There is no temperature effect in the southern Tibetan Plateau and South Asia to the south of the Tanggula Mountains. Amount effect has been observed at a few sampling stations accounting for about a half of the stati...There is no temperature effect in the southern Tibetan Plateau and South Asia to the south of the Tanggula Mountains. Amount effect has been observed at a few sampling stations accounting for about a half of the statistical stations. There is notable temperature effect in the middle and northern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent Central Asia to the north of the Tanggula Mountains. Because vapor directly originates from low-latitude oceans, the relative heavy ( 18O with small variation characterizes the rainfall in South Asia. A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place from Kyangjin on the southern slope of the Himalayas to the Tanggula Mountains in the middle plateau. From the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau, the ( 18O in precipitation increases with increasing latitude.展开更多
In recent years,natural orifice specimen extraction surgery(NOSES)in the treatment of colorectal cancer has attracted widespread attention.The potential benefits of NOSES including reduction in postoperative pain and ...In recent years,natural orifice specimen extraction surgery(NOSES)in the treatment of colorectal cancer has attracted widespread attention.The potential benefits of NOSES including reduction in postoperative pain and wound complications,less use of postoperative analgesic,faster recovery of bowel function,shorter length of hospital stay,better cosmetic and psychological effect have been described in colorectal surgery.Despite significant decrease in surgical trauma of NOSES have been observed,the potential pitfalls of this technique have been demonstrated.Particularly,several issues including bacteriological concerns,oncological outcomes and patient selection are raised with this new technique.Therefore,it is urgent and necessary to reach a consensus as an industry guideline to standardize the implementation of NOSES in colorectal surgery.After three rounds of discussion by all members of the International Alliance of NOSES,the consensus is finally completed,which is also of great significance to the long-term progress of NOSES worldwide.展开更多
Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world, accounting for a large proportion of all cancer cases in Asia, Latin America, and some countries in Europe. Helicobacter pylori（H pylori） is regarded a...Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world, accounting for a large proportion of all cancer cases in Asia, Latin America, and some countries in Europe. Helicobacter pylori（H pylori） is regarded as playing a specific role in the development of atrophic gastritis, which represents the most recognized pathway in multistep intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis. Recent studies suggest that a combination of host genetic factors, bacterial virulence factors, and environmental and lifestyle factors determine the severity of gastric damage and the eventual clinical outcome of H pylori infection. The seminal discovery of Hpylori as the leading cause of gastric cancer should lead to effective eradication strategies. Prevention of gastric cancer requires better screening strategies to identify candidates for eradication.展开更多
AIM: To assess the utility and safety of single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy(SOCPS) using the Spy Glass system in widespread clinical application for biliary and pancreatic diseases.METHODS: This study was a prosp...AIM: To assess the utility and safety of single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy(SOCPS) using the Spy Glass system in widespread clinical application for biliary and pancreatic diseases.METHODS: This study was a prospective case series conducted in 20 referral centers in Japan. There were 148 patients who underwent SOCPS; 124 for biliary diseases and 24 for pancreatic diseases. The attempted interventions were SOCPS examination, SOCPS-directed tissue sampling, and therapy for stone removal, among others. The main outcomes were related to the procedure success rate in terms of visualizing the target lesions, SOCPS-directed adequate tissue sampling, and complete stone removal. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were enrolled for the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary and pancreatic lesions or treatment of biliary and pancreatic disease. The overall procedure success rate of visualizing the target lesions was 91.2%(135/148). The overall procedural success rates of visualizing the target lesions of diagnostic SOCPS in the bile duct and pancreatic duct were 95.5%(84/89) and 88.2%(15/17), respectively. Diagnosis: the overall adequate tissue for histologic examination was secured in 81.4% of the 86 patients who underwent biopsy under SOCPS(bile duct, 60/75, 80.0%; pancreatic duct, 10/11, 90.9%). The accuracy of histologic diagnosis using SOCPS-directed biopsies in indeterminate bile duct lesions was 70.7%(53/75). In the pancreatic duct, the accuracy of SOCPS visual impression of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was 87.5%(14/16). Stone therapy: complete biliary and pancreatic stone clearance combined with SOCPS-directed stone therapy using electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy was achieved in 74.2%(23/31) and 42.9%(3/7) of the patients, respectively. Others: SOCPS using the Spy Glass system was used in cannulation of the cystic duct in two patients and for passing across the obstructed self-expandable metallic stent for a malignant biliary stricture in two patients. All procedures were successful in both展开更多
Recent diagnostic and therapeutic progress for severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)remarkably decreased the casemortality rate.To further decrease the mortality rate of SAP,it is important to precisely evaluate the severity...Recent diagnostic and therapeutic progress for severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)remarkably decreased the casemortality rate.To further decrease the mortality rate of SAP,it is important to precisely evaluate the severity at an early stage,and initiate appropriate treatment as early as possible.Research Committee of Intractable Diseases of the Pancreas in Japan developed simpler criteria combining routinely available data with clinical signs.Severity can be evaluated by laboratory examinations or by clinical signs,reducing the defect values of the severity factors.Moreover,the severity criteria considered laboratory/clinical severity scores and contrastenhanced computed tomography(CE-CT)findings as independent risk factors.Thus,CE-CT scans are not necessarily required to evaluate the severity of acute pancreatitis.There was no fatal case in mild AP diagnosed by the CE-CT severity score,whereas case-mortality rate in those with SAP was 14.8%.Case-mortality of SAP that fulfilled both the laboratory/clinical and the CE-CT severity criteria was 30.8%.It is recommended,therefore,to perform CE-CT examination to clarify the prognosis in those patients who were diagnosed as SAP by laboratory/clinical severity criteria.Because the mortality rate of these patients with SAP is high,such patients should be transferred to advanced medical units.展开更多
Although auxin and brassinosteroid （BR） synergistically control various plant responses, the molecular mechanism underlying the auxin-BR crosstalk is not wen understood. We previously identified SMOS1, an auxin-regu...Although auxin and brassinosteroid （BR） synergistically control various plant responses, the molecular mechanism underlying the auxin-BR crosstalk is not wen understood. We previously identified SMOS1, an auxin-regulated APETALA2-type transcription factor, as the causal gene of the small organ size 1 （smosl） mutant that is characterized by a decreased final size of various organs in rice. In this study, we identified another smos mutant, smos2, which shows the phenotype indistinguishable from smosl. SMOS2 was identical to the previously reported DWARF AND LOWoTILLERING （DLT）, which encodes a GRAS protein involved in BR signaling. SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT physically interact to cooperatively enhance transcriptional transactivation activity in yeast and in rice nuclei. Consistently, the expression of OsPHI-1, a direct target of SMOS1, is upregulated only when SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT proteins are both present in rice ceils. Taken together, our results suggest that SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT form a keystone complex on auxin-BR signaling crosstalk in rice.展开更多
Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver that is predominant in developing countries and is responsible for nearly 600000 deaths each year worldwide. Similar to many other tumors, the development...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver that is predominant in developing countries and is responsible for nearly 600000 deaths each year worldwide. Similar to many other tumors, the development of HCC must be understood as a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in regulatory genes, leading to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes. Extensive research over the past decade has identified a number of molecular biomarkers, including aberrant expression of HCCrelated genes and microRNAs. The challenge facing HCC research and clinical care at this time is to address the heterogeneity and complexity of these genetic and epigenetic alterations and to use this information to direct rational diagnosis and treatment strategies. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib was the first molecularly targeted drug for HCC to show some extent of survival benefits in patients with advanced tumors. Although the results obtained using sorafenib support the importance of molecular therapies in the treatment of HCC, there is still room for improvement. In addition,no molecular markers for drug sensitivity, recurrence and prognosis are currently clinically available. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing HCC-related genes and microRNAs to update what is currently known regarding genetic and epigenetic aspects of the pathogenesis of HCC and propose novel promising candidates for use as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in HCC.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide.While curative therapies,including resection,liver transplantation,and percutaneous ablation(percutaneous ethanol injection and radio...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide.While curative therapies,including resection,liver transplantation,and percutaneous ablation(percutaneous ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation),are applicable for only a portion of the HCC population,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)has been recognized as an effective palliative treatment option for patients with advanced HCC.TACE is also used even for single HCCs in which it is difficult to perform surgical resection or locoregional treatment due to systemic co-morbidities or anatomical problems.TACE has become widely adopted in the treatment of HCC.By using computed tomography-angiography,TACE is capable of performing diagnosis and treatment at the same time.Furthermore,TACE plays an important role in the multidisciplinary treatment for HCC when combined with other treatment.In this review,we first discuss the history of TACE,and then review the previous findings about techniques of achieving a locoregional treatment effect(liver infarction treatment,e.g.,ultra-selective TACE,balloon-occluded TACE),and the use of TACE as a drugdelivery system for anti-cancer agents(palliative,e.g.,platinum complex agents,drug-eluting beads)for multiple lesions.展开更多
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis.However,the diffuse cholangiographic abnormalities observed in IgG4-SC may resemble those observed in primary sclerosing cho...IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis.However,the diffuse cholangiographic abnormalities observed in IgG4-SC may resemble those observed in primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC),and the presence of segmental stenosis suggests cholangiocarcinoma(CC).IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy,whereas PSC is only effectively treated with liver transplantation and CC requires surgical intervention.Since IgG4-SC was first described,it has become a third distinct clinical entity of sclerosing cholangitis.The aim of this review was to introduce the diagnostic methods for IgG4-SC.IgG4-SC should be carefully diagnosed based on a combination of characteristic clinical,serological,morphological,and histopathological features after cholangiographic classification and targeting of a disease for differential diagnosis.When intrapancreatic stenosis is detected,pancreatic cancer or CC should be ruled out.If multiple intrahepatic stenoses are evident,PSC should be distinguished on the basis of cholangiographic findings and liver biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining.Associated inflammatory bowel disease is suggestive of PSC.If stenosis is demonstrated in the hepatic hilar region,CC should be discriminated by ultrasonography,intraductal ultrasonography,bile duct biopsy,and a higher cutoff serum IgG4 level of 182 mg/dL.展开更多
This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors...This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O + 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O + 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qili展开更多
Molecular mechanisms of hybrid breakdown associated with sterility (F<sub>2</sub> sterility) are poorly understood as compared with those of F<sub>1</sub> hybrid sterility. Previously, we chara...Molecular mechanisms of hybrid breakdown associated with sterility (F<sub>2</sub> sterility) are poorly understood as compared with those of F<sub>1</sub> hybrid sterility. Previously, we characterized three unlinked epistatic loci, hybrid sterility-a1 (hsa1), hsa2, and hsa3, responsible for the F<sub>2</sub> sterility in a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. indica and japonica. In this study, we identified that the hsa1 locus contains two interacting genes, HSA1a and HSA1b, within a 30-kb region. HSA1a-j (japonica allele) encodes a highly conserved plant-specific domain of unknown function protein (DUF1618), whereasthe indica allele (HSA1a-i<sup>s</sup>) has two deletion mutations that cause disruption of domain structure. The second gene, HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup>, encodes an uncharacterized proteinwith some similarity to a nucleotide-binding protein. Homozygous introgression of indica HSA1a-i<sup>s</sup>-HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup> alleles into japonica showed female gamete abortion at an early mitotic stage. The fact that the recombinant haplotype HSA1a-j-HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup> caused semi-sterility in the heterozygous state with the HSA1a-i<sup>s</sup>-HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup> haplotype suggests that variation in the hsa1 locus is a possible cause of the wide-spectrum sterility barriers seen in F<sub>1</sub> hybrids and successive generations in rice. We propose a simple genetic model to explain how a single causal mechanism can drive both F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub> hybrid sterility.展开更多
Exosomes are nanoparticles of endocytic origin, secreted by a myriad of cell populations that are attracting increased attention by virtue of their ability to modulate cell-to-cell communications. They are also attrac...Exosomes are nanoparticles of endocytic origin, secreted by a myriad of cell populations that are attracting increased attention by virtue of their ability to modulate cell-to-cell communications. They are also attracting attention in a variety of immunological issues, including autoimmunity and, in particular, their ability to regulate cytokine and chemokine activation. Primary biliary cirrhosis （PBC） is considered a model autoimmune disease, which has a highly focused cytotoxic response against biliary epithelial cells. We have isolated exosomes from plasma from 29 patients with PBC and 30 healthy controls （HCs）, and studied the effect of these exosomes on co-stimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production in mononuclear cell populations using an ex vivo system. We also identified the microRNA （miRNA） populations in PBC compared to HC exosomes. We report herein that although exosomes do not change cytokine production, they do significantly alter co-stimulatory molecule expression on antigen-presenting populations. Further, we demonstrated that CD86 up-regulated expression on CD14＋ monocytes, whereas CD40 up-regulated on CD11c＋ dendritic cells by exosomes from patients with PBC. In addition, there were differences of miRNA expression of circulating exosomes in patients with PBC. These data have significant importance based on observations that co-stimulatory molecules play a differential role in the regulation of T-cell activation. Our observation indicated that aberrant exosomes from PBC selectively induce expression of co-stimulatory molecules in different subset of antigen-presenting cells. These alterations may involve in pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease.展开更多
Gastric cancer(GC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world,representing a major global health issue. Although the incidence of GC is declining,the outcomes for GC patients remain dismal bec...Gastric cancer(GC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world,representing a major global health issue. Although the incidence of GC is declining,the outcomes for GC patients remain dismal because of the lack of effective biomarkers to detect early GC and predict both recurrence and chemosensitivity. Current tumor markers for GC,including serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9,are not ideal due to their relatively low sensitivity and specificity. Recent improvements in molecular techniques are better able to identify aberrant expression of GC-related molecules,including oncogenes,tumor suppressor genes,micro RNAs and long non-coding RNAs,and DNA methylation,as novel molecular markers,although the molecular pathogenesis of GC is complicated by tumor heterogeneity. Detection of genetic and epigenetic alterations from gastric tissue or blood samples has diagnostic value in the management of GC. There are high expectations for molecular markers that can be used as new screening tools for early detection of GC as well as for patient stratification towards personalized treatment of GC through prediction of prognosis and drug-sensitivity. In this review,the studies of potential molecular biomarkers for GC that have been reported in the publicly available literature between 2012 and 2015 are reviewed and summarized,and certain highlighted papers are examined.展开更多
Lodging has been a major roadblock to attaining increased crop productivity. In an attempt to understand the mechanism for culm strength in rice, we isolated an effective quantitative trait locus （QTL）, STRONG CULM3...Lodging has been a major roadblock to attaining increased crop productivity. In an attempt to understand the mechanism for culm strength in rice, we isolated an effective quantitative trait locus （QTL）, STRONG CULM3 （SCM3）, the causal gene of which is identical to rice TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 （OsTB1）, a gene previously reported to positively control strigolactone （SL） signaling. A near-isogenic line （NIL） carrying SCM3 showed enhanced culm strength and increased spikelet number despite the expected decrease in tiller number, indicating that SL also has a positive role in enhancing culm strength and spikelet number. We produced a pyramiding line carrying SCM3 and SCM2, another QTL encoding AP01 involved in panicle development. The NIL-SCM2＋SCM3 showed a much stronger culm than NIL-SCM2 and NIL-SCM3 and an increased spikelet number caused by the additive effect of these QTLs. We discuss the importance of utilizing suitable alleles of these STRONG CULM QTLs without inducing detrimental traits for breeding.展开更多
Some of the heavy metals in coal and wastes vaporize during combustion, concentrate in fine particulates, and emit with the flue gas into the atmosphere, to produce adverse effect on environment and health. This study...Some of the heavy metals in coal and wastes vaporize during combustion, concentrate in fine particulates, and emit with the flue gas into the atmosphere, to produce adverse effect on environment and health. This study first investigates the fate of the heavy metal species, especially Pb, Cd and Cr, known as semi-volatile, in various flue gases, especially in the presence of HCI and SO2, by chemical equilibrium calculation, in which, Si and Ca were proposed as base sorbent materials to capture Pb, Cd and Cr. Then Si- and Ca-based compounds as well as waste materials used as sorbents were optimized to capture the heavy metals. Finally, the optimal sorbent was tested in actual burning of dried sewage sludge as solid fuel, to evaluate the effectiveness of the sorbent. Calculated results show that Cl increases the volatility of most heavy metals, while SO2 enhances formation of condensed phases. Among the sorbents tested, kaolin appears most efficient to capture Pb and Cd. For sludge combustion with kaolin addition, both Pb and Cd were shifted from sub-micron to macro-sized particles, and accompanied by considerable decrease of 0.1 μm particles.展开更多
BACKGROUND Linked color imaging(LCI) is a method of endoscopic imaging that emphasizes slight differences in red mucosal color.AIM To evaluate LCI in diagnostic endoscopy of early gastric cancer and to compare LCI and...BACKGROUND Linked color imaging(LCI) is a method of endoscopic imaging that emphasizes slight differences in red mucosal color.AIM To evaluate LCI in diagnostic endoscopy of early gastric cancer and to compare LCI and pathological findings.METHODS Endoscopic images were obtained for 39 patients(43 lesions) with early gastric cancer. Three endoscopists evaluated lesion recognition with white light imaging(WLI) and LCI. Color values in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage(CIE)1976 L*a*b* color space were used to calculate the color difference(ΔE) between cancer lesions and non-cancer areas. After endoscopic submucosal dissection,blood vessel density in the surface layer of the gastric epithelium was evaluated pathologically. The identical region of interest was selected for analyses of endoscopic images(WLI and LCI) and pathological analyses.RESULTS LCI was superior for lesion recognition(P < 0.0001), and ΔE between cancer and non-cancer areas was significantly greater with LCI than WLI(29.4 vs 18.6, P <0.0001). Blood vessel density was significantly higher in cancer lesions(5.96% vs4.15%, P = 0.0004). An a* cut-off of ≥ 24 in CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space identified a cancer lesion using LCI with sensitivity of 76.7%, specificity of 93.0%, and accuracy of 84.9%.CONCLUSION LCI is more effective for recognition of early gastric cancer compared to WLI as a result of improved visualization of changes in redness. Surface blood vessel density was significantly higher in cancer lesions, and this result is consistent with LCI image analysis.展开更多
Cross-resistance, resistance mechanisms, and mode of inheritance of spinosad resistance were studied in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）. Spinosad （naturalyte insecticide） showed low...Cross-resistance, resistance mechanisms, and mode of inheritance of spinosad resistance were studied in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）. Spinosad （naturalyte insecticide） showed low cross-resistance to prothiophos （organophosphorus insecticide） and chlorphenapyr （respiratory inhibitor） showed some cross-resistance to thiocyclam （nereistoxin）. The synergists PBO （piperonyl butoxide）, DEM （diethyl maleate）, and DEF （s,s,s-tributyl phosphorotrithioate） did not show any synergism on the toxicity of spinosad in the resistant strain （ICS）, indicating that metabolic- mediated detoxification was not responsible for the spinosad resistance, suggesting that spinosad may reduce sensitivity of the target site： the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABA receptor. Following reciprocal crosses, dose-response lines and dominance ratios indicated that spinosad resistance was incompletely dominant and there were no maternal effects. The results of backcross showed that spinosad resistance did not fit a single-gene hypothesis, suggesting that resistance was influenced by several genes.展开更多
Peritoneal dissemination represents a devastating form of gastric cancer(GC) progression with a dismal prognosis. There is no effective therapy for this condition. The 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal ...Peritoneal dissemination represents a devastating form of gastric cancer(GC) progression with a dismal prognosis. There is no effective therapy for this condition. The 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal dissemination is 2%, even including patients with only microscopic free cancer cells without macroscopic peritoneal nodules. The mechanism of peritoneal dissemination of GC involves several steps: detachment of cancer cells from the primary tumor, survival in the free abdominal cavity, attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into the subperitoneal space and proliferation with angiogenesis. These steps are not mutually exclusive, and combinations of different molecular mechanisms can occur in each process of peritoneal dissemination. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involved in peritoneal dissemination is important and should be systematically pursued. It is crucial to identify novel strategies for the prevention of this condition and for identification of markers of prognosis and the development of molecular-targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing the molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination of GC to provide an update on what is currently known in this field and to propose novel promising candidates for use in diagnosis and as therapeutic targets.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research Project (Grant No. 1998040802) the CASKnowledge Innovation Program (Grant No. KZCX2-301), CAREERI Foundation (Grant No. TZ2000-02) and LICCRE Program (Grant No. BX2001-3).
文摘There is no temperature effect in the southern Tibetan Plateau and South Asia to the south of the Tanggula Mountains. Amount effect has been observed at a few sampling stations accounting for about a half of the statistical stations. There is notable temperature effect in the middle and northern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent Central Asia to the north of the Tanggula Mountains. Because vapor directly originates from low-latitude oceans, the relative heavy ( 18O with small variation characterizes the rainfall in South Asia. A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place from Kyangjin on the southern slope of the Himalayas to the Tanggula Mountains in the middle plateau. From the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau, the ( 18O in precipitation increases with increasing latitude.
文摘In recent years,natural orifice specimen extraction surgery(NOSES)in the treatment of colorectal cancer has attracted widespread attention.The potential benefits of NOSES including reduction in postoperative pain and wound complications,less use of postoperative analgesic,faster recovery of bowel function,shorter length of hospital stay,better cosmetic and psychological effect have been described in colorectal surgery.Despite significant decrease in surgical trauma of NOSES have been observed,the potential pitfalls of this technique have been demonstrated.Particularly,several issues including bacteriological concerns,oncological outcomes and patient selection are raised with this new technique.Therefore,it is urgent and necessary to reach a consensus as an industry guideline to standardize the implementation of NOSES in colorectal surgery.After three rounds of discussion by all members of the International Alliance of NOSES,the consensus is finally completed,which is also of great significance to the long-term progress of NOSES worldwide.
文摘Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world, accounting for a large proportion of all cancer cases in Asia, Latin America, and some countries in Europe. Helicobacter pylori（H pylori） is regarded as playing a specific role in the development of atrophic gastritis, which represents the most recognized pathway in multistep intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis. Recent studies suggest that a combination of host genetic factors, bacterial virulence factors, and environmental and lifestyle factors determine the severity of gastric damage and the eventual clinical outcome of H pylori infection. The seminal discovery of Hpylori as the leading cause of gastric cancer should lead to effective eradication strategies. Prevention of gastric cancer requires better screening strategies to identify candidates for eradication.
文摘AIM: To assess the utility and safety of single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy(SOCPS) using the Spy Glass system in widespread clinical application for biliary and pancreatic diseases.METHODS: This study was a prospective case series conducted in 20 referral centers in Japan. There were 148 patients who underwent SOCPS; 124 for biliary diseases and 24 for pancreatic diseases. The attempted interventions were SOCPS examination, SOCPS-directed tissue sampling, and therapy for stone removal, among others. The main outcomes were related to the procedure success rate in terms of visualizing the target lesions, SOCPS-directed adequate tissue sampling, and complete stone removal. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were enrolled for the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary and pancreatic lesions or treatment of biliary and pancreatic disease. The overall procedure success rate of visualizing the target lesions was 91.2%(135/148). The overall procedural success rates of visualizing the target lesions of diagnostic SOCPS in the bile duct and pancreatic duct were 95.5%(84/89) and 88.2%(15/17), respectively. Diagnosis: the overall adequate tissue for histologic examination was secured in 81.4% of the 86 patients who underwent biopsy under SOCPS(bile duct, 60/75, 80.0%; pancreatic duct, 10/11, 90.9%). The accuracy of histologic diagnosis using SOCPS-directed biopsies in indeterminate bile duct lesions was 70.7%(53/75). In the pancreatic duct, the accuracy of SOCPS visual impression of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was 87.5%(14/16). Stone therapy: complete biliary and pancreatic stone clearance combined with SOCPS-directed stone therapy using electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy was achieved in 74.2%(23/31) and 42.9%(3/7) of the patients, respectively. Others: SOCPS using the Spy Glass system was used in cannulation of the cystic duct in two patients and for passing across the obstructed self-expandable metallic stent for a malignant biliary stricture in two patients. All procedures were successful in both
基金Supported by A Grant-in-Aid to the Research Committee on Intractable Pancreatic Diseases provided from the Ministry of HealthLabour and Welfare of Japan
文摘Recent diagnostic and therapeutic progress for severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)remarkably decreased the casemortality rate.To further decrease the mortality rate of SAP,it is important to precisely evaluate the severity at an early stage,and initiate appropriate treatment as early as possible.Research Committee of Intractable Diseases of the Pancreas in Japan developed simpler criteria combining routinely available data with clinical signs.Severity can be evaluated by laboratory examinations or by clinical signs,reducing the defect values of the severity factors.Moreover,the severity criteria considered laboratory/clinical severity scores and contrastenhanced computed tomography(CE-CT)findings as independent risk factors.Thus,CE-CT scans are not necessarily required to evaluate the severity of acute pancreatitis.There was no fatal case in mild AP diagnosed by the CE-CT severity score,whereas case-mortality rate in those with SAP was 14.8%.Case-mortality of SAP that fulfilled both the laboratory/clinical and the CE-CT severity criteria was 30.8%.It is recommended,therefore,to perform CE-CT examination to clarify the prognosis in those patients who were diagnosed as SAP by laboratory/clinical severity criteria.Because the mortality rate of these patients with SAP is high,such patients should be transferred to advanced medical units.
文摘Although auxin and brassinosteroid （BR） synergistically control various plant responses, the molecular mechanism underlying the auxin-BR crosstalk is not wen understood. We previously identified SMOS1, an auxin-regulated APETALA2-type transcription factor, as the causal gene of the small organ size 1 （smosl） mutant that is characterized by a decreased final size of various organs in rice. In this study, we identified another smos mutant, smos2, which shows the phenotype indistinguishable from smosl. SMOS2 was identical to the previously reported DWARF AND LOWoTILLERING （DLT）, which encodes a GRAS protein involved in BR signaling. SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT physically interact to cooperatively enhance transcriptional transactivation activity in yeast and in rice nuclei. Consistently, the expression of OsPHI-1, a direct target of SMOS1, is upregulated only when SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT proteins are both present in rice ceils. Taken together, our results suggest that SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT form a keystone complex on auxin-BR signaling crosstalk in rice.
文摘Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver that is predominant in developing countries and is responsible for nearly 600000 deaths each year worldwide. Similar to many other tumors, the development of HCC must be understood as a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in regulatory genes, leading to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes. Extensive research over the past decade has identified a number of molecular biomarkers, including aberrant expression of HCCrelated genes and microRNAs. The challenge facing HCC research and clinical care at this time is to address the heterogeneity and complexity of these genetic and epigenetic alterations and to use this information to direct rational diagnosis and treatment strategies. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib was the first molecularly targeted drug for HCC to show some extent of survival benefits in patients with advanced tumors. Although the results obtained using sorafenib support the importance of molecular therapies in the treatment of HCC, there is still room for improvement. In addition,no molecular markers for drug sensitivity, recurrence and prognosis are currently clinically available. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing HCC-related genes and microRNAs to update what is currently known regarding genetic and epigenetic aspects of the pathogenesis of HCC and propose novel promising candidates for use as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in HCC.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide.While curative therapies,including resection,liver transplantation,and percutaneous ablation(percutaneous ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation),are applicable for only a portion of the HCC population,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)has been recognized as an effective palliative treatment option for patients with advanced HCC.TACE is also used even for single HCCs in which it is difficult to perform surgical resection or locoregional treatment due to systemic co-morbidities or anatomical problems.TACE has become widely adopted in the treatment of HCC.By using computed tomography-angiography,TACE is capable of performing diagnosis and treatment at the same time.Furthermore,TACE plays an important role in the multidisciplinary treatment for HCC when combined with other treatment.In this review,we first discuss the history of TACE,and then review the previous findings about techniques of achieving a locoregional treatment effect(liver infarction treatment,e.g.,ultra-selective TACE,balloon-occluded TACE),and the use of TACE as a drugdelivery system for anti-cancer agents(palliative,e.g.,platinum complex agents,drug-eluting beads)for multiple lesions.
文摘IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis.However,the diffuse cholangiographic abnormalities observed in IgG4-SC may resemble those observed in primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC),and the presence of segmental stenosis suggests cholangiocarcinoma(CC).IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy,whereas PSC is only effectively treated with liver transplantation and CC requires surgical intervention.Since IgG4-SC was first described,it has become a third distinct clinical entity of sclerosing cholangitis.The aim of this review was to introduce the diagnostic methods for IgG4-SC.IgG4-SC should be carefully diagnosed based on a combination of characteristic clinical,serological,morphological,and histopathological features after cholangiographic classification and targeting of a disease for differential diagnosis.When intrapancreatic stenosis is detected,pancreatic cancer or CC should be ruled out.If multiple intrahepatic stenoses are evident,PSC should be distinguished on the basis of cholangiographic findings and liver biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining.Associated inflammatory bowel disease is suggestive of PSC.If stenosis is demonstrated in the hepatic hilar region,CC should be discriminated by ultrasonography,intraductal ultrasonography,bile duct biopsy,and a higher cutoff serum IgG4 level of 182 mg/dL.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40671045, 40611120140 and 40401054)the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-317)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422004)
文摘This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O + 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O + 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qili
文摘Molecular mechanisms of hybrid breakdown associated with sterility (F<sub>2</sub> sterility) are poorly understood as compared with those of F<sub>1</sub> hybrid sterility. Previously, we characterized three unlinked epistatic loci, hybrid sterility-a1 (hsa1), hsa2, and hsa3, responsible for the F<sub>2</sub> sterility in a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. indica and japonica. In this study, we identified that the hsa1 locus contains two interacting genes, HSA1a and HSA1b, within a 30-kb region. HSA1a-j (japonica allele) encodes a highly conserved plant-specific domain of unknown function protein (DUF1618), whereasthe indica allele (HSA1a-i<sup>s</sup>) has two deletion mutations that cause disruption of domain structure. The second gene, HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup>, encodes an uncharacterized proteinwith some similarity to a nucleotide-binding protein. Homozygous introgression of indica HSA1a-i<sup>s</sup>-HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup> alleles into japonica showed female gamete abortion at an early mitotic stage. The fact that the recombinant haplotype HSA1a-j-HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup> caused semi-sterility in the heterozygous state with the HSA1a-i<sup>s</sup>-HSA1b-i<sup>s</sup> haplotype suggests that variation in the hsa1 locus is a possible cause of the wide-spectrum sterility barriers seen in F<sub>1</sub> hybrids and successive generations in rice. We propose a simple genetic model to explain how a single causal mechanism can drive both F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub> hybrid sterility.
文摘Exosomes are nanoparticles of endocytic origin, secreted by a myriad of cell populations that are attracting increased attention by virtue of their ability to modulate cell-to-cell communications. They are also attracting attention in a variety of immunological issues, including autoimmunity and, in particular, their ability to regulate cytokine and chemokine activation. Primary biliary cirrhosis （PBC） is considered a model autoimmune disease, which has a highly focused cytotoxic response against biliary epithelial cells. We have isolated exosomes from plasma from 29 patients with PBC and 30 healthy controls （HCs）, and studied the effect of these exosomes on co-stimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production in mononuclear cell populations using an ex vivo system. We also identified the microRNA （miRNA） populations in PBC compared to HC exosomes. We report herein that although exosomes do not change cytokine production, they do significantly alter co-stimulatory molecule expression on antigen-presenting populations. Further, we demonstrated that CD86 up-regulated expression on CD14＋ monocytes, whereas CD40 up-regulated on CD11c＋ dendritic cells by exosomes from patients with PBC. In addition, there were differences of miRNA expression of circulating exosomes in patients with PBC. These data have significant importance based on observations that co-stimulatory molecules play a differential role in the regulation of T-cell activation. Our observation indicated that aberrant exosomes from PBC selectively induce expression of co-stimulatory molecules in different subset of antigen-presenting cells. These alterations may involve in pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease.
文摘Gastric cancer(GC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world,representing a major global health issue. Although the incidence of GC is declining,the outcomes for GC patients remain dismal because of the lack of effective biomarkers to detect early GC and predict both recurrence and chemosensitivity. Current tumor markers for GC,including serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9,are not ideal due to their relatively low sensitivity and specificity. Recent improvements in molecular techniques are better able to identify aberrant expression of GC-related molecules,including oncogenes,tumor suppressor genes,micro RNAs and long non-coding RNAs,and DNA methylation,as novel molecular markers,although the molecular pathogenesis of GC is complicated by tumor heterogeneity. Detection of genetic and epigenetic alterations from gastric tissue or blood samples has diagnostic value in the management of GC. There are high expectations for molecular markers that can be used as new screening tools for early detection of GC as well as for patient stratification towards personalized treatment of GC through prediction of prognosis and drug-sensitivity. In this review,the studies of potential molecular biomarkers for GC that have been reported in the publicly available literature between 2012 and 2015 are reviewed and summarized,and certain highlighted papers are examined.
文摘Lodging has been a major roadblock to attaining increased crop productivity. In an attempt to understand the mechanism for culm strength in rice, we isolated an effective quantitative trait locus （QTL）, STRONG CULM3 （SCM3）, the causal gene of which is identical to rice TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 （OsTB1）, a gene previously reported to positively control strigolactone （SL） signaling. A near-isogenic line （NIL） carrying SCM3 showed enhanced culm strength and increased spikelet number despite the expected decrease in tiller number, indicating that SL also has a positive role in enhancing culm strength and spikelet number. We produced a pyramiding line carrying SCM3 and SCM2, another QTL encoding AP01 involved in panicle development. The NIL-SCM2＋SCM3 showed a much stronger culm than NIL-SCM2 and NIL-SCM3 and an increased spikelet number caused by the additive effect of these QTLs. We discuss the importance of utilizing suitable alleles of these STRONG CULM QTLs without inducing detrimental traits for breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 50721140649,50776038 and 50721005)The Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities("111" Project,No.B06019)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No.NCET-08-0227)
文摘Some of the heavy metals in coal and wastes vaporize during combustion, concentrate in fine particulates, and emit with the flue gas into the atmosphere, to produce adverse effect on environment and health. This study first investigates the fate of the heavy metal species, especially Pb, Cd and Cr, known as semi-volatile, in various flue gases, especially in the presence of HCI and SO2, by chemical equilibrium calculation, in which, Si and Ca were proposed as base sorbent materials to capture Pb, Cd and Cr. Then Si- and Ca-based compounds as well as waste materials used as sorbents were optimized to capture the heavy metals. Finally, the optimal sorbent was tested in actual burning of dried sewage sludge as solid fuel, to evaluate the effectiveness of the sorbent. Calculated results show that Cl increases the volatility of most heavy metals, while SO2 enhances formation of condensed phases. Among the sorbents tested, kaolin appears most efficient to capture Pb and Cd. For sludge combustion with kaolin addition, both Pb and Cd were shifted from sub-micron to macro-sized particles, and accompanied by considerable decrease of 0.1 μm particles.
文摘BACKGROUND Linked color imaging(LCI) is a method of endoscopic imaging that emphasizes slight differences in red mucosal color.AIM To evaluate LCI in diagnostic endoscopy of early gastric cancer and to compare LCI and pathological findings.METHODS Endoscopic images were obtained for 39 patients(43 lesions) with early gastric cancer. Three endoscopists evaluated lesion recognition with white light imaging(WLI) and LCI. Color values in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage(CIE)1976 L*a*b* color space were used to calculate the color difference(ΔE) between cancer lesions and non-cancer areas. After endoscopic submucosal dissection,blood vessel density in the surface layer of the gastric epithelium was evaluated pathologically. The identical region of interest was selected for analyses of endoscopic images(WLI and LCI) and pathological analyses.RESULTS LCI was superior for lesion recognition(P < 0.0001), and ΔE between cancer and non-cancer areas was significantly greater with LCI than WLI(29.4 vs 18.6, P <0.0001). Blood vessel density was significantly higher in cancer lesions(5.96% vs4.15%, P = 0.0004). An a* cut-off of ≥ 24 in CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space identified a cancer lesion using LCI with sensitivity of 76.7%, specificity of 93.0%, and accuracy of 84.9%.CONCLUSION LCI is more effective for recognition of early gastric cancer compared to WLI as a result of improved visualization of changes in redness. Surface blood vessel density was significantly higher in cancer lesions, and this result is consistent with LCI image analysis.
文摘Cross-resistance, resistance mechanisms, and mode of inheritance of spinosad resistance were studied in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）. Spinosad （naturalyte insecticide） showed low cross-resistance to prothiophos （organophosphorus insecticide） and chlorphenapyr （respiratory inhibitor） showed some cross-resistance to thiocyclam （nereistoxin）. The synergists PBO （piperonyl butoxide）, DEM （diethyl maleate）, and DEF （s,s,s-tributyl phosphorotrithioate） did not show any synergism on the toxicity of spinosad in the resistant strain （ICS）, indicating that metabolic- mediated detoxification was not responsible for the spinosad resistance, suggesting that spinosad may reduce sensitivity of the target site： the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABA receptor. Following reciprocal crosses, dose-response lines and dominance ratios indicated that spinosad resistance was incompletely dominant and there were no maternal effects. The results of backcross showed that spinosad resistance did not fit a single-gene hypothesis, suggesting that resistance was influenced by several genes.
文摘Peritoneal dissemination represents a devastating form of gastric cancer(GC) progression with a dismal prognosis. There is no effective therapy for this condition. The 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal dissemination is 2%, even including patients with only microscopic free cancer cells without macroscopic peritoneal nodules. The mechanism of peritoneal dissemination of GC involves several steps: detachment of cancer cells from the primary tumor, survival in the free abdominal cavity, attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into the subperitoneal space and proliferation with angiogenesis. These steps are not mutually exclusive, and combinations of different molecular mechanisms can occur in each process of peritoneal dissemination. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involved in peritoneal dissemination is important and should be systematically pursued. It is crucial to identify novel strategies for the prevention of this condition and for identification of markers of prognosis and the development of molecular-targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing the molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination of GC to provide an update on what is currently known in this field and to propose novel promising candidates for use in diagnosis and as therapeutic targets.
