Glabridin is the main ingredient of hydrophobic fraction in licorice extract and has been shown to have anti-melanogenesis activity in skins.However,the underlying mechanism(s)remain not completely understood.The aim ...Glabridin is the main ingredient of hydrophobic fraction in licorice extract and has been shown to have anti-melanogenesis activity in skins.However,the underlying mechanism(s)remain not completely understood.The aim of this study is thus to elucidate the possible mechanisms related to the melanogenesis suppression by glabridin in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells and in UVA radiation induced hyperpigmentation model of BALB/c mice as well.Molecular docking simulations revealed that between catalytic core residues and the compound.The treatment by glabridin significantly downregulated both transcriptional and/or protein expression of melanogenesis-related factors including melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor(MC1R),microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF),tyrosinase(TYR),TYR-related protein-1(TRP-1)and TRP-2 in B16 cells.Both PKA/MITF and MAPK/MITF signaling pathways were found to be involved in the suppression of melanogenesis by glabridin in B16 cells.Also in vivo glabridin therapy significantly reduced hyperpigmentation,epidermal thickening,roughness and inflammation induced by frequent UVA exposure in mice skins,thus beneficial for skin healthcare.These data further look insights into the molecular mechanisms of melanogenesis suppression by glabridin,rationalizing the application of the natural compound for skin healthcare.展开更多
Gut microbiota and circulating metabolite dysbiosis predate important pathological changes in glucose metabolic disorders;however,comprehensive studies on impaired glucose tolerance(IGT),a diabetes mellitus(DM)precurs...Gut microbiota and circulating metabolite dysbiosis predate important pathological changes in glucose metabolic disorders;however,comprehensive studies on impaired glucose tolerance(IGT),a diabetes mellitus(DM)precursor,are lacking.Here,we perform metagenomic sequencing and metabolomics on 47 pairs of individuals with IGT and newly diagnosed DM and 46 controls with normal glucose tolerance(NGT);patients with IGT are followed up after 4 years for progression to DM.Analysis of baseline data reveals significant differences in gut microbiota and serum metabolites among the IGT,DM,and NGT groups.In addition,13 types of gut microbiota and 17 types of circulating metabolites showed significant differences at baseline before IGT progressed to DM,including higher levels of Eggerthella unclassified,Coprobacillus unclassified,Clostridium ramosum,L-valine,L-norleucine,and L-isoleucine,and lower levels of Eubacterium eligens,Bacteroides faecis,Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA,Alistipes senegalensis,Megaspaera elsdenii,Clostridium perfringens,α-linolenic acid,10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid,and dodecanoic acid.A random forest model based on differential intestinal microbiota and circulating metabolites can predict the progression from IGT to DM(AUC=0.87).These results suggest that microbiome and metabolome dysbiosis occur in individuals with IGT and have important predictive values and potential for intervention in preventing IGT from progressing to DM.展开更多
Mast cells and basophils are multifunctional effector cells that contain abundant secretory granules in their cytoplasm. Both cell types are involved in a variety of inflammatory and immune events, producing an array ...Mast cells and basophils are multifunctional effector cells that contain abundant secretory granules in their cytoplasm. Both cell types are involved in a variety of inflammatory and immune events, producing an array of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. The aim of the study was to examine whether isoquercitrin modulates allergic and inflammatory reactions in the human basophilic KU812 cells and to elucidate its influence on the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) and nuclear factor(NF)-κB activation. The KU812 cells were stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus the calcium ionophore A23187(PMACI). The inhibitory effects of isoquercitrin on the productions of histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the stimulated KU812 cells were measured using cytokine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent(ELISA) assays. Western blotting analysis was used to assess the effects of isoquercitrin on the MAPKs and NF-κB protein levels. Our results indicated that the isoquercitrin treatment of PMACI-stimulated KU812 cells significantly reduced the production of histamine and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α. The treated cells exhibited decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK), revealing the role of ERK MAPK in isoquercitrin-mediated allergy inhibition. Furthermore, isoquercitrin suppressed the PMACI-mediated activation of NF-κB in the human basophil cells. In conclusion, the results from the present study provide insights into the potential therapeutic use of isoquercitrin for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic reactions.展开更多
Background:Pedunculoside(PE)is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin found in the dried barks of the Ilex rotunda Thunb.In traditional Chinese medicine,the juice extracted from various Ilex species is commonly used for t...Background:Pedunculoside(PE)is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin found in the dried barks of the Ilex rotunda Thunb.In traditional Chinese medicine,the juice extracted from various Ilex species is commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases.Objective:This study aims to investigate the potential of PE in promoting the healing of oral ulcers in mice and to explore its possible mechanism.Materials and Methods:A mouse model of oral ulcer was established to evaluate the healing promotion effects of PE,and an in-vitro inflammatory cell model was established by using primary fibroblasts isolated from mouse oral mucosal tissue.Gene transcription and protein expression related to cell proliferation,migration,and collagen synthesis were measured.Results:PE showed the highest cure rate of 85.7%for oral ulcers in mice within 7-days treatment.It significantly promoted cell proliferation and collagen secretion in fibroblast in-vitro model.PE also upregulated the gene transcription of Smad3,Col1a1 and Col3a1.Furthermore,PE antagonized the inhibitory effect of WP1066 on STAT3activation,but did not affect cell migration.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that PE has potential therapeutic effects in promoting oral ulcer healing in mice.The improvement was achieved by the increasing collagen synthesis through the upregulation of STAT3 and Smad3 in mucosa fibroblasts.These results provide a preliminary pharmacological work for developing PE as a potential treatment agent for oral ulcers.展开更多
The leaves of Eucalyptus are abundant in natural resources as a novel potential antioxidant and have broad market prospect.Four of characteristic hydrolysable tannins from Eucalyptus leaves have been demonstrated grea...The leaves of Eucalyptus are abundant in natural resources as a novel potential antioxidant and have broad market prospect.Four of characteristic hydrolysable tannins from Eucalyptus leaves have been demonstrated great application potential as natural antioxidants in our previous research.In this study,the bioactive activities of another hydrolysable tannin isolated and identified as oenothein B(OEB)were evaluated.Content of bioactive compound(hydrolysable tannin)from different Eucalyptus species and regions in southern China were investigated.The results showed that OEB not only exerted anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cell,but also showed higher cellular antioxidant activity than some common antioxidants.Generally,content of characteristic hydrolysable tannins decreased in the order of OEB>tellimagrandin I(T1)>pedunculagin>gemin D>pentagalloyl glucose(PGG).E.grandis×E.urophylla GL9 and E.urophylla×E.grandis could be recommended as new natural sources to exploit hydrolysable tannins because of high content,widely plantation and strong adaptability.This study supplied first insight on introduction of high cellular antioxidant activity of OEB and selecting the species and region to exploit natural antioxidants.It will promote the increasing of economic value of Eucalyptus.展开更多
Objective:Lingzhihuang capsule(LZHC)is a natural product that consists of 10 commonly used medicinal plants,and it is used in traditional Chinese medicine to promote people’s overall health.Previously,LZHC was succes...Objective:Lingzhihuang capsule(LZHC)is a natural product that consists of 10 commonly used medicinal plants,and it is used in traditional Chinese medicine to promote people’s overall health.Previously,LZHC was successfully used as adjuvant therapy for treating patients with cancer.However,the chemical constituents of LZHC and their potential biological functions remain unclear.The aim of this study is to investigate the major bioactive compounds in LZHC and predict their pharmacological targets.Methods:The LZHC constituents were putatively identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with timeof-flight mass spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry-based molecular networking.The targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction software,and the associated gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways were analyzed using the Database for Annotation,Visualization,and Integrated Discovery.The mass spectrometry-based molecular network and compound-target-pathway network were constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.0 software.Results:We putatively identified 94 compounds of LZHC by mass spectrometry-based molecular networking,including triterpene(the main structural type)and other clusters(ie,flavonoids and organic acids).Our results suggested that multiple pivotal targets were regulated by LZHC,including tumor necrosis factor,nitric oxide synthase 2,glucocorticoid receptor,estrogen receptor,3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2,prostaglandin e2 receptor ep4 subtype,estrogen receptor beta,phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform,mitogen-activated protein kinase 3,and racalpha serine,which are related to signal transduction,positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters,oxidation-reduction processes,inflammatory responses,and other biological processes.Functional annotation of those targets suggested that several signaling pathways may be regulated by LZHC,such as cancer-related proteoglycans,the PI3K-Aktsignaling展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to elucidate the possible mechanism of Gest-Aid Plus Oral Liquid(GAP)on healthcare function.Method:Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-bas...Objective:This study aimed to elucidate the possible mechanism of Gest-Aid Plus Oral Liquid(GAP)on healthcare function.Method:Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota were performed on serum and fecal samples of GAP and control rats.Additionally,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and inflammatory cytokines in fecal samples were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.Result:Metabolomics discovered 41 metabolites,which mainly involved amino acid metabolism,lipid metabolism,coenzyme factors,and vitamin metabolism.Administration of GAP increased abundance of Prevotella_9,Alloprevotella,Blautia,Phascolarctobacterium,Parabacteroides,and Fusicatenibacter,and six SCFAs were increased in the GAP group.Measurement of inflammatory cytokines showed that GAP had an anti-inflammatory effect in rats.Conclusions:Administration of GAP greatly affects the aspartate metabolism and microecology of rats,enhances intestinal motility and gut barrier integrity and anti-inflammation.These findings not only have possible implications for further application of GAP,but also provide a link between the gut microbiome,SCFAs,inflammation and serum metabolites in rats.展开更多
Objectives:To investigate acute toxicity of Bajitian(Morinda officinalis)in zebrafish embryos.Methods:Zebrafish embryos at 48-h post fertilization(hpf)were exposed to Bajitian ethanol extract for72 h.The causative act...Objectives:To investigate acute toxicity of Bajitian(Morinda officinalis)in zebrafish embryos.Methods:Zebrafish embryos at 48-h post fertilization(hpf)were exposed to Bajitian ethanol extract for72 h.The causative action of a delay in yolk sac absorption by Bajitian was investigated by RT-PCR analysis of lipid metabolism-related microsomal triglyceride transfer protein(MTP),apolipoprotein CII(ApoC2)and lipogenesis-related liver x receptor(LXR)genes.The effect of Bajitian eliciting an inflammatory response was studied by exposing 72 hpf myeloperoxidase(MPO):GFP transgenic zebrafish embryos to Bajitian extract for 4 h.Assessment was done by TUNEL,caspase-3/7,and RT-PCR analysis of the apoptosis related pathway B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein(Bax),Nuclear factor kappa-lightchain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-k B)genes,neutrophil development-related stem cell leukaemia(SCL)and transcription factor PU.1 genes,to reveal the causative action of Bajitian reducing neutrophils.Results:RT-PCR analysis found that Bajitian extract had no effect on the expression of MTP or ApoC2 genes,but upregulated LXR gene,which might explain the delay in yolk sac absorption.Analysis of the inflammatory response showed that compared with negative controls,Bajitian extract significantly(P<.05)reduced the number of neutrophils in MPO:GFP embryos.TUNEL,caspase-3/7,and RT-PCR analysis of Bax and NF-k B genes found that Bajitian extract did not trigger the cell apoptosis.Further RT-PCR analysis found that Bajitian extract did not affect SCL expression,but did lead to down-regulation of PU.1.The inhibition of neutrophil development/differentiation may explain the decline in the total number of neutrophils following Bajitian treatment,which could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects found clinically for this drug.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that Bajitian caused a delay in yolk sac absorption and a decrease neutrophil in zebrafish embryos,which may be related to the inhibition of neutrophil development.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism for saponin from Sapindus mukorossi against Escherichia coli.[Methods]E.coli was used as the test bacteria,and the antimicrobial effect of Sapindus s...[Objectives]To investigate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism for saponin from Sapindus mukorossi against Escherichia coli.[Methods]E.coli was used as the test bacteria,and the antimicrobial effect of Sapindus saponin was studied by the minimum inhibitory concentration method.The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin was studied in terms of growth curves,membrane potential,activity of cells,cell surface morphology and cell internal structure.[Results]The results indicate that Sapindus saponin can inhibit the growth of E.coli,the minimum inhibitory concentration is 5 mg/mL and has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E.coli.After treated with Sapindus saponin,the membrane potential of E.coli increased by 16.7,17.3 and 19.1 times after exposition to 0.5,1,2 MIC Sapindus saponin respectively.PI staining results show that cell viability decreased and permeability of cell membranes increased.The results of SEM and TEM further corroborate the membrane damage,the cell was damaged after exposition to Sapindus saponin.[Conclusions]The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin were to changed membrane potential of cell,and damage the cell membrane structures.展开更多
基金supported by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Revitalization Foundation (2021CG0029)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22178070)
文摘Glabridin is the main ingredient of hydrophobic fraction in licorice extract and has been shown to have anti-melanogenesis activity in skins.However,the underlying mechanism(s)remain not completely understood.The aim of this study is thus to elucidate the possible mechanisms related to the melanogenesis suppression by glabridin in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells and in UVA radiation induced hyperpigmentation model of BALB/c mice as well.Molecular docking simulations revealed that between catalytic core residues and the compound.The treatment by glabridin significantly downregulated both transcriptional and/or protein expression of melanogenesis-related factors including melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor(MC1R),microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF),tyrosinase(TYR),TYR-related protein-1(TRP-1)and TRP-2 in B16 cells.Both PKA/MITF and MAPK/MITF signaling pathways were found to be involved in the suppression of melanogenesis by glabridin in B16 cells.Also in vivo glabridin therapy significantly reduced hyperpigmentation,epidermal thickening,roughness and inflammation induced by frequent UVA exposure in mice skins,thus beneficial for skin healthcare.These data further look insights into the molecular mechanisms of melanogenesis suppression by glabridin,rationalizing the application of the natural compound for skin healthcare.
基金supported by the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYCXTD-D-202001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82104835).
文摘Gut microbiota and circulating metabolite dysbiosis predate important pathological changes in glucose metabolic disorders;however,comprehensive studies on impaired glucose tolerance(IGT),a diabetes mellitus(DM)precursor,are lacking.Here,we perform metagenomic sequencing and metabolomics on 47 pairs of individuals with IGT and newly diagnosed DM and 46 controls with normal glucose tolerance(NGT);patients with IGT are followed up after 4 years for progression to DM.Analysis of baseline data reveals significant differences in gut microbiota and serum metabolites among the IGT,DM,and NGT groups.In addition,13 types of gut microbiota and 17 types of circulating metabolites showed significant differences at baseline before IGT progressed to DM,including higher levels of Eggerthella unclassified,Coprobacillus unclassified,Clostridium ramosum,L-valine,L-norleucine,and L-isoleucine,and lower levels of Eubacterium eligens,Bacteroides faecis,Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA,Alistipes senegalensis,Megaspaera elsdenii,Clostridium perfringens,α-linolenic acid,10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid,and dodecanoic acid.A random forest model based on differential intestinal microbiota and circulating metabolites can predict the progression from IGT to DM(AUC=0.87).These results suggest that microbiome and metabolome dysbiosis occur in individuals with IGT and have important predictive values and potential for intervention in preventing IGT from progressing to DM.
基金Foundation of Beijing Superiority People(D classification,2014000020124G034)
文摘Mast cells and basophils are multifunctional effector cells that contain abundant secretory granules in their cytoplasm. Both cell types are involved in a variety of inflammatory and immune events, producing an array of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. The aim of the study was to examine whether isoquercitrin modulates allergic and inflammatory reactions in the human basophilic KU812 cells and to elucidate its influence on the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) and nuclear factor(NF)-κB activation. The KU812 cells were stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus the calcium ionophore A23187(PMACI). The inhibitory effects of isoquercitrin on the productions of histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the stimulated KU812 cells were measured using cytokine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent(ELISA) assays. Western blotting analysis was used to assess the effects of isoquercitrin on the MAPKs and NF-κB protein levels. Our results indicated that the isoquercitrin treatment of PMACI-stimulated KU812 cells significantly reduced the production of histamine and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α. The treated cells exhibited decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK), revealing the role of ERK MAPK in isoquercitrin-mediated allergy inhibition. Furthermore, isoquercitrin suppressed the PMACI-mediated activation of NF-κB in the human basophil cells. In conclusion, the results from the present study provide insights into the potential therapeutic use of isoquercitrin for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic reactions.
基金supported by Infinitus(China)Company Ltd.(research grants No.HPG20220930698).
文摘Background:Pedunculoside(PE)is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin found in the dried barks of the Ilex rotunda Thunb.In traditional Chinese medicine,the juice extracted from various Ilex species is commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases.Objective:This study aims to investigate the potential of PE in promoting the healing of oral ulcers in mice and to explore its possible mechanism.Materials and Methods:A mouse model of oral ulcer was established to evaluate the healing promotion effects of PE,and an in-vitro inflammatory cell model was established by using primary fibroblasts isolated from mouse oral mucosal tissue.Gene transcription and protein expression related to cell proliferation,migration,and collagen synthesis were measured.Results:PE showed the highest cure rate of 85.7%for oral ulcers in mice within 7-days treatment.It significantly promoted cell proliferation and collagen secretion in fibroblast in-vitro model.PE also upregulated the gene transcription of Smad3,Col1a1 and Col3a1.Furthermore,PE antagonized the inhibitory effect of WP1066 on STAT3activation,but did not affect cell migration.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that PE has potential therapeutic effects in promoting oral ulcer healing in mice.The improvement was achieved by the increasing collagen synthesis through the upregulation of STAT3 and Smad3 in mucosa fibroblasts.These results provide a preliminary pharmacological work for developing PE as a potential treatment agent for oral ulcers.
基金supported by the General project of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2022A1515010907)the National Key R&D Program(2016YFD0600806)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700501).
文摘The leaves of Eucalyptus are abundant in natural resources as a novel potential antioxidant and have broad market prospect.Four of characteristic hydrolysable tannins from Eucalyptus leaves have been demonstrated great application potential as natural antioxidants in our previous research.In this study,the bioactive activities of another hydrolysable tannin isolated and identified as oenothein B(OEB)were evaluated.Content of bioactive compound(hydrolysable tannin)from different Eucalyptus species and regions in southern China were investigated.The results showed that OEB not only exerted anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cell,but also showed higher cellular antioxidant activity than some common antioxidants.Generally,content of characteristic hydrolysable tannins decreased in the order of OEB>tellimagrandin I(T1)>pedunculagin>gemin D>pentagalloyl glucose(PGG).E.grandis×E.urophylla GL9 and E.urophylla×E.grandis could be recommended as new natural sources to exploit hydrolysable tannins because of high content,widely plantation and strong adaptability.This study supplied first insight on introduction of high cellular antioxidant activity of OEB and selecting the species and region to exploit natural antioxidants.It will promote the increasing of economic value of Eucalyptus.
基金the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine(Grant No.CBCM2020104).
文摘Objective:Lingzhihuang capsule(LZHC)is a natural product that consists of 10 commonly used medicinal plants,and it is used in traditional Chinese medicine to promote people’s overall health.Previously,LZHC was successfully used as adjuvant therapy for treating patients with cancer.However,the chemical constituents of LZHC and their potential biological functions remain unclear.The aim of this study is to investigate the major bioactive compounds in LZHC and predict their pharmacological targets.Methods:The LZHC constituents were putatively identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with timeof-flight mass spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry-based molecular networking.The targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction software,and the associated gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways were analyzed using the Database for Annotation,Visualization,and Integrated Discovery.The mass spectrometry-based molecular network and compound-target-pathway network were constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.0 software.Results:We putatively identified 94 compounds of LZHC by mass spectrometry-based molecular networking,including triterpene(the main structural type)and other clusters(ie,flavonoids and organic acids).Our results suggested that multiple pivotal targets were regulated by LZHC,including tumor necrosis factor,nitric oxide synthase 2,glucocorticoid receptor,estrogen receptor,3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2,prostaglandin e2 receptor ep4 subtype,estrogen receptor beta,phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform,mitogen-activated protein kinase 3,and racalpha serine,which are related to signal transduction,positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters,oxidation-reduction processes,inflammatory responses,and other biological processes.Functional annotation of those targets suggested that several signaling pathways may be regulated by LZHC,such as cancer-related proteoglycans,the PI3K-Aktsignaling
文摘Objective:This study aimed to elucidate the possible mechanism of Gest-Aid Plus Oral Liquid(GAP)on healthcare function.Method:Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota were performed on serum and fecal samples of GAP and control rats.Additionally,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and inflammatory cytokines in fecal samples were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.Result:Metabolomics discovered 41 metabolites,which mainly involved amino acid metabolism,lipid metabolism,coenzyme factors,and vitamin metabolism.Administration of GAP increased abundance of Prevotella_9,Alloprevotella,Blautia,Phascolarctobacterium,Parabacteroides,and Fusicatenibacter,and six SCFAs were increased in the GAP group.Measurement of inflammatory cytokines showed that GAP had an anti-inflammatory effect in rats.Conclusions:Administration of GAP greatly affects the aspartate metabolism and microecology of rats,enhances intestinal motility and gut barrier integrity and anti-inflammation.These findings not only have possible implications for further application of GAP,but also provide a link between the gut microbiome,SCFAs,inflammation and serum metabolites in rats.
基金Infinitus(China)Company Ltd.internal research funding。
文摘Objectives:To investigate acute toxicity of Bajitian(Morinda officinalis)in zebrafish embryos.Methods:Zebrafish embryos at 48-h post fertilization(hpf)were exposed to Bajitian ethanol extract for72 h.The causative action of a delay in yolk sac absorption by Bajitian was investigated by RT-PCR analysis of lipid metabolism-related microsomal triglyceride transfer protein(MTP),apolipoprotein CII(ApoC2)and lipogenesis-related liver x receptor(LXR)genes.The effect of Bajitian eliciting an inflammatory response was studied by exposing 72 hpf myeloperoxidase(MPO):GFP transgenic zebrafish embryos to Bajitian extract for 4 h.Assessment was done by TUNEL,caspase-3/7,and RT-PCR analysis of the apoptosis related pathway B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein(Bax),Nuclear factor kappa-lightchain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-k B)genes,neutrophil development-related stem cell leukaemia(SCL)and transcription factor PU.1 genes,to reveal the causative action of Bajitian reducing neutrophils.Results:RT-PCR analysis found that Bajitian extract had no effect on the expression of MTP or ApoC2 genes,but upregulated LXR gene,which might explain the delay in yolk sac absorption.Analysis of the inflammatory response showed that compared with negative controls,Bajitian extract significantly(P<.05)reduced the number of neutrophils in MPO:GFP embryos.TUNEL,caspase-3/7,and RT-PCR analysis of Bax and NF-k B genes found that Bajitian extract did not trigger the cell apoptosis.Further RT-PCR analysis found that Bajitian extract did not affect SCL expression,but did lead to down-regulation of PU.1.The inhibition of neutrophil development/differentiation may explain the decline in the total number of neutrophils following Bajitian treatment,which could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effects found clinically for this drug.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that Bajitian caused a delay in yolk sac absorption and a decrease neutrophil in zebrafish embryos,which may be related to the inhibition of neutrophil development.
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism for saponin from Sapindus mukorossi against Escherichia coli.[Methods]E.coli was used as the test bacteria,and the antimicrobial effect of Sapindus saponin was studied by the minimum inhibitory concentration method.The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin was studied in terms of growth curves,membrane potential,activity of cells,cell surface morphology and cell internal structure.[Results]The results indicate that Sapindus saponin can inhibit the growth of E.coli,the minimum inhibitory concentration is 5 mg/mL and has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E.coli.After treated with Sapindus saponin,the membrane potential of E.coli increased by 16.7,17.3 and 19.1 times after exposition to 0.5,1,2 MIC Sapindus saponin respectively.PI staining results show that cell viability decreased and permeability of cell membranes increased.The results of SEM and TEM further corroborate the membrane damage,the cell was damaged after exposition to Sapindus saponin.[Conclusions]The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin were to changed membrane potential of cell,and damage the cell membrane structures.
