The dynamical framework of the nine-level version of the IAP AGCM is presented in this paper. The emphasis of the model's description is put on the following two aspects:(1) A model's standard atmosphere, whic...The dynamical framework of the nine-level version of the IAP AGCM is presented in this paper. The emphasis of the model's description is put on the following two aspects:(1) A model's standard atmosphere, which is a satisfactory approximation to the observed troposphere and lower stratosphere standard atmosphere, is introduced into the equations of the model to permit a more accurate calculation of the vertical transport terms, especially near the tropopause; (2) The vertical levels of the model are carefully selected to guarantee a smooth dependence of layer thickness upon pressure in order to reduce the truncation error involved in the unequal interval vertical finite-differencing. For testing the model, two kinds of linear baroclinic Rossby-Haurwitz waves, one of which has a dynamically stable vertical structure and the other has a relatively unstable one, are constructed to provide initial conditions for numerical experiments. The two waves have been integrated for more than 300 days and 100 days respectively by using the model and both of them are propagating westward with almost identical phase-speed during the time period of the integrations. No obvious change of the wave patterns is found at the levels in the model's troposphere. The amplitudes of both two waves at the uppermost level, however, exhibit rather significant oscillation with time, of which the periods are exactly 20 days and 25 days espectively.The explanation of this interesting phenomena is still under investigation.展开更多
Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the typhoon as well as hurricane fre-quencies are documented. The correlation between NPO index in June-July-August-September and the annual typhoon number...Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the typhoon as well as hurricane fre-quencies are documented. The correlation between NPO index in June-July-August-September and the annual typhoon number in the western North Pacific is 0.37 for the period of 1949―1998. The NPO is correlated with the annual hurricane number in the tropical Atlantic at -0.28 for the same period. The variability of NPO is found to be concurrent with the changes of the magnitude of vertical zonal wind shear, sea-level pressure patterns, as well as the sea surface temperature, which are physically asso- ciated with the typhoons and hurricanes genesis. The NPO associated atmospheric circulation vari- ability is analyzed to explain how NPO is linked with variability of the tropical atmospheric circulation in the western Pacific and the tropical Atlantic, via the atmospheric teleconnection.展开更多
Coupled ocean-atmospheric general circulation models are the only tools to quantitatively simulate the climate system. Since the end of the 1980s, a group of scientists in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modelin...Coupled ocean-atmospheric general circulation models are the only tools to quantitatively simulate the climate system. Since the end of the 1980s, a group of scientists in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), have been working to develop a global OGCM and a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation modei (CGCM). Prom the original flux anomaly-coupling modei developed in the beginning of the 1990s to the latest directly-coupling modei, LASG scientists have developed four global coupled GCMs. This study summarizes the development history of these models and describes the third and fourth coupled GCMs and selected applications. Strengths and weaknesses of these models are highlighted.展开更多
Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) and the western North Pacific typhoon number (WNPTN) in the interannual variability is examined in this research. The WNPTN is correlated with the AAO in June-July-...Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) and the western North Pacific typhoon number (WNPTN) in the interannual variability is examined in this research. The WNPTN is correlated with the AAO in June-July-August-September (JJAS) in 1949-1998 at -0.48 for the detrended time series, statistically significant at 99% level. The tropical atmospheric circulation as well as the sea surface temperature variability over the western Pacific associated with AAO has been analyzed. It follows that a positive phase of JJAS AAO corresponds to the larger magnitude of the vertical zonal wind shear, the anomalous low-lever anticyclonic circulation and anomalous high-level cyclonic circulation, and lower sea surface temperature in the major typhoon genesis region in the western North Pacific, thus providing unfavorable environment for the typhoon genesis, and vice versa.展开更多
RIEMS' ability to simulate extreme monsoon rainfall is examined using the 18-month (April 1997 September 1998) integrated results. Model-simulated heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 Jun...RIEMS' ability to simulate extreme monsoon rainfall is examined using the 18-month (April 1997 September 1998) integrated results. Model-simulated heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998 is compared with the observation, and the relationships between this heavy rainfall process and the large-scale circulations, such as the westerly jet, low-level jet, and water vapor transport, are analyzed to further understand the mechanisms for simulating heavy monsoon rainfall. The analysis results show that (1) RIEMS can reproduce the pattern of heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998, but it is shifted northwestwards. (2) The simulated West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) that controls the East Asia Monsoon evolution is stronger than the observation and is extended westwards, which possibly leads to the north westward shift of the heavy rain belt. (3) The Westerly jet at 200 hPa and the Low-level jet at 850 hPa, both of which are related to the heavy monsoon rainfall, are reasonably reproduced by RIEMS during 11-30 June 1998, although the intensities of the simulated Westerly/Low-level jets are strong and the location of the Westerly jet leans to the southeast, which may be the causes of RIEMS producing too much heavy rainfall in the north of the Yangtze River valley.展开更多
Based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series3.1 temperature and Global Precipitation Climatology Center full data reanalysis version 6 precipitation data,the abilities of climate models from the fifth phase of the Coup...Based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series3.1 temperature and Global Precipitation Climatology Center full data reanalysis version 6 precipitation data,the abilities of climate models from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to simulate climate changes over arid and semiarid areas were assessed.Simulations of future climate changes under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs)were also examined.The key findings were that most of the models are able to capture the dominant features of the spatiotemporal changes in temperature,especially the geographic distribution,during the past 60 years,both globally as well as over arid and semiarid areas.In addition,the models can reproduce the observed warming trends,but with magnitudes generally less than the observations of around0.1–0.3°C/50a.Compared to temperature,the models perform worse in simulating the annual evolution of observed precipitation,underestimating both the variability and tendency,and there is a huge spread among the models in terms of their simulated precipitation results.The multimodel ensemble mean is overall superior to any individual model in reproducing the observed climate changes.In terms of future climate change,an ongoing warming projected by the multi-model ensemble over arid and semiarid areas can clearly be seen under different RCPs,especially under the high emissions scenario(RCP8.5),which is twice that of the moderate scenario(RCP4.5).Unlike the increasing temperature,precipitation changes vary across areas and are more significant under high-emission RCPs,with more precipitation over wet areas but less precipitation over dry areas.In particular,northern China is projected to be one of the typical areas experiencing significantly increased temperature and precipitation in the future.展开更多
The impacts of external forcing,including natural and anthropogenic,on the 20th century global warming were assessed with the use of the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG Version 1.1.0,fol-lowing the standard coordin...The impacts of external forcing,including natural and anthropogenic,on the 20th century global warming were assessed with the use of the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG Version 1.1.0,fol-lowing the standard coordinated experiment design of the Climate Variability and Predictability(CLIVAR) International Climate of the Twentieth Century Project(C20C) ,Phase II. The results indicate that external forcing plays an important role in the evolution of the land surface air temperature on in-terannual,decadal,and interdecadal time scales,and contributes greatly to the global warming in the following two periods:the early twentieth century between the 1910s and the 1940s and the late twen-tieth century after the 1970s. External forcing also has strong impact on the regional temperature change during the two warming periods except for parts of the Eurasia and the North America conti-nents. In the cooling period,however,the impact of internal variability is dominant.展开更多
An advanced carbon dioxide retrieval algo- rithm for satellite observations has been developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The algorithm is tested using Greenhouse gases Obser...An advanced carbon dioxide retrieval algo- rithm for satellite observations has been developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The algorithm is tested using Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite （GOSAT） LIB data and validated using the Total Column Carbon Observing Network （TCCON） measurements. The retrieved XCO2 agrees well with TCCON measurements in a low bias of 0.15 ppmv and RMSE of 1.48 ppmv, and captured the seasonal vari- ation and increasing of XCO2 in Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively, as other measurements.展开更多
In this study, using the ECMWF reanalysis data, the possible linkage between the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern （PNA） and the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） during boreal winter （December- Febru...In this study, using the ECMWF reanalysis data, the possible linkage between the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern （PNA） and the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） during boreal winter （December- February） is investigated. The PNA and the NAO pattern are obtained by performing Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function （REOF） analysis on an anomalous daily mean 300-hPa geopotential height field. The composite daily NAO indices show that the NAO indices are prone to be negative （positive） when the contemporary PNA indices are extremely positive （negative）. The correlation coefficients between the daily PNA and NAO indices also confirm that, indeed, there is a significant anti-correlation between the PNA and NAO indices. The correlation peaks at a lag of 0 days （meaning contemporary correlation）, and its value is 0.202. Analyses of a newly defined Rossby wave breaking index and diagnostics of the stream function tendency equation indicate that the anti-correlation between PNA and NAO may be caused by the anomalous Rossby wave breaking events associated with the PNA pattern.展开更多
The present study validated the capability of the AM2.1,a model developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL),in reproducing the fundamental features of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet S...The present study validated the capability of the AM2.1,a model developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL),in reproducing the fundamental features of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (EASWJ).The main behaviors of the EASWJ are also investigated through the reanalysis of observational NCEP/NCAR data.The mean state of the EASWJ,including its intensity,location,structure,and seasonal evolution is generally well-portrayed in the model.Compared with the observation,the model tends to reproduce a weaker jet center.And,during summer,the simulated jet center is northward-situated.Results also demonstrate the model captures the variability of EASWJ during summer well.The results of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) applied on the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) over East Asia for both the observation and simulation indicate an inter-decadal shift around the late 1970s.The correlation coefficient between the corresponding principle components is as great as 0.42 with significance at the 99% confidence level.展开更多
This paper describes the model speed and model In/Out （I/O） efficiency of the high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model FAMIL （Finite- volume Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG） at the National Supercompute...This paper describes the model speed and model In/Out （I/O） efficiency of the high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model FAMIL （Finite- volume Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG） at the National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin, China, on its Tianhe-lA supercomputer platform. A series of three- model-day simulations were carried out with standard Aqua Planet Experiment （APE） designed within FAMIL to obtain the time stamp for the calculation of model speed, simulation cost, and model 1/O efficiency. The results of the simulation demonstrate that FAMIL has remarkable scalability below 3456 and 6144 cores, and the lowest simulation costs are 1536 and 3456 cores for 12.5 km and 6.25 krn resolutions, respectively. Furthermore, FAMIL has excellent I/O scalability and an efficiency of more than 80% on 6 I/Os and more than 99% on 1536 I/Os.展开更多
Based on a 30-year Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP) simulation using IAP AGCM4.0, the relationship between the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) and summer precipitation over East Asia has been...Based on a 30-year Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP) simulation using IAP AGCM4.0, the relationship between the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) and summer precipitation over East Asia has been investigated, and compared with observation. It was found the meridional displacement of the EASWJ has a closer relationship with the precipitation over East Asia both from model simulation and observation, with an anomalous southward shift of EASWJ being conducive to rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley(YHRV), and an anomalous northward shift resulting in less rainfall over the YHRV. However, the simulated precipitation anomalies were found to be weaker than observed from the composite analysis, and this would be related to the weakly reproduced mid-upper-level convergence in the mid-high latitudes and ascending motion in the lower latitudes.展开更多
In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies(by CMSR,IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilit...In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies(by CMSR,IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons(TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid-and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.展开更多
The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia （PRM） and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation （NHZC）, defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-lev...The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia （PRM） and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation （NHZC）, defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-level pressure at 60°N in May-June-July, is examined in this study. A significant correlation coefficient （0.31） was found between the NHZC indices and PRM based on the dataset for the period of 1872-1995. The mechanisms responsible for the relationship are discussed through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with NHZC. It follows that NHZC-related atmospheric circulation variability provides an anomalous southeast flow from the ocean to Northeast Mongolia （northwest flow from Northeast Mongolia to the ocean） in the middle and low troposphere in positive （negative） phase of NHZC, resulting in more （less） water vapor transport to the target region and more （less） precipitation in Northeast Mongolia.展开更多
Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal accumulation disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (Gal A), resulting in excessive storage of glycosphingolipids, particularly globotriaosy...Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal accumulation disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (Gal A), resulting in excessive storage of glycosphingolipids, particularly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). This leads to cellular dysfunction in various organs, with cardiovascular compromise being the major cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of FD focusing on its genetic, epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. This study explored the genetic mutations associated with FD, its epidemiology, clinical phenotypes, cardiac manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment options. Background: FD is caused by mutations in GLA on the X chromosome, with over 1000 identified variants. Neonatal screening and specific studies have shown an increased incidence of FD. The clinical presentation varies between classic and late phenotypes, with cardiac involvement being a major concern, particularly in late-onset FD. Purpose: This study aimed to summarize the current knowledge on FD, emphasizing cardiac involvement, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options. Methods: A literature review of relevant studies on FD, including genetics, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, was conducted. Results: Cardiac manifestations of FD included left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death. Diagnostic approaches such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging play crucial roles in the early detection and monitoring of cardiac involvement. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and emerging treatments have shown promise in managing FD, although challenges remain. Conclusions: FD remains a challenging condition in cardiology, with under-diagnosis being a concern. Early detection and specific therapy are essential to improve patient outcomes. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI are valuable tools for diagnosis and follow-up. De展开更多
Salinity variability and its causes in the tropical Pacific are analyzed using observations, reanalysis products and model simulations. The mixed-layer salinity(MLS) budget analyses from observations and reanalysis pr...Salinity variability and its causes in the tropical Pacific are analyzed using observations, reanalysis products and model simulations. The mixed-layer salinity(MLS) budget analyses from observations and reanalysis products indicate that its interannual evolution is closely related to ENSO and is predominantly governed by surface forcing and surface advection in the western-central equatorial Pacific. It is found that the observed MLS tendency leads Nin?o3.4 by about 12 months due to the effect of negative freshwater flux(evaporation minus precipitation). These observation-based analyses are used to evaluate the corresponding simulation using GFDL-ESM2 M. It is evident that the model can simulate the spatiotemporal variations of MLS with some discrepancies compared to observations. In the warm pool of the equatorial Pacific the MLS tendency in the model is sensitive to ocean dynamics, however model biases cause the tendency to be underestimated. In particular, the freshwater flux is overestimated while the ocean surface zonal current and vertical velocity at the base of the mixed layer are underestimated. Due to model biases in representing the related physics, the effects of surface forcing on the simulated MLS budget are overestimated and those of subsurface and surface advection are relatively weak. Due to weaker surface advection and subsurface forcing than observed, the simulated compensations for surface forcing are suppressed, and the simulated MLS tendency that leads Nin?o3.4 by 8–10 months, which is shorter than the observed lead time. These results are useful for the interpretation of observational analyses and other model simulations in the tropical Pacific.展开更多
We present the СATEС software, which implements the solution to the problems of computational acoustics. The software is based on the use of the superelement method and finite element modeling algorithms, in-cluding...We present the СATEС software, which implements the solution to the problems of computational acoustics. The software is based on the use of the superelement method and finite element modeling algorithms, in-cluding hydrodynamic noise. The paper presents the main possibilities of software for solving acoustic design problems. .展开更多
When building an adaptive noise cancellation system for wideband acoustic signals, one can meet some difficulties in practical implementation of such a system. The major problem is related to the necessity of using re...When building an adaptive noise cancellation system for wideband acoustic signals, one can meet some difficulties in practical implementation of such a system. The major problem is related to the necessity of using real-time signal generation and processing. In this paper the active noise control system which utilizes adaptation in frequency domain is considered. It is shown that the proposed algorithms simplify practical implementation of a noise cancellation system. The results of computer simulations and prototype experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. .展开更多
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparisons Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP) is adopted in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL2) during CFMIP at Phase II to evaluate the model cloud f...The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparisons Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP) is adopted in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL2) during CFMIP at Phase II to evaluate the model cloud fractions in a consistent way with satellite observations. The cloud simulation results embedded in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) control experiment are presented using three satellite simulators: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar onboard the Cloud- Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Overall, GAMIL2 can produce horizontal distributions of the low cloud fraction that are similar to the satellite observations, and its similarities to the observations on different levels are shown in Taylor diagrams. The discrepancies among satellite observations are also shown, which should be considered during evaluation.展开更多
文摘The dynamical framework of the nine-level version of the IAP AGCM is presented in this paper. The emphasis of the model's description is put on the following two aspects:(1) A model's standard atmosphere, which is a satisfactory approximation to the observed troposphere and lower stratosphere standard atmosphere, is introduced into the equations of the model to permit a more accurate calculation of the vertical transport terms, especially near the tropopause; (2) The vertical levels of the model are carefully selected to guarantee a smooth dependence of layer thickness upon pressure in order to reduce the truncation error involved in the unequal interval vertical finite-differencing. For testing the model, two kinds of linear baroclinic Rossby-Haurwitz waves, one of which has a dynamically stable vertical structure and the other has a relatively unstable one, are constructed to provide initial conditions for numerical experiments. The two waves have been integrated for more than 300 days and 100 days respectively by using the model and both of them are propagating westward with almost identical phase-speed during the time period of the integrations. No obvious change of the wave patterns is found at the levels in the model's troposphere. The amplitudes of both two waves at the uppermost level, however, exhibit rather significant oscillation with time, of which the periods are exactly 20 days and 25 days espectively.The explanation of this interesting phenomena is still under investigation.
基金Supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40631005 and 40620130113)part of "A study on the typhoon monitoring and prediction system development (II)" program by the National Institute of Meteorological Research in the Korean Meteorological Administration
文摘Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the typhoon as well as hurricane fre-quencies are documented. The correlation between NPO index in June-July-August-September and the annual typhoon number in the western North Pacific is 0.37 for the period of 1949―1998. The NPO is correlated with the annual hurricane number in the tropical Atlantic at -0.28 for the same period. The variability of NPO is found to be concurrent with the changes of the magnitude of vertical zonal wind shear, sea-level pressure patterns, as well as the sea surface temperature, which are physically asso- ciated with the typhoons and hurricanes genesis. The NPO associated atmospheric circulation vari- ability is analyzed to explain how NPO is linked with variability of the tropical atmospheric circulation in the western Pacific and the tropical Atlantic, via the atmospheric teleconnection.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)“Innovation Program”(ZKCX2-SW-210)State Key Project(G2000078502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40231004,40221503,and 40023001).
文摘Coupled ocean-atmospheric general circulation models are the only tools to quantitatively simulate the climate system. Since the end of the 1980s, a group of scientists in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), have been working to develop a global OGCM and a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation modei (CGCM). Prom the original flux anomaly-coupling modei developed in the beginning of the 1990s to the latest directly-coupling modei, LASG scientists have developed four global coupled GCMs. This study summarizes the development history of these models and describes the third and fourth coupled GCMs and selected applications. Strengths and weaknesses of these models are highlighted.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40631005 and 40620130113)CAS International Partnership Project
文摘Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) and the western North Pacific typhoon number (WNPTN) in the interannual variability is examined in this research. The WNPTN is correlated with the AAO in June-July-August-September (JJAS) in 1949-1998 at -0.48 for the detrended time series, statistically significant at 99% level. The tropical atmospheric circulation as well as the sea surface temperature variability over the western Pacific associated with AAO has been analyzed. It follows that a positive phase of JJAS AAO corresponds to the larger magnitude of the vertical zonal wind shear, the anomalous low-lever anticyclonic circulation and anomalous high-level cyclonic circulation, and lower sea surface temperature in the major typhoon genesis region in the western North Pacific, thus providing unfavorable environment for the typhoon genesis, and vice versa.
基金supported by the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences(G1999043403)the Program for Knowledge Innovation Project,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX3-SW-218).
文摘RIEMS' ability to simulate extreme monsoon rainfall is examined using the 18-month (April 1997 September 1998) integrated results. Model-simulated heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998 is compared with the observation, and the relationships between this heavy rainfall process and the large-scale circulations, such as the westerly jet, low-level jet, and water vapor transport, are analyzed to further understand the mechanisms for simulating heavy monsoon rainfall. The analysis results show that (1) RIEMS can reproduce the pattern of heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998, but it is shifted northwestwards. (2) The simulated West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) that controls the East Asia Monsoon evolution is stronger than the observation and is extended westwards, which possibly leads to the north westward shift of the heavy rain belt. (3) The Westerly jet at 200 hPa and the Low-level jet at 850 hPa, both of which are related to the heavy monsoon rainfall, are reasonably reproduced by RIEMS during 11-30 June 1998, although the intensities of the simulated Westerly/Low-level jets are strong and the location of the Westerly jet leans to the southeast, which may be the causes of RIEMS producing too much heavy rainfall in the north of the Yangtze River valley.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB956203)the China Meteorological Administration R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare(Meteorology)(GYHY201006023)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2012BAC22B04)
文摘Based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series3.1 temperature and Global Precipitation Climatology Center full data reanalysis version 6 precipitation data,the abilities of climate models from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to simulate climate changes over arid and semiarid areas were assessed.Simulations of future climate changes under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs)were also examined.The key findings were that most of the models are able to capture the dominant features of the spatiotemporal changes in temperature,especially the geographic distribution,during the past 60 years,both globally as well as over arid and semiarid areas.In addition,the models can reproduce the observed warming trends,but with magnitudes generally less than the observations of around0.1–0.3°C/50a.Compared to temperature,the models perform worse in simulating the annual evolution of observed precipitation,underestimating both the variability and tendency,and there is a huge spread among the models in terms of their simulated precipitation results.The multimodel ensemble mean is overall superior to any individual model in reproducing the observed climate changes.In terms of future climate change,an ongoing warming projected by the multi-model ensemble over arid and semiarid areas can clearly be seen under different RCPs,especially under the high emissions scenario(RCP8.5),which is twice that of the moderate scenario(RCP4.5).Unlike the increasing temperature,precipitation changes vary across areas and are more significant under high-emission RCPs,with more precipitation over wet areas but less precipitation over dry areas.In particular,northern China is projected to be one of the typical areas experiencing significantly increased temperature and precipitation in the future.
基金Supported by the National "973" Project (Grant No. 2005CB321703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40221503)the Chinese Academy of Sciences International Partnership Creative Group "The Climate System Model Development and Application Studies"
文摘The impacts of external forcing,including natural and anthropogenic,on the 20th century global warming were assessed with the use of the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG Version 1.1.0,fol-lowing the standard coordinated experiment design of the Climate Variability and Predictability(CLIVAR) International Climate of the Twentieth Century Project(C20C) ,Phase II. The results indicate that external forcing plays an important role in the evolution of the land surface air temperature on in-terannual,decadal,and interdecadal time scales,and contributes greatly to the global warming in the following two periods:the early twentieth century between the 1910s and the 1940s and the late twen-tieth century after the 1970s. External forcing also has strong impact on the regional temperature change during the two warming periods except for parts of the Eurasia and the North America conti-nents. In the cooling period,however,the impact of internal variability is dominant.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues(XDA05040200)the National High-tech Research and Development Program(2011AA12A104)
文摘An advanced carbon dioxide retrieval algo- rithm for satellite observations has been developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The algorithm is tested using Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite （GOSAT） LIB data and validated using the Total Column Carbon Observing Network （TCCON） measurements. The retrieved XCO2 agrees well with TCCON measurements in a low bias of 0.15 ppmv and RMSE of 1.48 ppmv, and captured the seasonal vari- ation and increasing of XCO2 in Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively, as other measurements.
文摘In this study, using the ECMWF reanalysis data, the possible linkage between the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern （PNA） and the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） during boreal winter （December- February） is investigated. The PNA and the NAO pattern are obtained by performing Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function （REOF） analysis on an anomalous daily mean 300-hPa geopotential height field. The composite daily NAO indices show that the NAO indices are prone to be negative （positive） when the contemporary PNA indices are extremely positive （negative）. The correlation coefficients between the daily PNA and NAO indices also confirm that, indeed, there is a significant anti-correlation between the PNA and NAO indices. The correlation peaks at a lag of 0 days （meaning contemporary correlation）, and its value is 0.202. Analyses of a newly defined Rossby wave breaking index and diagnostics of the stream function tendency equation indicate that the anti-correlation between PNA and NAO may be caused by the anomalous Rossby wave breaking events associated with the PNA pattern.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant 2011CB309704the National Special Scientific Research Project for Public Interest under Grant 201006021the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 40890155,U0733002,and 40810059005
文摘The present study validated the capability of the AM2.1,a model developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL),in reproducing the fundamental features of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (EASWJ).The main behaviors of the EASWJ are also investigated through the reanalysis of observational NCEP/NCAR data.The mean state of the EASWJ,including its intensity,location,structure,and seasonal evolution is generally well-portrayed in the model.Compared with the observation,the model tends to reproduce a weaker jet center.And,during summer,the simulated jet center is northward-situated.Results also demonstrate the model captures the variability of EASWJ during summer well.The results of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) applied on the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) over East Asia for both the observation and simulation indicate an inter-decadal shift around the late 1970s.The correlation coefficient between the corresponding principle components is as great as 0.42 with significance at the 99% confidence level.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05110303)the National Basic Research Program of China (973Program, Grant Nos. 2012CB417203 and 2010CB950404)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, Grant No. 2010AA012305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41023002)
文摘This paper describes the model speed and model In/Out （I/O） efficiency of the high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model FAMIL （Finite- volume Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG） at the National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin, China, on its Tianhe-lA supercomputer platform. A series of three- model-day simulations were carried out with standard Aqua Planet Experiment （APE） designed within FAMIL to obtain the time stamp for the calculation of model speed, simulation cost, and model 1/O efficiency. The results of the simulation demonstrate that FAMIL has remarkable scalability below 3456 and 6144 cores, and the lowest simulation costs are 1536 and 3456 cores for 12.5 km and 6.25 krn resolutions, respectively. Furthermore, FAMIL has excellent I/O scalability and an efficiency of more than 80% on 6 I/Os and more than 99% on 1536 I/Os.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05110202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41175073 and U1133603)
文摘Based on a 30-year Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP) simulation using IAP AGCM4.0, the relationship between the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) and summer precipitation over East Asia has been investigated, and compared with observation. It was found the meridional displacement of the EASWJ has a closer relationship with the precipitation over East Asia both from model simulation and observation, with an anomalous southward shift of EASWJ being conducive to rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley(YHRV), and an anomalous northward shift resulting in less rainfall over the YHRV. However, the simulated precipitation anomalies were found to be weaker than observed from the composite analysis, and this would be related to the weakly reproduced mid-upper-level convergence in the mid-high latitudes and ascending motion in the lower latitudes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41375065)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41461164005,41230527)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600603)
文摘In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies(by CMSR,IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons(TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid-and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences key program under Grant KZCX3-SW-221the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40620130113 and 40475037.
文摘The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia （PRM） and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation （NHZC）, defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-level pressure at 60°N in May-June-July, is examined in this study. A significant correlation coefficient （0.31） was found between the NHZC indices and PRM based on the dataset for the period of 1872-1995. The mechanisms responsible for the relationship are discussed through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with NHZC. It follows that NHZC-related atmospheric circulation variability provides an anomalous southeast flow from the ocean to Northeast Mongolia （northwest flow from Northeast Mongolia to the ocean） in the middle and low troposphere in positive （negative） phase of NHZC, resulting in more （less） water vapor transport to the target region and more （less） precipitation in Northeast Mongolia.
文摘Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal accumulation disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (Gal A), resulting in excessive storage of glycosphingolipids, particularly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). This leads to cellular dysfunction in various organs, with cardiovascular compromise being the major cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of FD focusing on its genetic, epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. This study explored the genetic mutations associated with FD, its epidemiology, clinical phenotypes, cardiac manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment options. Background: FD is caused by mutations in GLA on the X chromosome, with over 1000 identified variants. Neonatal screening and specific studies have shown an increased incidence of FD. The clinical presentation varies between classic and late phenotypes, with cardiac involvement being a major concern, particularly in late-onset FD. Purpose: This study aimed to summarize the current knowledge on FD, emphasizing cardiac involvement, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options. Methods: A literature review of relevant studies on FD, including genetics, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, was conducted. Results: Cardiac manifestations of FD included left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death. Diagnostic approaches such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging play crucial roles in the early detection and monitoring of cardiac involvement. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and emerging treatments have shown promise in managing FD, although challenges remain. Conclusions: FD remains a challenging condition in cardiology, with under-diagnosis being a concern. Early detection and specific therapy are essential to improve patient outcomes. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI are valuable tools for diagnosis and follow-up. De
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41690122, 41690120 and 41475101)the NSFC–Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers (Grant No. U1406401)+1 种基金the NSFC Innovative Group Grant (Project No. 41421005)Taishan Scholarship
文摘Salinity variability and its causes in the tropical Pacific are analyzed using observations, reanalysis products and model simulations. The mixed-layer salinity(MLS) budget analyses from observations and reanalysis products indicate that its interannual evolution is closely related to ENSO and is predominantly governed by surface forcing and surface advection in the western-central equatorial Pacific. It is found that the observed MLS tendency leads Nin?o3.4 by about 12 months due to the effect of negative freshwater flux(evaporation minus precipitation). These observation-based analyses are used to evaluate the corresponding simulation using GFDL-ESM2 M. It is evident that the model can simulate the spatiotemporal variations of MLS with some discrepancies compared to observations. In the warm pool of the equatorial Pacific the MLS tendency in the model is sensitive to ocean dynamics, however model biases cause the tendency to be underestimated. In particular, the freshwater flux is overestimated while the ocean surface zonal current and vertical velocity at the base of the mixed layer are underestimated. Due to model biases in representing the related physics, the effects of surface forcing on the simulated MLS budget are overestimated and those of subsurface and surface advection are relatively weak. Due to weaker surface advection and subsurface forcing than observed, the simulated compensations for surface forcing are suppressed, and the simulated MLS tendency that leads Nin?o3.4 by 8–10 months, which is shorter than the observed lead time. These results are useful for the interpretation of observational analyses and other model simulations in the tropical Pacific.
文摘We present the СATEС software, which implements the solution to the problems of computational acoustics. The software is based on the use of the superelement method and finite element modeling algorithms, in-cluding hydrodynamic noise. The paper presents the main possibilities of software for solving acoustic design problems. .
文摘When building an adaptive noise cancellation system for wideband acoustic signals, one can meet some difficulties in practical implementation of such a system. The major problem is related to the necessity of using real-time signal generation and processing. In this paper the active noise control system which utilizes adaptation in frequency domain is considered. It is shown that the proposed algorithms simplify practical implementation of a noise cancellation system. The results of computer simulations and prototype experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. .
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (Grant No. 2010AA012304)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No.2010CB951904)+1 种基金the China Meteorological Administration R &D Special Fund for Public Welfare (meteorology) (Grant No.GYHY201006014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41023002 and 41005053)
文摘The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparisons Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP) is adopted in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL2) during CFMIP at Phase II to evaluate the model cloud fractions in a consistent way with satellite observations. The cloud simulation results embedded in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) control experiment are presented using three satellite simulators: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar onboard the Cloud- Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Overall, GAMIL2 can produce horizontal distributions of the low cloud fraction that are similar to the satellite observations, and its similarities to the observations on different levels are shown in Taylor diagrams. The discrepancies among satellite observations are also shown, which should be considered during evaluation.
