The majority of plant disease resistance （R） genes encode proteins that share common structural features. However, the transcription activator-like effector （TALE）-associated executor type R genes show no consider...The majority of plant disease resistance （R） genes encode proteins that share common structural features. However, the transcription activator-like effector （TALE）-associated executor type R genes show no considerable sequence homology to any known R genes. We adopted a map-based cloning approach and TALE-based technology to isolate and characterize Xa23, a new executor R gene derived from wild rice （Oryza rufipogon） that confers an extremely broad spectrum of resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）. Xa23 encodes a 113 amino acid protein that shares 50% identity with the known executor R protein XA10. The predicted transmembrane helices in XA23 also overlap with those of XA10. Unlike XalO, however, Xa23 transcription is specifically activated by AvrXa23, a TALE present in all examined Xoo field isolates. Moreover, the susceptible xa23 allele has an identical open reading frame of Xa23 but differs in promoter region by lacking the TALE binding element （EBE） for AvrXa23. XA23 can trigger a strong hypersensitive response in rice, tobacco, and tomato. Our results provide the first evidence that plant genomes have an executor R gene family of which members execute their function and spectrum of disease resistance by recognizing the cognate TALEs in the pathogen.展开更多
Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to acc...Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to access these vast multi-omics data and to extract key information on genes of in-terest,is still challenging for most wet-lab or field wheat re-searchers who have little bioinformatic experiences and cannot access the expensive computational resources.Here,we pre-sent WheatOmics(http://wheatomics.sdau.edu.cn/,previously designated as Triticeae Multi-omics Center,http://202.194.139.32/),a free,web-accessible,and user-friendly platform.WheatOmics not only empowers the effective access to the visualized multi-omics data of user-interested genes but also offers several distinctive and practical toolkits that can ease almost every aspect of wheat functional genomics studies(Figure 1A).展开更多
Controlled pedigrees and the multi-decade timescale of national crop plant breeding programs offer a unique experimental context for examining how selection affects plant genomes.More than 3000 wheat cultivars have be...Controlled pedigrees and the multi-decade timescale of national crop plant breeding programs offer a unique experimental context for examining how selection affects plant genomes.More than 3000 wheat cultivars have been registered,released,and documented since 1949 in China.In this study,a set of 145 elite cultivars selected from historical points of wheat breeding in China were re-sequenced.A total of 43.75 Tb of sequence data were generated with an average read depth of 17.94x for each cultivar,and more than 60.92 million SNPs and 2.54 million InDels were captured,based on the Chinese Spring RefSeq genome v1.0.Seventy years of breeder-driven selection led to dramatic changes in grain yield and related phenotypes,with distinct genomic regions and phenotypes tar-geted by different breeders across the decades.There are very clear instances illustrating how introduced Italian and otherforeign germplasm was integrated into Chinese wheat programs and reshaped the genomic landscape of local modern cultivars.Importantly,the resequencing data also highlighted significant asymmetric breeding selec-tion among the three sub-genomes:this was evident in both the collinear blocks for homeologous chromosomes and among sets of three homeologous genes.Accumulation of more newly assembled genes in newer cultivars implied the potential value of these genes in breeding.Conserved and extended sharing of linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks was highlighted among pedigree-related cultivars,in which fewer haplotype differences were detected.Fixation or replacement of haplotypes from founder genotypes after generations of breeding was related to their breeding value.Based on the haplotype frequency changes in LD blocks of pedigree-related cultivars,we propose a strategy for evaluating the breeding value of any given line on the basis of the accumulation(pyramiding)of bene-ficial haplotypes.Collectively,our study demonstrates the influence of "founder genotypes" on the output of breeding efforts over many decades and also suggests that found展开更多
Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a major crop that feeds 40%of the world’s population.Over the past several decades,advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestic...Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a major crop that feeds 40%of the world’s population.Over the past several decades,advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat,and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits,which promote the breeding of elite varieties.In this review,we focus on progress that has been made in genomic research and genetic improvement of traits such as grain yield,end-use traits,flowering regulation,nutrient use efficiency,and biotic and abiotic stress responses,and various breeding strategies that contributed mainly by Chinese scientists.Functional genomic research in wheat is entering a new era with the availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools,highthroughput phenotyping platforms,sequencing-based cloning strategies,high-efficiency genetic transformation systems,and speed-breeding facilities.These insights will further extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process,ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture in China and throughout the world.展开更多
It is important to determine the isoflavone components by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） for the molecular assistant selection of isoflavone in soybean. Based on the standard samples of 12 isoflavone ...It is important to determine the isoflavone components by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） for the molecular assistant selection of isoflavone in soybean. Based on the standard samples of 12 isoflavone components, the isoflavone components were analyzed using the determination of absorbance peaks method by HPLC. The results showed that there were different maximum ultraviolet （UV） absorbance for the aglycones of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, which were at 250, 257, and 260 nm, respectively. A linear gradient elution of acetonitrile （13-30%） containing 0. 1% acetic acid as a mobile phase was applied on a YMC-C18 column at 35℃. The 12 isoflavone components were determined using the UV detector by HPLC. We concluded that this is a rapid and precise method which adapted to determine the large numbers of samples with microanalysis.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to review progress made in wheat breeding for Fusarium head blight(FHB) resistance in China, the United States of America(USA), and Canada. In China,numerous Chinese landraces possessing...The objective of this paper is to review progress made in wheat breeding for Fusarium head blight(FHB) resistance in China, the United States of America(USA), and Canada. In China,numerous Chinese landraces possessing high levels of FHB resistance were grown before the 1950 s. Later, pyramiding multiple sources of FHB resistance from introduced germplasm such as Mentana and Funo and locally adapted cultivars played a key role in combining satisfactory FHB resistance and high yield potential in commercial cultivars.Sumai 3, a Chinese spring wheat cultivar, became a major source of FHB resistance in the USA and Canada, and contributed to the release of more than 20 modern cultivars used for wheat production, including the leading hard spring wheat cultivars Alsen, Glenn, Barlow and SY Ingmar from North Dakota, Faller and Prosper from Minnesota, and AAC Brandon from Canada. Brazilian wheat cultivar Frontana, T. dicoccoides and other local germplasm provided additional sources of resistance. The FHB resistant cultivars mostly relied on stepwise accumulation of favorable alleles of both genes for FHB resistance and high yield,with marker-assisted selection being a valuable complement to phenotypic selection. With the Chinese Spring reference genome decoded and resistance gene Fhb1 now cloned, new genomic tools such as genomic selection and gene editing will be available to breeders, thus opening new possibilities for development of FHB resistant cultivars.展开更多
Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome(SAS),including exaggerated stem elongation,which leads to lodging and yield reduction under density farming conditions.Here,we com...Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome(SAS),including exaggerated stem elongation,which leads to lodging and yield reduction under density farming conditions.Here,we compared the effects of two shade signals,low red light to far-red light ratio(R:FR)and low blue light(LBL),on soybean status and revealed that LBL predominantly induces excessive stem elongation.We used CRISPR-Cas9-engineered Gmcry mutants to investigate the functions of seven cryptochromes(GmCRYs)in soybean and found that the four GmCRY1s overlap in mediating LBL-induced SAS.Lightactivated GmCRY1s increase the abundance of the bZlP transcription factors STF1 and STF2,which directly upregulate the expression of genes encoding GA2 oxidases to deactivate GA1 and repress stem elongation.Notably,GmCRY1b overexpression lines displayed multiple agronomic advantages over the wild-type control under both dense planting and intercropping conditions.Our study demonstrates the integration of GmCRY1-mediated signals with the GA metabolic pathway in the regulation of LBL-induced SAS in soybean.It also provides a promising option for breeding lodging-resistant,high-yield soybean cultivars in the future.展开更多
Intraspecific competition is a common phenomenon in agricultural production,and maize is one of the most sensitive grass species to intraspecific competition due to its low tillering ability.This study evaluated and a...Intraspecific competition is a common phenomenon in agricultural production,and maize is one of the most sensitive grass species to intraspecific competition due to its low tillering ability.This study evaluated and analyzed intraspecific competition in maize,and screened competitive indices that could be used to evaluate intraspecific competition in a maize population.A 2-year field experiment was conducted using the maize hybrid Zhongdan 2 at 12 plant densities ranging from 1.5 to 18.0 plants（pl）m-2.The results showed that the response of single-plant grain yield and dry matter at harvest to increased plant density decreased exponentially and that the harvest index decreased linearly.The response of population-level grain yield to plant density was curvilinear,producing a maximum value at the optimum population density.However,the yielddensity equation agreed well with the Steinhart-Hart equation curves,but not with the quadratic equation curves reported by most previous studies.Competitive indices are used to evaluate competition in a plant population or plant species.The present results show that competitive intensity（CI）and absolute severity of competition（ASC）increased with increasing plant density;however,relative yield（RY）and relative reproductive efficiency（RReff）decreased.The different responses of these indices reflect different aspects of competition.According to the analysis of CI,ASC,RY,and RReff,higher CI and ASC values indicate higher intraspecific competition,whereas higher RY and RReff values indirectly reflect lower intraspecific competition.These competitive indices evaluate not only the intraspecific competitive intensity under different plant densities of the same cultivar but also those of different cultivars under the same plant density.However,some overlap exists in the calculations of ASC,CI,and RY,so one could simply select any one of these indices to evaluate intraspecific competition in a maize population.In conclusion,the present study provides a method to evaluat展开更多
While crop yields have historically increased,drought resistance has become a major concern in the context of global climate change.The trade-off between crop yield and drought resistance is a common phenomenon;howeve...While crop yields have historically increased,drought resistance has become a major concern in the context of global climate change.The trade-off between crop yield and drought resistance is a common phenomenon;however,the underlying molecular modulators remain undetermined.Through genome-wide association study,we revealed that three non-synonymous variants in a drought-resistant allele of ZmSRO1d-R resulted in plasma membrane localization and enhanced mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ZmSRO1d toward ZmRBOHC,which increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in guard cells and promoted stomatal closure.ZmSRO1d-R enhanced plant drought resilience and protected grain yields under drought conditions,but it led to yield drag under favorable conditions.In contrast,loss-of-function mutants of ZmRBOHC showed remarkably increased yields under well-watered conditions,whereas they showed compromised drought resistance.Interestingly,by analyzing 189 teosinte accessions,we found that the ZmSRO1d-R allele was present in teosinte but was selected against during maize domestication and modern breeding.Collectively,our work suggests that the allele frequency reduction of ZmSRO1d-R in breeding programs may have compromised maize drought resistance while increased yields.Therefore,introduction of the ZmSRO1d-R allele into modern maize cultivars would contribute to food security under drought stress caused by global climate change.展开更多
Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and a...Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.展开更多
Plant hormone cytokinin signals through histidine-aspartic acid(H-D)phosphorelay to regulate plant growth and development.While it is well known that the phosphorelay involves histidine kinases,histidine phosphotransf...Plant hormone cytokinin signals through histidine-aspartic acid(H-D)phosphorelay to regulate plant growth and development.While it is well known that the phosphorelay involves histidine kinases,histidine phosphotransfer proteins(HPs),and response regulators(RRs),how this process is regulated by external components remains unknown.Here we demonstrate that protein phosphatase with kelch-like domains(PPKL1),known as a signaling component of steroid hormone brassinosteroid,is actually a cryptic inhibitor of cytokinin phosphorelay in rice(Oryza sativa).Mutation at a specific amino acid D364 of PPKL1 activates cytokinin response and thus enlarges grain size in a semi-dominant mutant named s48.Overexpression of PPKL1 containing D364,either with the deletion of the phosphatase domain or not,rescues the s48 mutant phenotype.PPKL1 interacts with OsAHP2,one of authentic HPs,and D364 resides in a region resembling the receiver domain of RRs.Accordingly,PPKL1 can utilize D364 to suppress OsAHP2-to-RR phosphorelay,whereas mutation of D364 abolishes the effect.This function of PPKL1 is independent of the phosphatase domain that is required for brassinosteroid signaling.Importantly,editing of the D364-residential region produces a diversity of semi-dominant mutations associated with variously increased grain sizes.Further screening of the edited plants enables the identification of two genotypes that confer significantly improved grain yield.Collectively,our study uncovers a noncanonical cytokinin signaling suppressor and provides a robust tool for seed rational design.展开更多
Gene cloning in repeat-rich polyploid genomes remains challenging.Here,we describe a strategy for overcoming major bottlenecks in cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene(R-gene)Pm69 derived from tetraploid wild ...Gene cloning in repeat-rich polyploid genomes remains challenging.Here,we describe a strategy for overcoming major bottlenecks in cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene(R-gene)Pm69 derived from tetraploid wild emmer wheat.A conventional positional cloning approach was not effective owing to suppressed recombination.Chromosome sorting was compromised by insufficient purity.A Pm69 physical map,constructed by assembling Oxford Nanopore Technology(ONT)long-read genome sequences,revealed a rapidly evolving nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)R-gene cluster with structural variations.A single candidate NLR was identified by anchoring RNA sequencing reads from susceptible mutants to ONT contigs and was validated by virus-induced gene silencing.Pm69 is likely a newly evolved NLR and was discovered in only one location across the wild emmer wheat distribution range in Israel.Pm69 was successfully introgressed into cultivated wheat,and a diagnostic molecular marker was used to accelerate its deployment and pyramiding with other R-genes.展开更多
Arid soils where water and nutrients are scarce occupy over 30% of the Earth's total surface. However, the microbial autotrophy in the harsh environments remains largely unexplored. In this study, the abundance an...Arid soils where water and nutrients are scarce occupy over 30% of the Earth's total surface. However, the microbial autotrophy in the harsh environments remains largely unexplored. In this study, the abundance and diversity of autotrophic bacteria were investigated, by quantifying and profiling the large subunit genes of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Ru Bis CO) form I(cbb L) responsible for CO2 fixation, in the arid soils under three typical plant types(Haloxylon ammodendron, Cleistogenes chinensis,and Reaumuria soongorica) in Northwest China. The bacterial communities in the soils were also characterized using the 16 S r RNA gene. Abundance of red-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 3.94 × 105 to 1.51 × 106 copies g-1dry soil and those of green-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.15 × 106 to 2.08 × 106 copies g-1dry soil. Abundance of both red- and green-like autotrophic bacteria did not significantly differ among the soils under different plant types. The autotrophic bacteria identified with the cbb L gene primer were mainly affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and an uncultured bacterial group, which were not detected in the 16 S r RNA library. In addition, 25.9% and 8.1% of the 16 S r RNA genes were affiliated with Cyanobacteria in the soils under H. ammodendron and R. soongorica, respectively. However, no Cyanobacteria-affiliated cbb L genes were detected in the same soils. The results suggested that microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation might be significant in the carbon cycling of arid soils, which warrants further exploration.展开更多
This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined,described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their ...This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined,described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification.In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections,DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets(rDNA,TEF-a,RBP2 and b-Tubulin)to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks.Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed,we apply an integrative approach(morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable).Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including eight new genera,101 new species,two new combinations,one neotype,four reference specimens,new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs.The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia,Arundellina,Camarosporioides,Neomassaria,Neomassarina,Neotruncatella,Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria.The new species are Alfaria spartii,Alloarthopyrenia italica,Anthostomella ravenna,An.thailandica,Arthrinium paraphaeospermum,Arundellina typhae,Aspergillus koreanus,Asterina cynometrae,Bertiella ellipsoidea,Blastophorum aquaticum,Cainia globosa,Camarosporioides phragmitis,Ceramothyrium menglunense,Chaetosphaeronema achilleae,Chlamydotubeufia helicospora,Ciliochorella phanericola,Clavulinopsis aurantiaca,Colletotrichum insertae,Comoclathris italica,Coronophora myricoides,Cortinarius fulvescentoideus,Co.nymphatus,Co.pseudobulliardioides,Co.tenuifulvescens,Cunninghamella gigacellularis,Cyathus pyristriatus,Cytospora cotini,Dematiopleospora alliariae,De.cirsii,Diaporthe aseana,Di.garethjonesii,Distoseptispora multiseptata,Dis.tectonae,Dis.tectonigena,Dothiora buxi,Emericellopsis persica,Gloniopsis calami,Helicoma guttulatum,Helvella floriforma,H.oblongispora,Hermatomyces subiculosa,Juncaceicola italica,Lactarius dirkii,Lentithecium展开更多
The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 pop...The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 population, which included 200 individuals and lines derived from a cross between two japonica rice cultivars Gaochan 106 and Changbai 9 with microsatellite markers. The DLR detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress showed continuous normal or near normal distributions in F3 lines, which was the quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. The DSR showed a continuous distribution with 3 or 4 peaks and was the quantitative trait controlled by main and multiple genes when rice was grown for 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Thirteen QTLs associated with DLR were detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDLR9-2 located in RM5786-RM160 on chromosome 9 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, 48 days, 55 days, and 62 days, respectively; qDLR4 located in RM3524-RM3866 on chromosome 4 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, and 48 days, respectively; qDLR7-1 located in RM3859-RM320 on chromosome 7 was detected at 20 days and 27 days; and qDLR6-2 in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 was detected at 55 days and 62 days, respectively. The alleles of both qDLR9-2 and qDLR4 were derived from alkaline sensitive parent ＂Gaochanl06＂. The alleles of both qDLR7-1 and qDLR6-2 were from alkaline tolerant parent Changbai 9. These gene actions showed dominance and over dominance primarily. Six QTLs associated with DSR were detected at 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDSR6-2 and qDSR8 were located in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 and in RM3752-RM404 on chromosome 8, respectively, which were associated with DSR and accounted for 20.32% and 18.86% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively; qDSR11-2 and qDSR11-3 were located in RM536-RM479 and RM2596-RM286 on chromosome 11, respectively, which wer展开更多
Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with ...Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat(Triticum aestivum).In this work,we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58(AK58).Comparative genomics between AK58 and the landrace cultivar Chinese Spring(CS)shed light on genomic changes that occurred through recent varietal improvement.We also explored subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat and developed a homoeologous locus-based genome-wide association study(HGWAS)approach,which was more effective than single homoeolog-based GWAS in unraveling agronomic trait-associated loci.A total of 123 major HGWAs loci were detected using a genetic population derived from AK58 and cs.Elite homoeologous haplotypes(HHs),formed by combinations of subgenomic homoeologs of the associated loci,were found in both parents and progeny,and many could substantially improve wheat yield and related traits.We built a website where users can download genome assembly sequence and annotation data for AK58,perform blast analysis,and run JBrowse.Our work enriches genome resources for wheat,provides new insights into genomic changes during modern wheat improve-.ment,and suggests that efficientmining of elite HHs can make a substantial contribuutionto genomics-assisted breeding in common wheat and other polyploid crops.展开更多
Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables,except for soybean and groundnut.China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions.Rotation,intercropping,...Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables,except for soybean and groundnut.China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions.Rotation,intercropping,and mixed cropping involving pulses are normal cropping systems in China.Whether indigenous or introduced crops,pulses have played an important role in Chinese cropping systems and made an important contribution to food resources for humans since ancient times.The six major food legume species(pea,faba bean,common bean,mung bean,adzuki bean,and cowpea) are the most well-known pulses in China,as well as those with more local distributions;runner bean,lima bean,chickpea,lentil,grass pea,lupine,rice bean,black gram,hyacinth bean,pigeon pea,velvet bean,winged bean,guar bean,sword bean,and jack bean.China has remained the world's leading producer of peas,faba beans,mung beans,and adzuki beans in recent decades,as documented by FAO statistics and China Agriculture Statistical Reports.The demand for food legumes as a healthy food will markedly increase with the improvement of living standards in China.Since China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) in2001,imports of pea from Canada and Australia have rapidly increased,resulting in reduced prices for dry pea and other food legumes.With reduced profits for food legume crops,their sowing area and total production has decreased within China.At the same time,the rising consumer demand for vegetable food legumes as a healthy food has led to attractive market prices and sharp production increases in China.Vegetable food legumes have reduced growing duration and enable flexibility in cropping systems.In the future,production of dry food legumes will range from stable to slowly decreasing,while production of vegetable food legumes will continue to increase.展开更多
Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar;...Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar; B1),Jiuyuehuang(moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2),and Nandou 12(shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean.Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize.The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress.The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area,lignin content,and activity of enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxidase(POD)) than those of B1 and B2.Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern,lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress.However,a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging.In conclusion,the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area,higher lignin content and activities of CAD,4CL,PAL,and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping.The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean.The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.展开更多
Dear Editor,,Foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and its wild ancestor green foxtail(S.viridis),are two C4 genetic model plants known for their desirable traits,such as small size,short life cycle,ease of transformation,an...Dear Editor,,Foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and its wild ancestor green foxtail(S.viridis),are two C4 genetic model plants known for their desirable traits,such as small size,short life cycle,ease of transformation,and a compact genome size(~420 Mb)(He et al.,2023).Foxtail millet stands out as the only cultivated species within the Setaria genus.As a foundational crop for ancient east Asian agriculture civilization,it possesses remarkable drought and soil-nutrient deficiency tolerance.展开更多
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant g...Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant genes in rice worldwide.This article reviews the working mechanisms of six herbicides(glyphosate,glufosinate,acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides,acetyl-Co A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides,hydroxyhenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD)inhibitor herbicides and dinitroaniline herbicides),the resistance mutations of the corresponding herbicide-target genes,and the herbicide detoxification mechanisms by non-target genes.Examples are provided on herbicide-resistant rice materials obtained by transformation of exogenous resistance genes,by artificial mutagenesis and mutant screening,and by modifying the target genes through gene editing.This paper also introduces the current application of herbicide-resistant rice,points out problems that may be caused by utilization of herbicide resistant rice and solutions to the problems,and discusses the future prospects for the development of herbicideresistant rice.展开更多
文摘The majority of plant disease resistance （R） genes encode proteins that share common structural features. However, the transcription activator-like effector （TALE）-associated executor type R genes show no considerable sequence homology to any known R genes. We adopted a map-based cloning approach and TALE-based technology to isolate and characterize Xa23, a new executor R gene derived from wild rice （Oryza rufipogon） that confers an extremely broad spectrum of resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）. Xa23 encodes a 113 amino acid protein that shares 50% identity with the known executor R protein XA10. The predicted transmembrane helices in XA23 also overlap with those of XA10. Unlike XalO, however, Xa23 transcription is specifically activated by AvrXa23, a TALE present in all examined Xoo field isolates. Moreover, the susceptible xa23 allele has an identical open reading frame of Xa23 but differs in promoter region by lacking the TALE binding element （EBE） for AvrXa23. XA23 can trigger a strong hypersensitive response in rice, tobacco, and tomato. Our results provide the first evidence that plant genomes have an executor R gene family of which members execute their function and spectrum of disease resistance by recognizing the cognate TALEs in the pathogen.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24020104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072064,U1906202,31971935,and 31901494)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20200110).
文摘Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to access these vast multi-omics data and to extract key information on genes of in-terest,is still challenging for most wet-lab or field wheat re-searchers who have little bioinformatic experiences and cannot access the expensive computational resources.Here,we pre-sent WheatOmics(http://wheatomics.sdau.edu.cn/,previously designated as Triticeae Multi-omics Center,http://202.194.139.32/),a free,web-accessible,and user-friendly platform.WheatOmics not only empowers the effective access to the visualized multi-omics data of user-interested genes but also offers several distinctive and practical toolkits that can ease almost every aspect of wheat functional genomics studies(Figure 1A).
基金the Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100302)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2017PT39)the CAAS-Innovation Team Program(CAAS-XTCX2018020).
文摘Controlled pedigrees and the multi-decade timescale of national crop plant breeding programs offer a unique experimental context for examining how selection affects plant genomes.More than 3000 wheat cultivars have been registered,released,and documented since 1949 in China.In this study,a set of 145 elite cultivars selected from historical points of wheat breeding in China were re-sequenced.A total of 43.75 Tb of sequence data were generated with an average read depth of 17.94x for each cultivar,and more than 60.92 million SNPs and 2.54 million InDels were captured,based on the Chinese Spring RefSeq genome v1.0.Seventy years of breeder-driven selection led to dramatic changes in grain yield and related phenotypes,with distinct genomic regions and phenotypes tar-geted by different breeders across the decades.There are very clear instances illustrating how introduced Italian and otherforeign germplasm was integrated into Chinese wheat programs and reshaped the genomic landscape of local modern cultivars.Importantly,the resequencing data also highlighted significant asymmetric breeding selec-tion among the three sub-genomes:this was evident in both the collinear blocks for homeologous chromosomes and among sets of three homeologous genes.Accumulation of more newly assembled genes in newer cultivars implied the potential value of these genes in breeding.Conserved and extended sharing of linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks was highlighted among pedigree-related cultivars,in which fewer haplotype differences were detected.Fixation or replacement of haplotypes from founder genotypes after generations of breeding was related to their breeding value.Based on the haplotype frequency changes in LD blocks of pedigree-related cultivars,we propose a strategy for evaluating the breeding value of any given line on the basis of the accumulation(pyramiding)of bene-ficial haplotypes.Collectively,our study demonstrates the influence of "founder genotypes" on the output of breeding efforts over many decades and also suggests that found
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31788103,31970529,32125030,31921005,31961143013,32072660)the Key Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFF1000200)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010202).
文摘Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is a major crop that feeds 40%of the world’s population.Over the past several decades,advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat,and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits,which promote the breeding of elite varieties.In this review,we focus on progress that has been made in genomic research and genetic improvement of traits such as grain yield,end-use traits,flowering regulation,nutrient use efficiency,and biotic and abiotic stress responses,and various breeding strategies that contributed mainly by Chinese scientists.Functional genomic research in wheat is entering a new era with the availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools,highthroughput phenotyping platforms,sequencing-based cloning strategies,high-efficiency genetic transformation systems,and speed-breeding facilities.These insights will further extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process,ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture in China and throughout the world.
基金supported by grants from the National Transgenic Plants Program of China (2008ZX08004-003)the National High-Tech R&D Program (863Program, 2006AA100104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30000107)
文摘It is important to determine the isoflavone components by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） for the molecular assistant selection of isoflavone in soybean. Based on the standard samples of 12 isoflavone components, the isoflavone components were analyzed using the determination of absorbance peaks method by HPLC. The results showed that there were different maximum ultraviolet （UV） absorbance for the aglycones of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, which were at 250, 257, and 260 nm, respectively. A linear gradient elution of acetonitrile （13-30%） containing 0. 1% acetic acid as a mobile phase was applied on a YMC-C18 column at 35℃. The 12 isoflavone components were determined using the UV detector by HPLC. We concluded that this is a rapid and precise method which adapted to determine the large numbers of samples with microanalysis.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0101000)International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Project (2016YFE0108600)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS
文摘The objective of this paper is to review progress made in wheat breeding for Fusarium head blight(FHB) resistance in China, the United States of America(USA), and Canada. In China,numerous Chinese landraces possessing high levels of FHB resistance were grown before the 1950 s. Later, pyramiding multiple sources of FHB resistance from introduced germplasm such as Mentana and Funo and locally adapted cultivars played a key role in combining satisfactory FHB resistance and high yield potential in commercial cultivars.Sumai 3, a Chinese spring wheat cultivar, became a major source of FHB resistance in the USA and Canada, and contributed to the release of more than 20 modern cultivars used for wheat production, including the leading hard spring wheat cultivars Alsen, Glenn, Barlow and SY Ingmar from North Dakota, Faller and Prosper from Minnesota, and AAC Brandon from Canada. Brazilian wheat cultivar Frontana, T. dicoccoides and other local germplasm provided additional sources of resistance. The FHB resistant cultivars mostly relied on stepwise accumulation of favorable alleles of both genes for FHB resistance and high yield,with marker-assisted selection being a valuable complement to phenotypic selection. With the Chinese Spring reference genome decoded and resistance gene Fhb1 now cloned, new genomic tools such as genomic selection and gene editing will be available to breeders, thus opening new possibilities for development of FHB resistant cultivars.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFDO100201)the National Transgenic Scienceand Technology Program(2016ZX08010-002)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31422041,31871705)the Agricultural Scienceand Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of the Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciencesthe Central Public-Interest Scientific InstitutionBasal Research Fund.
文摘Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome(SAS),including exaggerated stem elongation,which leads to lodging and yield reduction under density farming conditions.Here,we compared the effects of two shade signals,low red light to far-red light ratio(R:FR)and low blue light(LBL),on soybean status and revealed that LBL predominantly induces excessive stem elongation.We used CRISPR-Cas9-engineered Gmcry mutants to investigate the functions of seven cryptochromes(GmCRYs)in soybean and found that the four GmCRY1s overlap in mediating LBL-induced SAS.Lightactivated GmCRY1s increase the abundance of the bZlP transcription factors STF1 and STF2,which directly upregulate the expression of genes encoding GA2 oxidases to deactivate GA1 and repress stem elongation.Notably,GmCRY1b overexpression lines displayed multiple agronomic advantages over the wild-type control under both dense planting and intercropping conditions.Our study demonstrates the integration of GmCRY1-mediated signals with the GA metabolic pathway in the regulation of LBL-induced SAS in soybean.It also provides a promising option for breeding lodging-resistant,high-yield soybean cultivars in the future.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0300302)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-25)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for their support
文摘Intraspecific competition is a common phenomenon in agricultural production,and maize is one of the most sensitive grass species to intraspecific competition due to its low tillering ability.This study evaluated and analyzed intraspecific competition in maize,and screened competitive indices that could be used to evaluate intraspecific competition in a maize population.A 2-year field experiment was conducted using the maize hybrid Zhongdan 2 at 12 plant densities ranging from 1.5 to 18.0 plants（pl）m-2.The results showed that the response of single-plant grain yield and dry matter at harvest to increased plant density decreased exponentially and that the harvest index decreased linearly.The response of population-level grain yield to plant density was curvilinear,producing a maximum value at the optimum population density.However,the yielddensity equation agreed well with the Steinhart-Hart equation curves,but not with the quadratic equation curves reported by most previous studies.Competitive indices are used to evaluate competition in a plant population or plant species.The present results show that competitive intensity（CI）and absolute severity of competition（ASC）increased with increasing plant density;however,relative yield（RY）and relative reproductive efficiency（RReff）decreased.The different responses of these indices reflect different aspects of competition.According to the analysis of CI,ASC,RY,and RReff,higher CI and ASC values indicate higher intraspecific competition,whereas higher RY and RReff values indirectly reflect lower intraspecific competition.These competitive indices evaluate not only the intraspecific competitive intensity under different plant densities of the same cultivar but also those of different cultivars under the same plant density.However,some overlap exists in the calculations of ASC,CI,and RY,so one could simply select any one of these indices to evaluate intraspecific competition in a maize population.In conclusion,the present study provides a method to evaluat
基金Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Pro-gram(BJJWZYJH01201910019026)National Key Research and Devel-opment Program of China(2021YFD1200703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31625022,31971952).
文摘While crop yields have historically increased,drought resistance has become a major concern in the context of global climate change.The trade-off between crop yield and drought resistance is a common phenomenon;however,the underlying molecular modulators remain undetermined.Through genome-wide association study,we revealed that three non-synonymous variants in a drought-resistant allele of ZmSRO1d-R resulted in plasma membrane localization and enhanced mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ZmSRO1d toward ZmRBOHC,which increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in guard cells and promoted stomatal closure.ZmSRO1d-R enhanced plant drought resilience and protected grain yields under drought conditions,but it led to yield drag under favorable conditions.In contrast,loss-of-function mutants of ZmRBOHC showed remarkably increased yields under well-watered conditions,whereas they showed compromised drought resistance.Interestingly,by analyzing 189 teosinte accessions,we found that the ZmSRO1d-R allele was present in teosinte but was selected against during maize domestication and modern breeding.Collectively,our work suggests that the allele frequency reduction of ZmSRO1d-R in breeding programs may have compromised maize drought resistance while increased yields.Therefore,introduction of the ZmSRO1d-R allele into modern maize cultivars would contribute to food security under drought stress caused by global climate change.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.XDB31000000Naritsada Thongklang would like to thank Thailand research fund grants“Study of saprobic Agaricales in Thailand to find new industrial mushroom products”(Grant No.DBG6180015)+6 种基金Mae Fah Luang University grant“Optimal conditions for domestication and biological activities of selected species of Ganoderrma”(Grant No.621C1535)K.D.Hyde and Naritsada Thongklang would like to thanks to Thailand research fund grants“Domestication and bioactive evaluation of Thai Hymenopellis,Oudemansiella,Xerula and Volvariella species(basidiomycetes)”(Grant No.DBG6180033)K.D.Hyde thanks the financial support from the Visiting Professor grant at Chiang Mai University,Thailand and KIB.The authors acknowledge the contribution of M.M.Vasanthakumari,K.M.Manasa and P.Rajani,in various stages of preparation of the manuscript.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Number 2018PC0006)the National Science Foundation.Associate Professor R Jeewon thanks University of Mauritius for support.Binu C.Samarakoon offers her sincere gratitude to the“National Research Council of Thailand”(NRCT Grant No.256108A3070006)for the financial supportPeter E Mortimer would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following Grants:41761144055,41771063,Y4ZK111B01M.Doilom would like to thank Chiang Mai University,the 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province and the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.T.S.Suryanarayanan thanks the United States-India Educational Foundation(USIEF)New Delhi and the Fulbright Scholar Program(USA)for the award of a Fulbright-Nehru Senior Researcher grant to conduct research in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,The Ohio State University,USA.Thanks to Research and Researchers for Industri
文摘Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.31722037,31871587.91735302)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(nos,Y2020XK16,S2021ZD01,S2018PY02).
文摘Plant hormone cytokinin signals through histidine-aspartic acid(H-D)phosphorelay to regulate plant growth and development.While it is well known that the phosphorelay involves histidine kinases,histidine phosphotransfer proteins(HPs),and response regulators(RRs),how this process is regulated by external components remains unknown.Here we demonstrate that protein phosphatase with kelch-like domains(PPKL1),known as a signaling component of steroid hormone brassinosteroid,is actually a cryptic inhibitor of cytokinin phosphorelay in rice(Oryza sativa).Mutation at a specific amino acid D364 of PPKL1 activates cytokinin response and thus enlarges grain size in a semi-dominant mutant named s48.Overexpression of PPKL1 containing D364,either with the deletion of the phosphatase domain or not,rescues the s48 mutant phenotype.PPKL1 interacts with OsAHP2,one of authentic HPs,and D364 resides in a region resembling the receiver domain of RRs.Accordingly,PPKL1 can utilize D364 to suppress OsAHP2-to-RR phosphorelay,whereas mutation of D364 abolishes the effect.This function of PPKL1 is independent of the phosphatase domain that is required for brassinosteroid signaling.Importantly,editing of the D364-residential region produces a diversity of semi-dominant mutations associated with variously increased grain sizes.Further screening of the edited plants enables the identification of two genotypes that confer significantly improved grain yield.Collectively,our study uncovers a noncanonical cytokinin signaling suppressor and provides a robust tool for seed rational design.
基金supported by the Israel Science Foundation,grant numbers 2289/16,1366/18,and 2342/18,and the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (2019654)C.J.P.was supported by the Genome Canada–funded project 4D Wheat.I.M.and J.D.were supported by the ERDF project Plants as a Tool for Sustainable Global Development (no.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827)+1 种基金supported by the United States National Science Foundation (1937855)the United States Department of Agriculture (2020-67013-32577)。
文摘Gene cloning in repeat-rich polyploid genomes remains challenging.Here,we describe a strategy for overcoming major bottlenecks in cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene(R-gene)Pm69 derived from tetraploid wild emmer wheat.A conventional positional cloning approach was not effective owing to suppressed recombination.Chromosome sorting was compromised by insufficient purity.A Pm69 physical map,constructed by assembling Oxford Nanopore Technology(ONT)long-read genome sequences,revealed a rapidly evolving nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)R-gene cluster with structural variations.A single candidate NLR was identified by anchoring RNA sequencing reads from susceptible mutants to ONT contigs and was validated by virus-induced gene silencing.Pm69 is likely a newly evolved NLR and was discovered in only one location across the wild emmer wheat distribution range in Israel.Pm69 was successfully introgressed into cultivated wheat,and a diagnostic molecular marker was used to accelerate its deployment and pyramiding with other R-genes.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China(No.2009-CB825103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40901119)
文摘Arid soils where water and nutrients are scarce occupy over 30% of the Earth's total surface. However, the microbial autotrophy in the harsh environments remains largely unexplored. In this study, the abundance and diversity of autotrophic bacteria were investigated, by quantifying and profiling the large subunit genes of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Ru Bis CO) form I(cbb L) responsible for CO2 fixation, in the arid soils under three typical plant types(Haloxylon ammodendron, Cleistogenes chinensis,and Reaumuria soongorica) in Northwest China. The bacterial communities in the soils were also characterized using the 16 S r RNA gene. Abundance of red-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 3.94 × 105 to 1.51 × 106 copies g-1dry soil and those of green-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.15 × 106 to 2.08 × 106 copies g-1dry soil. Abundance of both red- and green-like autotrophic bacteria did not significantly differ among the soils under different plant types. The autotrophic bacteria identified with the cbb L gene primer were mainly affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and an uncultured bacterial group, which were not detected in the 16 S r RNA library. In addition, 25.9% and 8.1% of the 16 S r RNA genes were affiliated with Cyanobacteria in the soils under H. ammodendron and R. soongorica, respectively. However, no Cyanobacteria-affiliated cbb L genes were detected in the same soils. The results suggested that microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation might be significant in the carbon cycling of arid soils, which warrants further exploration.
基金K.D.Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans and the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Project Number 2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.Financial support by the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)and the Thai Royal Golden Ph.D.Jubilee-Industry program(RGJ)for a joint TRF-DAAD PPP(2012-2014)academic exchange grant to K.D.Hyde and M.Stadler,and the RGJ for a personal grant to B.Thongbai(No.Ph.D/0138/2553 in 4.S.MF/53/A.3)is gratefully acknowledged.Chayanard Phukhamsakda(PHD/0020/2557)acknowledges the The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program under the Thailand Research Fund.Mingkwan Doilom acknowledges the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD./0072/2553 in 4.S.M.F./53/A.2)under the Thailand Research Fund.Ausana Mapook is grateful to Research and Researchers for Industries(RRI)PHD57I0012.Rungtiwa Phookamsak sincerely appreciates The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD/0090/2551 in 4.S.MF/51/A.1)under the Thailand Research Fund for financial support.Qi Zhao thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31360015)the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams,and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KSCX2-EW-Z-9 and KIB2016002)+2 种基金KNAR acknowledges support from the University Grants Commission(UGC),India,in the form of a Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship(Grant No.F.14-2(SC)/2009(SA-III)(and the permissions given to him for collecting agaric specimens from the forests of Kerala by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests,Government of Kerala(WL12-4042/2009 dated 05-08-2009)This Project was funded by the National Plan for Science,Technology and Innovation(MAARIFAH),King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Award Number(12-BIO2840-02)B.K.Cui thanked for the finance by the Fundamental Resear
文摘This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined,described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification.In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections,DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets(rDNA,TEF-a,RBP2 and b-Tubulin)to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks.Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed,we apply an integrative approach(morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable).Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including eight new genera,101 new species,two new combinations,one neotype,four reference specimens,new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs.The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia,Arundellina,Camarosporioides,Neomassaria,Neomassarina,Neotruncatella,Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria.The new species are Alfaria spartii,Alloarthopyrenia italica,Anthostomella ravenna,An.thailandica,Arthrinium paraphaeospermum,Arundellina typhae,Aspergillus koreanus,Asterina cynometrae,Bertiella ellipsoidea,Blastophorum aquaticum,Cainia globosa,Camarosporioides phragmitis,Ceramothyrium menglunense,Chaetosphaeronema achilleae,Chlamydotubeufia helicospora,Ciliochorella phanericola,Clavulinopsis aurantiaca,Colletotrichum insertae,Comoclathris italica,Coronophora myricoides,Cortinarius fulvescentoideus,Co.nymphatus,Co.pseudobulliardioides,Co.tenuifulvescens,Cunninghamella gigacellularis,Cyathus pyristriatus,Cytospora cotini,Dematiopleospora alliariae,De.cirsii,Diaporthe aseana,Di.garethjonesii,Distoseptispora multiseptata,Dis.tectonae,Dis.tectonigena,Dothiora buxi,Emericellopsis persica,Gloniopsis calami,Helicoma guttulatum,Helvella floriforma,H.oblongispora,Hermatomyces subiculosa,Juncaceicola italica,Lactarius dirkii,Lentithecium
文摘The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for the dead leaf rate （DLR） and the dead seedling rate （DSR） at the different rice growing periods after transplanting under alkaline stress were identified using an F2：3 population, which included 200 individuals and lines derived from a cross between two japonica rice cultivars Gaochan 106 and Changbai 9 with microsatellite markers. The DLR detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress showed continuous normal or near normal distributions in F3 lines, which was the quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. The DSR showed a continuous distribution with 3 or 4 peaks and was the quantitative trait controlled by main and multiple genes when rice was grown for 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Thirteen QTLs associated with DLR were detected at 20 days to 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDLR9-2 located in RM5786-RM160 on chromosome 9 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, 48 days, 55 days, and 62 days, respectively; qDLR4 located in RM3524-RM3866 on chromosome 4 was detected at 34 days, 41 days, and 48 days, respectively; qDLR7-1 located in RM3859-RM320 on chromosome 7 was detected at 20 days and 27 days; and qDLR6-2 in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 was detected at 55 days and 62 days, respectively. The alleles of both qDLR9-2 and qDLR4 were derived from alkaline sensitive parent ＂Gaochanl06＂. The alleles of both qDLR7-1 and qDLR6-2 were from alkaline tolerant parent Changbai 9. These gene actions showed dominance and over dominance primarily. Six QTLs associated with DSR were detected at 62 days after transplanting under alkaline stress. Among these, qDSR6-2 and qDSR8 were located in RM1340-RM5957 on chromosome 6 and in RM3752-RM404 on chromosome 8, respectively, which were associated with DSR and accounted for 20.32% and 18.86% of the observed phenotypic variation, respectively; qDSR11-2 and qDSR11-3 were located in RM536-RM479 and RM2596-RM286 on chromosome 11, respectively, which wer
基金the Collaborative Innovation Center for Henan Grain Crops,the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2021YFF1000200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Major Program,31991213)+4 种基金the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2021YJ01)the Major Public Welfare Projects of Henan Province(201300110800)the Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100102)the CAAS Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAASZDRW202002)the seed innovation program of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China,and the Henan Provincial R&D Projects of Interregional Cooperation for Local Scientific and Technological Development Guided by the Central Government(YDZX20214100004191).
文摘Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat(Triticum aestivum).In this work,we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58(AK58).Comparative genomics between AK58 and the landrace cultivar Chinese Spring(CS)shed light on genomic changes that occurred through recent varietal improvement.We also explored subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat and developed a homoeologous locus-based genome-wide association study(HGWAS)approach,which was more effective than single homoeolog-based GWAS in unraveling agronomic trait-associated loci.A total of 123 major HGWAs loci were detected using a genetic population derived from AK58 and cs.Elite homoeologous haplotypes(HHs),formed by combinations of subgenomic homoeologs of the associated loci,were found in both parents and progeny,and many could substantially improve wheat yield and related traits.We built a website where users can download genome assembly sequence and annotation data for AK58,perform blast analysis,and run JBrowse.Our work enriches genome resources for wheat,provides new insights into genomic changes during modern wheat improve-.ment,and suggests that efficientmining of elite HHs can make a substantial contribuutionto genomics-assisted breeding in common wheat and other polyploid crops.
基金partially supported by grants from the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-09) from the Ministry of Agriculture of Chinathe Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP) in CAAS
文摘Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables,except for soybean and groundnut.China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions.Rotation,intercropping,and mixed cropping involving pulses are normal cropping systems in China.Whether indigenous or introduced crops,pulses have played an important role in Chinese cropping systems and made an important contribution to food resources for humans since ancient times.The six major food legume species(pea,faba bean,common bean,mung bean,adzuki bean,and cowpea) are the most well-known pulses in China,as well as those with more local distributions;runner bean,lima bean,chickpea,lentil,grass pea,lupine,rice bean,black gram,hyacinth bean,pigeon pea,velvet bean,winged bean,guar bean,sword bean,and jack bean.China has remained the world's leading producer of peas,faba beans,mung beans,and adzuki beans in recent decades,as documented by FAO statistics and China Agriculture Statistical Reports.The demand for food legumes as a healthy food will markedly increase with the improvement of living standards in China.Since China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) in2001,imports of pea from Canada and Australia have rapidly increased,resulting in reduced prices for dry pea and other food legumes.With reduced profits for food legume crops,their sowing area and total production has decreased within China.At the same time,the rising consumer demand for vegetable food legumes as a healthy food has led to attractive market prices and sharp production increases in China.Vegetable food legumes have reduced growing duration and enable flexibility in cropping systems.In the future,production of dry food legumes will range from stable to slowly decreasing,while production of vegetable food legumes will continue to increase.
基金the support of the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD1000905,2016YFD0300209)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671626)
文摘Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar; B1),Jiuyuehuang(moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2),and Nandou 12(shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean.Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize.The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress.The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area,lignin content,and activity of enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxidase(POD)) than those of B1 and B2.Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern,lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress.However,a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging.In conclusion,the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area,higher lignin content and activities of CAD,4CL,PAL,and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping.The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean.The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.
基金This work was supported by grants from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301798 and 32241042)+1 种基金the Central Public-lnterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fundthe Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Dear Editor,,Foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and its wild ancestor green foxtail(S.viridis),are two C4 genetic model plants known for their desirable traits,such as small size,short life cycle,ease of transformation,and a compact genome size(~420 Mb)(He et al.,2023).Foxtail millet stands out as the only cultivated species within the Setaria genus.As a foundational crop for ancient east Asian agriculture civilization,it possesses remarkable drought and soil-nutrient deficiency tolerance.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2018B030308008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1901203 and 31901532)+2 种基金Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)Shenzhen Commission on Innovation and Technology Programs JCYJ20180507181837997)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018 M633069 and 2019 M652920)。
文摘Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant genes in rice worldwide.This article reviews the working mechanisms of six herbicides(glyphosate,glufosinate,acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides,acetyl-Co A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides,hydroxyhenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD)inhibitor herbicides and dinitroaniline herbicides),the resistance mutations of the corresponding herbicide-target genes,and the herbicide detoxification mechanisms by non-target genes.Examples are provided on herbicide-resistant rice materials obtained by transformation of exogenous resistance genes,by artificial mutagenesis and mutant screening,and by modifying the target genes through gene editing.This paper also introduces the current application of herbicide-resistant rice,points out problems that may be caused by utilization of herbicide resistant rice and solutions to the problems,and discusses the future prospects for the development of herbicideresistant rice.
