 Ma;most classes are 358–393 Ma for those of Agaricomycotina and 245–356 Ma for those of Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina;most orders of those subphyla split 120–290 Ma.Monophyly of most higherlevel taxa of Basidiomycota are generally supported,especially those taxa introduced in the recent ten years:phylum Entorrhizomycota,classes Malasseziomycetes,Moniliellomycetes,Spiculogloeomycetes,Tritirachiomycetes and orders Amylocorticiales,Golubeviales,Holtermanniales,Jaapiales,Lepidostromatales,Robbauerales,Stereopsidales and Trichosporonales.However,the younger diverge
基金LT acknowledges funding from the Estonian Science Foundation(1399PUT,IUT20-30),MOBERC and ECOLCHANGE.
文摘High-throughput sequencing studies generate vast amounts of taxonomic data.Evolutionary ecological hypotheses of the recovered taxa and Species Hypotheses are difficult to test due to problems with alignments and the lack of a phylogenetic backbone.We propose an updated phylum-and class-level fungal classification accounting for monophyly and divergence time so that the main taxonomic ranks are more informative.Based on phylogenies and divergence time estimates,we adopt phylum rank to Aphelidiomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Glomeromycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota and Olpidiomycota.We accept nine subkingdoms to accommodate these 18 phyla.We consider the kingdom Nucleariae(phyla Nuclearida and Fonticulida)as a sister group to the Fungi.We also introduce a perl script and a newick-formatted classification backbone for assigning Species Hypotheses into a hierarchical taxonomic framework,using this or any other classification system.We provide an example of testing evolutionary ecological hypotheses based on a global soil fungal data set.
文摘This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa,including five new families,20 new genera,and 100 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new families,Ascocylindricaceae,Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae(Ascomycota)are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology.The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria(Amniculicolaceae),Heracleicola,Neodidymella and Pseudomicrosphaeriopsis(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces(Didymosphaeriaceae),Brunneoclavispora,Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium(Halotthiaceae),Lophiohelichrysum(Lophiostomataceae),Galliicola,Populocrescentia and Vagicola(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Ascocylindrica(Ascocylindricaceae),Elongatopedicellata(Roussoellaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria(Latoruaceae)and Pseudomonodictys(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae)are introduced.The newly described species of Dothideomycetes(Ascomycota)are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola(Amniculicolaceae),Flammeascoma lignicola(Anteagloniaceae),Ascocylindrica marina(Ascocylindricaceae),Lembosia xyliae(Asterinaceae),Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola(Botryosphaeriaceae),Caryospora aquatica(Caryosporaceae),Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodidymella thailandicum(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces palmicola(Didymosphaeriaceae),Floricola viticola(Floricolaceae),Brunneoclavispora bambusae,Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica(Halotthiaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria fagi(Latoruaceae),Keissleriella dactylidicola(Lentitheciaceae),Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi(Lophiostomataceae),Aquasubmersa japonica(Lophiotremataceae),Pseudomonodictys tectonae(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae),Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae(Microthyriaceae),Alloleptosphaeria clematidis,Allophaeosphaeria cytisi,Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora,Dematiopleospora luzulae,Entodesmium artemisiae,Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria,Loratospora luzulae,Nodulosphaeria senecionis,Ophiosphaerella aquaticus,Populocrescentia forlicesenensis and Vagicola vagans(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Elongatopedicellata lignicola,Roussoella magnatum an
基金supported by NSFC(40872015)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-154),and,for ARP,in part by the integrative program"Origin and Evolution of the Biosphere"of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
文摘The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina （= Orussoidea ＋ Apocrita） are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae-like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp-waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure： infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea （Karatavitidae ＋ Paroryssidae ＋ Orussidae）, infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea （Ephialtitidae ＋ Stephanidae）, infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamih＇es Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov, Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov, Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(BCS 1035897,BCS 1227838 and BCS 0321893)Bryn Mawr College,the American Association of Physical Anthropologists the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation(2010CC010)the Zhaotong Government,the National Basic Research Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2012CB821900 and 40925012)
文摘Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,principally from Shihuiba(Lufeng)and the Yuanmou Basin,and represent three species of Lufengpithecus.They mostly comprise large samples of isolated teeth,but there are also several partial or complete adult crania from Shihuiba and a single juvenile cranium from Yuanmou.Here we describe a new,relatively complete and largely undistorted juvenile cranium from the terminal Miocene locality of Shuitangba,also in Yunnan.It is only the second ape juvenile cranium recovered from the Miocene of Eurasia and it is provisionally assigned to the species present at Shihuiba,Lufengpithecus lufengensis.Lufengpithecus has most often been linked to the extant orangutan,Pongo pygmaeus,but recent studies of the crania from Shihuiba and Yuanmou have demonstrated that this is unlikely.The new cranium reinforces the view that Lufengpithecus represents a distinct,late surviving lineage of large apes in the late Miocene of East Asia that does not appear to be closely affiliated with any extant ape lineage.It substantially increases knowledge of cranial morphology in Lufengpithecus and demonstrates that species of this genus represent a morphologically diverse radiation of apes,which is consistent with the dynamic tectonic and biotic milieu of southwestern China in the late Miocene.
基金Funding was provided by the Bureau of Dalian Science and Technology,the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Project:2006CB701405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40672007)the Hundred Talents Project of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China.
文摘We herein describe a partial postcranial skeleton of a sauropod dinosaur recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group in the Beipiao area of western Liaoning Province, northeastern China. A suite of features it possesses, including the camellate internal structure of its presacral elements, the existence of pneumatocoels on the proximal ends of the dorsal ribs, and especially the medially deflected proximal portion of the femur, definitively establish the titanosauriform affinities of the specimen. It differs from other titanosauriforms in having a craniocaudally elongate coracoid with a squared cranioventral extreme and a long, smooth, and slightly convex acetabular edge of the pubis. It represents a new taxon, Dongbeititan dongi gen. et sp. nov. Comparative studies suggest that Dongbeititan is a basal titanosauriform, more derived than Euhelopus, Fusuisaurus, and Huanghetitan, but less derived than Gobititan and Jiutaisaurus. Dongbeititan represents the first sauropod dinosaur reported from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2009ZX05009)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808800)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41172036, 40730209)the "111" Project (Grant No. B08030)
文摘Gypsum-salt rocks and coccolith calcareous shale are widely deposited in the lower part of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, Sbandong Province. The gypsum-salt rock is believed to be formed during the earlier deposition in salt lake, while the overlying coccolith shale in saline lake with relatively low salinity. By comparing the lake environment and la- custrine microbial communities between ancient and recent lakes, cyanobacteria are regarded as the main representative of productivity during the formation of gypsum-salt strata series, with the annual productivity of 1500-2000 gC m-2 yr1. Based on the research of ultramicrofossils in the calcareous shale, coccolith is considered as the main contributor to the productivity during the formation of calcareous shale. On the basis of statistic data of sedimentary rates, shale laminations, and coccolith fossils in each lamination, the quantitative value of productivity is calculated, with the annual productivity of 2250 3810 gC m 2 yr-1 （averagely 3120 gC m-2 yr-1）. Statistic data of large amount of pyrite framboids indicate that the lower water col- umn was persistently in sulfidic or anoxic conditions during the deposition of gypsum-salt strata series, but it changed to be dysoxic when the coccolith calcareous shale was deposited. Both of these water conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic matter. It is estimated that the organic carbon burial efficiency of the Lower Paleogene salt lakes and saline lakes of Dongying Depression is about 10%-15%, which is calculated and analyzed using the multi-parameter geobiological model.
基金Supported by the Major Basic Research Projects(2006CB806400)of MST of China,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(kzcx3-sw-142)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40121202)
文摘An incomplete postcranial avian skeleton is described from the Lower Cretaceous Jingchuan Formation of Otog Banner of western Inner Mongolia and referred to a new species of Cathayornis, C. chabuensis sp. nov. This is the first report of a Cathayornis from outside Liaoning Province. The new discovery indicates that Cathayornis coexisted with Otogornis genghisi, and a more detailed comparison between these two enantiornithine genera shows that Otogornis represents a more primitive genus than Cathayornis. Our analyses further indicate that Cathayornis is an arboreal bird. The discovery of a Cathayornis from this region also confirms that the avian fossil-bearing Jingchuan Formation is comparable to the Jiufotang Formation of the upper Jehol Group in western Liaoning, and should be referred to the middle-late Early Cretaceous.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.40872005)
文摘A large track site with multiple, well-preserved trackways of an Early Jurassic quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur is the first report of Moyenisauripus-like trackways from Asia, herein named Shenmuichnus youngteilhardorum. The tracks occur in a clastic fluvial sequence in the Fuxian Formation in Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province, which is in the same general region as the discovery site of Sinoichnites, the first dinosaur track reported from China. Based on size and morphology, it is likely that Sinoichnites, which is now lost, also represents an ornithischian. The Shenmuichnus youngteilhardorum trackways show two modes of preservation： the first representing deeper tracks, with sediment rims, results in Deltapodus-like tracks, with indistinct pes digit traces and sub-circular manus traces, the second produces Moyenosauripus-like tracks, with clear tridactyl and pentadactyl digit traces in the pes and manus respectively. Thus the Shenmu trackways play a key role in resolving globally significant ichnotaxonomic problems surrounding the nomenclature of Sinoichnites, Moyenosauripus, Deltapodus and other named （Ravatichnus） and unnamed trackways from Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition they shed important light on the paleogeographical and paleoecological distribution of quadrupedal ornithischians in the Early Mesozoic. The track site has been the focus of a major excavation to transfer the trackways from their original remote location to the new Shenmu Museum, in Shenmu City. Other tracksites in the area which reveal Anomoepus, Grallator and the Deltapodus morphotype, together with Shenmuichnus and plant fossil evidence, suggest an Early Jurassic age for the tracksite.
基金supported by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity FoundationPrimate Action Fund+1 种基金Helmsley Charitable TrustCritical Ecosystem Partnership Fund。
文摘Trachypithecus,which currently contains 20 species divided into four groups,is the most speciose and geographically dispersed genus among Asian colobines.Despite several morphological and molecular studies,however,its evolutionary history and phylogeography remain poorly understood.Phayre’s langur(Trachypithecus phayrei) is one of the most widespread members of the genus,but details on its actual distribution and intraspecific taxonomy are limited and controversial.Thus,to elucidate the evolutionary history of Trachypithecus and to clarify the intraspecific taxonomy and distribution of T.phayrei,we sequenced 41 mitochondrial genomes from georeferenced fecal samples and museum specimens,including two holotypes.Phylogenetic analyses revealed a robustly supported phylogeny of Trachypithecus,suggesting that the T.pileatus group branched first,followed by the T.francoisi group,and the T.cristatus and T.obscurus groups most recently.The four species groups diverged from each other 4.5-3.1 million years ago(Ma),while speciation events within these groups occurred much more recently(1.6-0.3 Ma).Within T.phayrei,we found three clades that diverged 1.0-0.9 Ma,indicating the existence of three rather than two taxa.Following the phylogenetic species concept and based on genetic,morphological,and ecological differences,we elevate the T.phayrei subspecies to species level,describe a new species from central Myanmar,and refine the distribution of the three taxa.Overall,our study highlights the importance of museum specimens and provides new insights not only into the evolutionary history of T.phayrei but the entire Trachypithecus genus as well.
基金the Projects NSFC 30220130698 40842002Project"111"of China+2 种基金the Project of the Bureau of Land&Resources of Heilongjiang,China for their financial supports to this research workthe financial supports of Russian Projects RFFI No.04-04-49522the President Grantfor State Support of Leading Scientific Scholars in Russian Federation SS-1615 of Russia
文摘An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.
文摘Based on a partial postcranial skeleton collected from the Lower Cretaceous Napai Formation of Guangxi, China, we erect a new sauropod taxon, Fusuisaurus zhaoi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype specimen consists of the left ilium, left pubis, anterior caudals, most of the dorsal ribs and distal end of the left femur. Fusuisaurus zhaoi is diagnosed by a unique combination of character states among the known sauropods. It displays several synapomorphies of Titanosauriformes but lacks many derived features seen in other titanosauriforms, suggesting that the new taxon represents the basalmost known titanosauriform and providing new evidence that Titanosauriformes originated from Asia. A size comparison suggests that Fusuisaurus zhaoi is among the largest Early Cretaceous sauropods, providing an important addition to the Early Cretaceous Chinese sauropod diversity.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40163001)the Emergency Excavation Fund from the National Culture Relics Bureau of China+1 种基金special funds of“Talents Project in the New Century”of the Guangxi Government(Grant No.2001216)the National Science Foundation,USA.
文摘Two hominid teeth recovered in Mohui cave are morphologically distinguished from Australopithecus in Af-rica, but close to Homo erectus in China. These teeth are therefore provisionally assigned to Homo erectus. The associ-ated mammalian fauna include Gigantopithecus blacki, Nes-toritherium sp., Sus xiaozhu, Sus peii and Ailuropoda microta, which are typical early Pleistocene taxa in South China. The general characteristics of the Mohui faunal assemblage are similar to the Longgupo site, which is dated to 2 Ma, imply-ing a contemporaneity for the two sites. To date, compared with the discoveries in Africa, far fewer early Pleistocene hominid fossils have been recovered in Asia, and there are intensive controversies concerning their stratigraphic prove-nience and typological and temporal positions. The hominid fossils from Mohui cave, with their reliable biostratigraphic positions and distinct typological features, provide important evidence regarding the issue of early human origins and evo-lution.
基金This study was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX-2-SW-129)the National Basic Research Program of China(2006CB701400)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40472004,39900007 and 40372008)the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Science Research of Japan(Type C)(Grant No.13640475)This is a contribution to Intermational Geoscience Program IGCP Project No.506.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to RLZ(Project IDs 31000013,31360014 and 31470152)the Thailand Research Fund to KDH(grant BRG 5580009)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the ROM Governors to JMM.Dr.Richard Kerrigan made valuable comments and suggestions to improve this paper.
文摘The recognition of taxonomic ranks in the Linnean classification system is largely arbitrary.Some authors have proposed the use of divergence time as a universally standardized criterion.Agaricus(Agaricaceae,Agaricales)is a mushroom genus that contains many species of high commercial value.Recent studies using ITS sequence data discovered 11 new phylogenetic lineages within the genus,however their taxonomic ranks were uncertain due to the lack of criteria to define them within traditional taxonomy.In this study,we analyzed ITS sequence data from 745 collections(nearly 600 being newly generated)including 86 from type specimens of previously recognized subgenera and sections.Many monophyletic groups were recognized,but most basal relationships were unresolved.One hundred and fourteen representatives of the identified ITS clades were selected in order to produce a multi-gene phylogeny based on combined LSU,tef-1α,and rpb2 sequence data.Divergence times within the multi-gene phylogeny were estimated using BEAST v1.8.Based on phylogenetic relationships and with respect to morphology,we propose a revised taxonomic system for Agaricus that considers divergence time as a standardized criterion for establishing taxonomic ranks.We propose to segregate Agaricus into five subgenera and 20 sections.Subgenus Pseudochitonia is substantially emended;circumscription of the subgenera Agaricus and Flavoagaricus is restricted to taxa of sections Agaricus and Arvenses,respectively;and two new subgenera(Minores and Spissicaules)are introduced.Within Pseudochitonia,sections Bivelares,Brunneopicti,Chitonioides,Nigrobrunnescentes,Sanguinolenti and Xanthodermatei are maintained,but the latter two are reduced because we raise subsection Bohusia to sectional rank and a clade within section Xanthodermatei is formally introduced as section Hondenses;and sections Rubricosi,Crassispori,Flocculenti,and Amoeni are introduced.Section Laeticolores is placed in the subgenus Minores and sections Rarolentes and Subrutilescentes are placed in the subg
文摘Sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions are employed to recon-struct the phylogeny of Prunus (Rosaceae), and evaluate the classification schemes of this genus. The two data sets are congruent in that the genera Prunus s.l. and Maddenia form a monophyletic group, with Maddenia nested within Prunus. However, the ndhF data set is incongruent with the ITS data supporting two major groups within Prunus: one consisting of subgenera Laurocerasus (including Pygeum) and Padus as well as the genus Maddenia and another of subgenera Amygdalus, Cerasus, and Prunus. The ITS data, on the other hand, support a clade composed of subgenera Amygdalus and Prunus and Prunus sect. Microcerasus in addition to a paraphyletic grade of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus (and the genus Maddenia) taxa. In general, the subgeneric classifications of Prunus s.l. are not supported. The ITS and ndhF phylogenies differ mainly in interspecific relationships and the relative position of the Padus/Laurocerasus group. Both ITS and ndhF data sets suggest that the formerly recog-nized genus Pygeum is polyphyletic and that the distinction of the subgenera Padus and Laurocerasus is not supported. The biogeographic interactions of the temperate and tropical members in the Padus/Laurocera- sus/Maddenia alliance including Pygeum are shown to be highly dynamic and complex.
文摘Primates are highly successful mammals with significant morphological,behavioral,and physiological diversity.Studying the genomes of non-human primates,as the closest relative of humans,can provide insights into human evolution,genetic structure,and potential drug targets relevant to human health,thus making important contributions to medical research.Additionally,primate genome research can support ecological balance and resource conservation and promote sustainable development and human well-being.Despite the existence of more than 500 primate species belonging to 80 genera and 16 families worldwide,with new species still being discovered in recent years(Fan et al.,2017;Khanal et al.,2021;Roos et al.,2020),genome sequencing efforts have been limited to a relatively small number of species from only 22 genera(Ensembl v103).Notably,approximately 72%of primate genera remain unsequenced,leading to significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of their evolutionary history.This situation presents considerable challenges for the development,utilization,and protection of primate genetic resources.It is for these compelling reasons that we initiated the Primate Genome Project(PGP)(Wu et al.,2022).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0505202)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31000000)+6 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31722049, 31772434)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (QYZDB-SSW-SMC058)the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science (Y4ZK111B01)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CASthe CAS “Light of West China” Program (2018XBZG_JCTD_001)Talent Program from Organization Department of Sichuan Provincial Committeepartially supported by project BSTMV.08/16-19 to NTT
文摘The single prefrontal configuration has historically been used as an important diagnostic character for many natricine taxa. For example, the genus Trimerodytes Cope, 1895 was long been regarded as a junior synonym of Opisthotropis Günther, 1872 for their similar prefrontal configurations and the type species, T. balteatus Cope, 1895, has been assigned to the genus Opisthotropis. However, as the number and arrangement of prefrontal vary frequently both at species and generic level, it is questionable whether the synonymization of Trimerodytes reflects their evolutionary relationships. On the basis of recently collected specimens of O. balteata, the generic status of the species was assessed using both molecular and morphological data. Opisthotropis was recovered as polyphyletic with reference to O. balteata, because O. balteata is nested within the genus Sinonatrix Rossman and Eberle, 1977 and is the sister species of the type species of Sinonatrix. Consequently, we herein resurrect the long-overlooked synonym Trimerodytes from Opisthotropis and synonymize the junior generic nomen Sinonatrix with Trimerodytes. In addition, based on morphological similarities between the monotypic genus Paratapinophis Angel, 1929 and Trimerodytes, we doubt about the validity of Paratapinophis. Following taxonomic changes in this work, the taxonomic account of the genus Trimerodytes, updated descriptions of its type species, and diagnostic key to Trimerodytes species are provided.
