Antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is effective in controlling viral replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV due to the persistence of the HIV reservoir. Innate and adaptive immu...Antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is effective in controlling viral replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV due to the persistence of the HIV reservoir. Innate and adaptive immune responses have been proposed to contribute to preventing HIV acquisition, controlling HIV replication and eliminating HIV-infected cells. However, the immune responses naturally induced in HIV-infected individuals rarely eradicate HIV infection, which may be caused by immune escape, an inadequate magnitude and breadth of immune responses, and immune exhaustion. Optimizing these immune responses may solve the problems of epitope escape and insufficient sustained memory responses. Moreover, immune interventions aimed at improving host immune response can reduce HIV reservoirs, which have become one focus in the development of innovative strategies to eliminate HIV reservoirs. In this review, we focus on the immune response against HIV and how antiviral immune responses affect HIV reservoirs. We also discuss the development of innovative strategies aiming to eliminate HIV reservoirs and promoting functional cure of HIV infection.展开更多
Introduction In December 2019,multiple cases of aggravated pneumonia of unidentified origin were reported inWuhan,China.These were confirmed to be caused by a novel coronavirus.The World Health Organization(WHO)named ...Introduction In December 2019,multiple cases of aggravated pneumonia of unidentified origin were reported inWuhan,China.These were confirmed to be caused by a novel coronavirus.The World Health Organization(WHO)named the disease coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses officially identified the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCoV-2).[1]Although China is now a low endemic areawith a downward trend in the number of confirmed and suspected cases,[2]the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic remains critical.By mid-March 2022,the cumulative number of reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide exceeded 450 million,with more than 6 million deaths.[3]Since there is no specific therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19,it is important to control the epidemic by actively promoting SARS-CoV-2 vaccination globally,reducing the risk of viral transmission and the incidence of severe COVID-19,thus improving prognoses.[4]展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. NSFC, 81974303 to BS, and 82072271 to TZ)the High-Level Public Health Specialized Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Health Commission (Nos. 2022-1-007 to TZ and 2022-2-018 to BS)+4 种基金the "Climbing the peak (Dengfeng) " Talent Training Program of Beijing Hospitals Authority (No. DFL20191701 to TZ)the Beijing Health Technologies Promotion Program (No. BHTPP2020 to TZ)the Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research (No. BZ0089)the ANRS (Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les hépatites virales)the Investissements d’Avenir program managed by the ANR under reference ANR-10-LABX-77 and EHVA (No. 681032, Horizon 2020) .
文摘Antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is effective in controlling viral replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV due to the persistence of the HIV reservoir. Innate and adaptive immune responses have been proposed to contribute to preventing HIV acquisition, controlling HIV replication and eliminating HIV-infected cells. However, the immune responses naturally induced in HIV-infected individuals rarely eradicate HIV infection, which may be caused by immune escape, an inadequate magnitude and breadth of immune responses, and immune exhaustion. Optimizing these immune responses may solve the problems of epitope escape and insufficient sustained memory responses. Moreover, immune interventions aimed at improving host immune response can reduce HIV reservoirs, which have become one focus in the development of innovative strategies to eliminate HIV reservoirs. In this review, we focus on the immune response against HIV and how antiviral immune responses affect HIV reservoirs. We also discuss the development of innovative strategies aiming to eliminate HIV reservoirs and promoting functional cure of HIV infection.
基金supported by the High-Level Public Health Specialized Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Health Commission(2022-2-018)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(CPL-1233)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,81974303)the“Climbing the peak(Dengfeng)”Talent Training Program of Beijing Hospitals Authority(DFL20191701)the Beijing Health Technologies Promotion Program(BHTPP2020)the Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research(BZ0089).
文摘Introduction In December 2019,multiple cases of aggravated pneumonia of unidentified origin were reported inWuhan,China.These were confirmed to be caused by a novel coronavirus.The World Health Organization(WHO)named the disease coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses officially identified the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCoV-2).[1]Although China is now a low endemic areawith a downward trend in the number of confirmed and suspected cases,[2]the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic remains critical.By mid-March 2022,the cumulative number of reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide exceeded 450 million,with more than 6 million deaths.[3]Since there is no specific therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19,it is important to control the epidemic by actively promoting SARS-CoV-2 vaccination globally,reducing the risk of viral transmission and the incidence of severe COVID-19,thus improving prognoses.[4]
