Small RNAs （sRNAs） are 18-30 nt non-coding regulatory elements found in diverse organisms, which were initially identified as small double-stranded RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. With the development of new and imp...Small RNAs （sRNAs） are 18-30 nt non-coding regulatory elements found in diverse organisms, which were initially identified as small double-stranded RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. With the development of new and improved technologies, sRNAs have also been identified and characterized in plant systems. Among them, micro RNAs （miRNAs） and small interfering RNAs （siRNAs） are found to be very important riboregulators in plants. Various types of sRNAs differ in their mode of biogenesis and in their function of gene regulation, sRNAs are involved in gene regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. They are known to regulate growth and development of plants. Furthermore, sRNAs especially plant miRNAs have been found to be involved in various stress responses, such as oxidative, mineral nutrient deficiency, dehydration, and even mechanical stimulus. Therefore, in the present review, we focus on the current understanding of biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of plant sRNAs and their responses to various abiotic stresses.展开更多
Genetic variation is a key factor influencing cytokine production capacity,but which genetic loci regulate cytokine production before and after vaccination,particularly in African population is unknown.Here,we aimed t...Genetic variation is a key factor influencing cytokine production capacity,but which genetic loci regulate cytokine production before and after vaccination,particularly in African population is unknown.Here,we aimed to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)controlling cytokine responses after microbial stimulation in infants of West-African ancestry,comprising of low-birth-weight neonates randomized to bacillus Calmette-Gue rin(BCG)vaccine-at-birth or to the usual delayed BCG.Genome-wide cytokine cytokine quantitative trait loci(cQTL)mapping revealed 12 independent loci,of which the LINC01082-LINC00917 locus influenced more than half of the cytokine-stimulation pairs assessed.Furthermore,nine distinct cQTLs were found among infants randomized to BCG.Functional validation confirmed that several complement genes affect cytokine response after BCG vaccination.We observed a limited overlap of common cQTLs between the West-African infants and cohorts of Western European individuals.These data reveal strong population-specific genetic effects on cytokine production and may indicate new opportunities for therapeutic intervention and vaccine development in African populations.展开更多
Introduction: Reports indicate that fluorescent staining of smears increases sensitivity of direct microscopy;so ZN staining is being replaced with fluorescent microscopy in RNTCP in India. Chemical processing and spu...Introduction: Reports indicate that fluorescent staining of smears increases sensitivity of direct microscopy;so ZN staining is being replaced with fluorescent microscopy in RNTCP in India. Chemical processing and sputum concentration may also improve sensitivity of microscopy. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy for AFB using ZN and fluorescent stains in direct and concentrated specimen with culture as gold standard. Methods: Morning sputum specimen of patients, suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis, over a period of 6 months was subjected to direct microscopy using fluorescent stain;the same slide was over-stained with ZN stain. Same sputum sample was concentrated by Petroff’s method and subjected to fluorescent microscopy followed by ZN microscopy and finally to culture for AFB. Results: Sensitivity of fluorescent stained concentrated sputum samples was maximum and of ZN stained unprocessed sputum samples was minimum. Specificity of three of the methods was equal at 0.96 but of ZN stained concentrated sputum smears was 0.97. Sensitivity of total fluorescent stains was 0.85 (Specificity 0.96) and sensitivity of total ZN stained smears was 0.80 (Specificity 0.96). Discussion: We used same smear for fluorescent and ZN stains, so smear related variability is decreased. Blinding for microscopy was practically complete. Conclusion: The sensitivity of sputum microscopy for AFB can be increased by concentrating the sputum and using fluorescent microscopy. The specificity remains high in all the methods.展开更多
Let Ω be a bounded convex domain with C2 boundary in C2 and for given 0 < p, q ≤∞ and normal weight function (r) let Hp,q, be the mixed norm space on Ω. In this paper we prove that the Gleason's problem (Ω...Let Ω be a bounded convex domain with C2 boundary in C2 and for given 0 < p, q ≤∞ and normal weight function (r) let Hp,q, be the mixed norm space on Ω. In this paper we prove that the Gleason's problem (Ω, a, Hp,q,) is solvable for any fixed point a ∈ Ω. While solving the Gleason's problem we obtain the boundedness of certain integral operator on Hp,q,.展开更多
Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to prese...Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to preserve energy without any frame losses. After the STA wakes up, it sends a null data or PS-Poll frame to retrieve frame(s) buffered by the access point(AP), if any during its sleep period. An attacker can launch a power save denial of service(PS-DoS) attack on the sleeping STA(s) by transmitting a spoofed null data or PS-Poll frame(s) to retrieve the buffered frame(s) of the sleeping STA(s) from the AP causing frame losses for the targeted STA(s). Current approaches to prevent or detect the PS-DoS attack require encryption,change in protocol or installation of proprietary hardware. These solutions suffer from expensive setup, maintenance, scalability and deployment issues. The PS-DoS attack does not differ in semantics or statistics under normal and attack circumstances.So signature and anomaly based intrusion detection system(IDS) are unfit to detect the PS-DoS attack. In this paper we propose a timed IDS based on real time discrete event system(RTDES) for detecting PS-DoS attack. The proposed DES based IDS overcomes the drawbacks of existing systems and detects the PS-DoS attack with high accuracy and detection rate. The correctness of the RTDES based IDS is proved by experimenting all possible attack scenarios.展开更多
Introduction: The adverse drug events (ADEs) to second-line anti-TB drugs are one of the major reasons for the patients default on treatment. A general awareness of various adverse drug events (ADE) and their manageme...Introduction: The adverse drug events (ADEs) to second-line anti-TB drugs are one of the major reasons for the patients default on treatment. A general awareness of various adverse drug events (ADE) and their management is essential for the effective management of tuberculosis. Identification of adverse drug reaction profile of patients can be useful for the early detection, management and prevention of adverse drug events. Material and methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted after approved Institutional Ethics Committee. A total of 104 drug resistant tuberculosis patients registered from 1st November 2012 to 31st October 2013 started with second line anti-tubercular drugs under PMDT-RNCP after taking written informed consent. Adverse drug reaction during treatment recorded and assessed by Hart wig and WHO scale. Results: 87% patients experienced adverse drug reactions. Total 346 ADR were reported. Most common were gastritis (65%) and arthralgia (60.6%), others were nausea (35.6%), vomiting (32.7%), hyperuricemia (30.8%), giddiness (27%), anorexia (17.3), generalized weakness (15.4), insomnia (10.6%), psychosis (8.6%), hearing impairment (6.7%), hypersensitivity reaction (5.8%), peripheral neuropathy (4.8%), visual disturbance (3.8%), nephrotoxicity (2.9%), forgetfulness (2.9%), gynaecomastia (1.9%), hypothyroidism (1%), seizure (1%), and thrombocytopenia (1%). Conclusion: Majority of patients experienced wide range adverse drug reactions. Most of patients faced the problem within 2 - 3 months of initiation of treatment and managed by symptomatic. Early identification, prompt management and standardized reporting adverse drug reactions at all the level of healthcare are needed.展开更多
Objective:To compare embryonic development,ploidy status and clinical outcomes between fresh and frozen-thawed oocytes.Methods:This retrospective cohort study evaluated 83 fertilization cycles including both fresh and...Objective:To compare embryonic development,ploidy status and clinical outcomes between fresh and frozen-thawed oocytes.Methods:This retrospective cohort study evaluated 83 fertilization cycles including both fresh and frozen oocytes from 79 patients at the HP Fertility Center of Hai Phong International Hospital of Obstetrics and Pediatrics in Vietnam.The patient underwent several ovarian stimulation cycles to accumulate a certain number of oocytes that would be vitrified.In the last oocyte retrieval,all patient’s oocytes including both frozen and fresh would be fertilized.The outcomes included the rates of oocyte survival,cleavage embryo,blastocyst,ploidy status,pregnancy,biochemical pregnancy and clinical pregnancy.Results:The oocyte survival rate after thawing was 96.5%.No statistically significant difference was found when comparing fresh and frozen oocytes regarding fertilization rate(78.1%vs.75.5%,P=0.461),usable cleavage embryo rate(86.9%vs.87.2%,P=0.916)but usable blastocyst rate was found higher statistically in the frozen oocyte group(44.4%vs.54.0%,P=0.049).The percentages of euploid,aneuploid and mosaic embryos between the fresh group and the vitrified group had no significant differences(33.8%vs.31.6%,P=0.682;51.0%vs.54.2%,P=0.569;15.2%vs.12.4%,P=0.787;respectively).The rates of pregnancy,biochemical pregnancy and clinical pregnancy had no statistical difference(68.8%vs.64.8%,P=0.764;12.5%vs.3.6%,P=0.258;37.5%vs.46.4%,P=0.565).17 Mature oocytes are the minimum to have at least one euploid embryo.Conclusions:Oocyte vitrification does not affect embryonic,genetic and clinical results.The number of mature oocytes should be considered for fertilization in some cases.展开更多
Despite metal oxides offer excellent characteristics in the field of photocatalysis,they often suffer from charge carrier recombination as well as limited visible response,which indeed reduce the charge kinetics proce...Despite metal oxides offer excellent characteristics in the field of photocatalysis,they often suffer from charge carrier recombination as well as limited visible response,which indeed reduce the charge kinetics process and ultimately reduce the photocatalytic output.Defect engineering is a sophisticated technique to manufacture defects and alter the geometric structure and chemical environment of the host.The present study provides an all-inclusive outline of recent developments on the classification of metal oxide defects based on the dimensions of a host crystal lattice.Precisely,surface modification of metal oxides through 0D(point),1D(line),2D(planar),and 3D(volume)defects with their subsequent mechanism and impact on photocatalytic performance are presented.By wisely amending the morphology(cores along with the shells)and electronic structure of metal oxide photocatalysts(TiO_(2),ZnO,Bi_(2)O_(3),Fe_(2)O_(4) etc.)through different attuned and veritable approaches,their photocatalytic activity can be substantially improved.Optimal studies on defect engineering not only expose the altered physicochemical features but also modulate the electron-hole pair dynamics,stability,and active radical production for various photoredox reactions.Altered atomic,as well as electronic configuration,facilitated a photocatalyst material to have different optical features,adsorption properties along with improved carrier transfer as well as isolation rate.Thus,the systematic exploration of photocatalytic rudiments of defect rich metal oxide for various applications such as H_(2) evolution,CO_(2) reduction,pollutant degradation,and bacterial disinfection could bring significant research advancement in this field.展开更多
Populus species are important resources for industry and in scientific study on biological and agricul- tural systems. Our objective was to enhance the frequency of plant regeneration in Himalayan poplar （Populus cil...Populus species are important resources for industry and in scientific study on biological and agricul- tural systems. Our objective was to enhance the frequency of plant regeneration in Himalayan poplar （Populus ciliata wall. ex Royle）. The effect of TDZ alone and in combi- nation with adenine and NAA was studied on the regen- eration potential of petiole explants. The explants were excised from Himalayan poplar plants grown in glass- houses. After surface sterilization the explants were cul- tured on shoot induction medium. High percentage shoot regeneration （86 %） was recorded on MS medium sup- plemented with 0.004 mg L-1 TDZ and 79.7 mg L-1 adenine. The regenerated shoots for elongation and multi- plication were transferred to MS ＋ 0.5 mg L-1 BAP ＋ 0.2 mg L-1 IAA ＋ 0.3 mg L-1 GA3. Root re- generation from shoots developed in vitro was observed on MS medium supplemented with 0.10 mg L-1 IBA. Hi- malayan poplar plantlets could be produced within 2 months after acclimatization in a sterile mixture of sand and soil. We developed a high efficiency plant regeneration protocol from petiole explants of P. ciliata.展开更多
Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal ofattention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes.Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these field...Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal ofattention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes.Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these fields.They can decompose and remove organic pollutants from the aqueous environment,and prepare some fine chemicals.Moreover,they also can carry out some important reactions,such as 02 reduction reaction(ORR),O2 evolution reaction(OER),H2 evolution reaction(HER),CO2 reduction reaction(C02 RR),and N2 fixation(NRR).For catalytic reactions,it is the key to develop high-performance catalysts to meet the demand fortargeted reactions.In recentyears,two-dimensional(2 D) materials have attracted great interest in environmental catalysis due to their unique layered structures,which offer us to make use of their electronic and structural characteristics.Great progress has been made so far,including graphene,black phosphorus,oxides,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),chalcogenides,bismuth-based layered compounds,MXenes,metal organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent organic frameworks(COFs),and others.This content drives us to invite many famous groups in these fields to write the roadmap on two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis.We hope that this roadmap can give the useful guidance to researchers in future researches,and provide the research directions.展开更多
Benefiting from strong redox ability,improved charge transport,and enhanced charge separation,Zscheme heterostructures of ZnIn_(2)S_(4) based photocatalysts have received considerable interest to tackle energy needs a...Benefiting from strong redox ability,improved charge transport,and enhanced charge separation,Zscheme heterostructures of ZnIn_(2)S_(4) based photocatalysts have received considerable interest to tackle energy needs and environmental issues.The present review highlights the properties of ZnIn_(2)S_(4),which make it a promising photocatalyst,and a suitable combination with oxidation photocatalyst to form Zscheme,leading to improve their photocatalytic properties dramatically.As the central part of this review,various types of Z-scheme heterojunction developed recently based on ZnIn_(2)S_(4) and their application in pollutant degradation,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,and toxic metals remediation.Some analytical techniques to detect or trap the active radical and study the charge separation and lifetime of charge carriers in these Z-schemes are highlighted.This review offers its readers a broad optical window for the structural architecture of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based Z-schemes,photocatalytic activity,stability,and their technological applications.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities for further development on Z-Scheme ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based photocatalysts toward energy and environmental applications based on the recent progress.展开更多
The various methods for microwave processing of materials exhibit numerous advantages,such as short processing times,high yield,expanded reaction conditions,high reproducibility,and high purity of products.Microwave-a...The various methods for microwave processing of materials exhibit numerous advantages,such as short processing times,high yield,expanded reaction conditions,high reproducibility,and high purity of products.Microwave-assisted synthesis strategies have been widely adopted for the preparation of highperformance graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes.Metal oxides,mixed metal oxides,metal hydroxides,layered double hydroxides,carbon nanotubes and conducting polymers are some of the main materials which have been added to graphene derivatives for advanced composite/hybrid electrodes.This review article first provides a brief introduction and an overview of microwave heating and its advantages for processing graphene-based electrode materials.After that,a systematic survey of recently published research on microwave irradiation-assisted processing is presented,focusing on:(i)transformation of graphite/graphite oxide into graphene/graphene oxide by exfoliation and reduction;(ii)formation of graphene derivatives in various liquid and gaseous media;(iii)modification of graphene derivatives with various metal oxides/hydroxides,carbon nanotubes,and conducting polymers for use in supercapacitors.Major challenges and future perspectives for microwave-assisted processing of graphene-based materials for cutting-edge supercapacitor electrode applications are also summarized in the conclusion.展开更多
The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal i...The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its concentrations. In this study, the batch experiments were carried out under 30℃ to study the effect of pH, initial Cr concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time on the removal of Cr （lII）. The maximum adsorption efficiency （99%） was observed when 1.5 g of pond mud was used for removal ofCr （Ⅲ） from test solution containing 150 mg·Cr / 100 ml. The optimal pH and contact time recorded during the study were 6 and 10.0, respectively.展开更多
To provide faster access to the treatment of patients,healthcare system can be integrated with Internet of Things to provide prior and timely health services to the patient.There is a huge limitation in the sensing la...To provide faster access to the treatment of patients,healthcare system can be integrated with Internet of Things to provide prior and timely health services to the patient.There is a huge limitation in the sensing layer as the IoT devices here have low computational power,limited storage and less battery life.So,this huge amount of data needs to be stored on the cloud.The information and the data sensed by these devices is made accessible on the internet from where medical staff,doctors,relatives and family members can access this information.This helps in improving the treatment as well as getting faster medical assistance,tracking of routine activities and health focus of elderly people on frequent basis.However,the data transmission from IoT devices to the cloud faces many security challenges and is vulnerable to different security and privacy threats during the transmission path.The purpose of this research is to design a Certificateless Secured Signature Scheme that will provide a magnificent amount of security during the transmission of data.Certificateless signature,that removes the intricate certificate management and key escrow problem,is one of the practical methods to provide data integrity and identity authentication for the IoT.Experimental result shows that the proposed scheme performs better than the existing certificateless signature schemes in terms of computational cost,encryption and decryption time.This scheme is the best combination of high security and cost efficiency and is further suitable for the resource constrained IoT environment.展开更多
Background: Most data on the outcome of basilar artery occlusion are from recent case series of patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. The limited knowledge on the outcome after a conventional treatment ap...Background: Most data on the outcome of basilar artery occlusion are from recent case series of patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. The limited knowledge on the outcome after a conventional treatment approach comes from a few small case series of highly selected patients. Abstract:Objective: to provide more data on the outcome of conventional treatment. Methods: Data were analysed on patients from three centres with symptomatic basilar artery occlusion treated conventionally. Conventional therapy was defined as treatment with antiplatelets, anticoagulation, or both. Results: Data were available on 82 patients. The case fatality was 40%. Among survivors, 65%remained dependent (Rankin score 4-5). Patients younger than 60 years (odds ratio = 3.1 (95%confidence interval, 1.0 to 9.5)) and those with a minor stroke (OR = 3.1 (1.0 to 9.6)) were more likely to have a good outcome (Rankin score 0-3). Patients with a progressive stroke were less likely to have a good outcome (OR = 0.3 (0.08 to 1.2)) than patients with a maximum deficit at onset or fluctuating symptoms at presentation. Conclusions: Conventional treatment of symptomatic basilar artery occlusion is associated with a poor outcome in almost 80%of patients, which emphasises the importance of the search for a more effective treatment approach.展开更多
This paper concentrates on the study of the three-dimensional free vibrations in a homogenous isotropic, viscothermoelastic hollow sphere whose surfaces are subjected to stress free, thermally insulated or isothermal ...This paper concentrates on the study of the three-dimensional free vibrations in a homogenous isotropic, viscothermoelastic hollow sphere whose surfaces are subjected to stress free, thermally insulated or isothermal boundary conditions. The use of governing partial differential equations is solved into a coupled system of ordinary differential equations. The equation for toroidal motion gets decoupled from rest of the motion and remains unaffected due to thermal variations. Matrix Fr?benious method of extended power series is employed to obtain the solution. The secular equations for the existence of various types of possible modes of vibrations in the considered hollow sphere are derived in the com- pact form. The special cases of spheroidal and toroidal modes of vibrations of a hollow sphere have also been deduced and discussed. In order to explore the characteristics of vibrations the secular equations are further solved by using fixed point iteration numerical technique with the help of MATLAB software tools. The computer simulated results have been presented graphically for copper material.展开更多
The increasing demand for infrastructural facilities in hill areas needs efficient spatial planning at the local level through land suitability assessment,which is influenced by a number of factors. There has been lit...The increasing demand for infrastructural facilities in hill areas needs efficient spatial planning at the local level through land suitability assessment,which is influenced by a number of factors. There has been little systematic empirical work for identification and evaluation of the factors affecting spatial planning decisions in hill areas. The present study focuses on identifying the critical factors for land suitability assessment at the local level in hill areas and determining their percentage influence, which has been done in two stages. In the first stage, the comprehensive list of 21 factors from the reported literature was prepared which was further condensed to the critical factors. In the second stage, the percentage influence of the critical factors was calculated by analyzing the experts’ opinions collected through a questionnaire survey. Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) was used for the analysis of the questionnaire for weighting the critical factors. The slope was identified with the highest weight followed by aspect, surface runoff, elevation, and vegetation,whereas groundwater table, existing utilities,accessibility, soil type, and land use have comparatively less weights. The results of the study were used for the identification of locations for builtup facilities of an educational campus located in hill areas of Himachal Pradesh, India.展开更多
基金the funding support from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India
文摘Small RNAs （sRNAs） are 18-30 nt non-coding regulatory elements found in diverse organisms, which were initially identified as small double-stranded RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. With the development of new and improved technologies, sRNAs have also been identified and characterized in plant systems. Among them, micro RNAs （miRNAs） and small interfering RNAs （siRNAs） are found to be very important riboregulators in plants. Various types of sRNAs differ in their mode of biogenesis and in their function of gene regulation, sRNAs are involved in gene regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. They are known to regulate growth and development of plants. Furthermore, sRNAs especially plant miRNAs have been found to be involved in various stress responses, such as oxidative, mineral nutrient deficiency, dehydration, and even mechanical stimulus. Therefore, in the present review, we focus on the current understanding of biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of plant sRNAs and their responses to various abiotic stresses.
基金supported by the Spinoza grant of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and an ERC Advanced Grant(grant number833247)supported by the European Research Council(starting grant ERC-2009-StG-243149)+3 种基金the Novo Nordisk Foundation(research professorship grant to P.A.)the Danish National Research Foundation(grant DNRF108)the DANIDA,European Union FP7,and OPTIMUNISE(grant Health-F3-2011-261375 to the Bandim Health Project)supported by the Hypathia tenure track grant Radboud UMC。
文摘Genetic variation is a key factor influencing cytokine production capacity,but which genetic loci regulate cytokine production before and after vaccination,particularly in African population is unknown.Here,we aimed to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)controlling cytokine responses after microbial stimulation in infants of West-African ancestry,comprising of low-birth-weight neonates randomized to bacillus Calmette-Gue rin(BCG)vaccine-at-birth or to the usual delayed BCG.Genome-wide cytokine cytokine quantitative trait loci(cQTL)mapping revealed 12 independent loci,of which the LINC01082-LINC00917 locus influenced more than half of the cytokine-stimulation pairs assessed.Furthermore,nine distinct cQTLs were found among infants randomized to BCG.Functional validation confirmed that several complement genes affect cytokine response after BCG vaccination.We observed a limited overlap of common cQTLs between the West-African infants and cohorts of Western European individuals.These data reveal strong population-specific genetic effects on cytokine production and may indicate new opportunities for therapeutic intervention and vaccine development in African populations.
文摘Introduction: Reports indicate that fluorescent staining of smears increases sensitivity of direct microscopy;so ZN staining is being replaced with fluorescent microscopy in RNTCP in India. Chemical processing and sputum concentration may also improve sensitivity of microscopy. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy for AFB using ZN and fluorescent stains in direct and concentrated specimen with culture as gold standard. Methods: Morning sputum specimen of patients, suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis, over a period of 6 months was subjected to direct microscopy using fluorescent stain;the same slide was over-stained with ZN stain. Same sputum sample was concentrated by Petroff’s method and subjected to fluorescent microscopy followed by ZN microscopy and finally to culture for AFB. Results: Sensitivity of fluorescent stained concentrated sputum samples was maximum and of ZN stained unprocessed sputum samples was minimum. Specificity of three of the methods was equal at 0.96 but of ZN stained concentrated sputum smears was 0.97. Sensitivity of total fluorescent stains was 0.85 (Specificity 0.96) and sensitivity of total ZN stained smears was 0.80 (Specificity 0.96). Discussion: We used same smear for fluorescent and ZN stains, so smear related variability is decreased. Blinding for microscopy was practically complete. Conclusion: The sensitivity of sputum microscopy for AFB can be increased by concentrating the sputum and using fluorescent microscopy. The specificity remains high in all the methods.
基金supported by the 151 Projetion and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province.
文摘Let Ω be a bounded convex domain with C2 boundary in C2 and for given 0 < p, q ≤∞ and normal weight function (r) let Hp,q, be the mixed norm space on Ω. In this paper we prove that the Gleason's problem (Ω, a, Hp,q,) is solvable for any fixed point a ∈ Ω. While solving the Gleason's problem we obtain the boundedness of certain integral operator on Hp,q,.
基金supported by TATA Consultancy Servies(TCS)Research Fellowship Program,India
文摘Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to preserve energy without any frame losses. After the STA wakes up, it sends a null data or PS-Poll frame to retrieve frame(s) buffered by the access point(AP), if any during its sleep period. An attacker can launch a power save denial of service(PS-DoS) attack on the sleeping STA(s) by transmitting a spoofed null data or PS-Poll frame(s) to retrieve the buffered frame(s) of the sleeping STA(s) from the AP causing frame losses for the targeted STA(s). Current approaches to prevent or detect the PS-DoS attack require encryption,change in protocol or installation of proprietary hardware. These solutions suffer from expensive setup, maintenance, scalability and deployment issues. The PS-DoS attack does not differ in semantics or statistics under normal and attack circumstances.So signature and anomaly based intrusion detection system(IDS) are unfit to detect the PS-DoS attack. In this paper we propose a timed IDS based on real time discrete event system(RTDES) for detecting PS-DoS attack. The proposed DES based IDS overcomes the drawbacks of existing systems and detects the PS-DoS attack with high accuracy and detection rate. The correctness of the RTDES based IDS is proved by experimenting all possible attack scenarios.
文摘Introduction: The adverse drug events (ADEs) to second-line anti-TB drugs are one of the major reasons for the patients default on treatment. A general awareness of various adverse drug events (ADE) and their management is essential for the effective management of tuberculosis. Identification of adverse drug reaction profile of patients can be useful for the early detection, management and prevention of adverse drug events. Material and methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted after approved Institutional Ethics Committee. A total of 104 drug resistant tuberculosis patients registered from 1st November 2012 to 31st October 2013 started with second line anti-tubercular drugs under PMDT-RNCP after taking written informed consent. Adverse drug reaction during treatment recorded and assessed by Hart wig and WHO scale. Results: 87% patients experienced adverse drug reactions. Total 346 ADR were reported. Most common were gastritis (65%) and arthralgia (60.6%), others were nausea (35.6%), vomiting (32.7%), hyperuricemia (30.8%), giddiness (27%), anorexia (17.3), generalized weakness (15.4), insomnia (10.6%), psychosis (8.6%), hearing impairment (6.7%), hypersensitivity reaction (5.8%), peripheral neuropathy (4.8%), visual disturbance (3.8%), nephrotoxicity (2.9%), forgetfulness (2.9%), gynaecomastia (1.9%), hypothyroidism (1%), seizure (1%), and thrombocytopenia (1%). Conclusion: Majority of patients experienced wide range adverse drug reactions. Most of patients faced the problem within 2 - 3 months of initiation of treatment and managed by symptomatic. Early identification, prompt management and standardized reporting adverse drug reactions at all the level of healthcare are needed.
文摘Objective:To compare embryonic development,ploidy status and clinical outcomes between fresh and frozen-thawed oocytes.Methods:This retrospective cohort study evaluated 83 fertilization cycles including both fresh and frozen oocytes from 79 patients at the HP Fertility Center of Hai Phong International Hospital of Obstetrics and Pediatrics in Vietnam.The patient underwent several ovarian stimulation cycles to accumulate a certain number of oocytes that would be vitrified.In the last oocyte retrieval,all patient’s oocytes including both frozen and fresh would be fertilized.The outcomes included the rates of oocyte survival,cleavage embryo,blastocyst,ploidy status,pregnancy,biochemical pregnancy and clinical pregnancy.Results:The oocyte survival rate after thawing was 96.5%.No statistically significant difference was found when comparing fresh and frozen oocytes regarding fertilization rate(78.1%vs.75.5%,P=0.461),usable cleavage embryo rate(86.9%vs.87.2%,P=0.916)but usable blastocyst rate was found higher statistically in the frozen oocyte group(44.4%vs.54.0%,P=0.049).The percentages of euploid,aneuploid and mosaic embryos between the fresh group and the vitrified group had no significant differences(33.8%vs.31.6%,P=0.682;51.0%vs.54.2%,P=0.569;15.2%vs.12.4%,P=0.787;respectively).The rates of pregnancy,biochemical pregnancy and clinical pregnancy had no statistical difference(68.8%vs.64.8%,P=0.764;12.5%vs.3.6%,P=0.258;37.5%vs.46.4%,P=0.565).17 Mature oocytes are the minimum to have at least one euploid embryo.Conclusions:Oocyte vitrification does not affect embryonic,genetic and clinical results.The number of mature oocytes should be considered for fertilization in some cases.
文摘Despite metal oxides offer excellent characteristics in the field of photocatalysis,they often suffer from charge carrier recombination as well as limited visible response,which indeed reduce the charge kinetics process and ultimately reduce the photocatalytic output.Defect engineering is a sophisticated technique to manufacture defects and alter the geometric structure and chemical environment of the host.The present study provides an all-inclusive outline of recent developments on the classification of metal oxide defects based on the dimensions of a host crystal lattice.Precisely,surface modification of metal oxides through 0D(point),1D(line),2D(planar),and 3D(volume)defects with their subsequent mechanism and impact on photocatalytic performance are presented.By wisely amending the morphology(cores along with the shells)and electronic structure of metal oxide photocatalysts(TiO_(2),ZnO,Bi_(2)O_(3),Fe_(2)O_(4) etc.)through different attuned and veritable approaches,their photocatalytic activity can be substantially improved.Optimal studies on defect engineering not only expose the altered physicochemical features but also modulate the electron-hole pair dynamics,stability,and active radical production for various photoredox reactions.Altered atomic,as well as electronic configuration,facilitated a photocatalyst material to have different optical features,adsorption properties along with improved carrier transfer as well as isolation rate.Thus,the systematic exploration of photocatalytic rudiments of defect rich metal oxide for various applications such as H_(2) evolution,CO_(2) reduction,pollutant degradation,and bacterial disinfection could bring significant research advancement in this field.
文摘Populus species are important resources for industry and in scientific study on biological and agricul- tural systems. Our objective was to enhance the frequency of plant regeneration in Himalayan poplar （Populus ciliata wall. ex Royle）. The effect of TDZ alone and in combi- nation with adenine and NAA was studied on the regen- eration potential of petiole explants. The explants were excised from Himalayan poplar plants grown in glass- houses. After surface sterilization the explants were cul- tured on shoot induction medium. High percentage shoot regeneration （86 %） was recorded on MS medium sup- plemented with 0.004 mg L-1 TDZ and 79.7 mg L-1 adenine. The regenerated shoots for elongation and multi- plication were transferred to MS ＋ 0.5 mg L-1 BAP ＋ 0.2 mg L-1 IAA ＋ 0.3 mg L-1 GA3. Root re- generation from shoots developed in vitro was observed on MS medium supplemented with 0.10 mg L-1 IBA. Hi- malayan poplar plantlets could be produced within 2 months after acclimatization in a sterile mixture of sand and soil. We developed a high efficiency plant regeneration protocol from petiole explants of P. ciliata.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21603129 & 20871167)National Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 201601D202021)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion (No. J1819-903) for the financial support
文摘Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal ofattention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes.Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these fields.They can decompose and remove organic pollutants from the aqueous environment,and prepare some fine chemicals.Moreover,they also can carry out some important reactions,such as 02 reduction reaction(ORR),O2 evolution reaction(OER),H2 evolution reaction(HER),CO2 reduction reaction(C02 RR),and N2 fixation(NRR).For catalytic reactions,it is the key to develop high-performance catalysts to meet the demand fortargeted reactions.In recentyears,two-dimensional(2 D) materials have attracted great interest in environmental catalysis due to their unique layered structures,which offer us to make use of their electronic and structural characteristics.Great progress has been made so far,including graphene,black phosphorus,oxides,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),chalcogenides,bismuth-based layered compounds,MXenes,metal organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent organic frameworks(COFs),and others.This content drives us to invite many famous groups in these fields to write the roadmap on two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis.We hope that this roadmap can give the useful guidance to researchers in future researches,and provide the research directions.
文摘Benefiting from strong redox ability,improved charge transport,and enhanced charge separation,Zscheme heterostructures of ZnIn_(2)S_(4) based photocatalysts have received considerable interest to tackle energy needs and environmental issues.The present review highlights the properties of ZnIn_(2)S_(4),which make it a promising photocatalyst,and a suitable combination with oxidation photocatalyst to form Zscheme,leading to improve their photocatalytic properties dramatically.As the central part of this review,various types of Z-scheme heterojunction developed recently based on ZnIn_(2)S_(4) and their application in pollutant degradation,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,and toxic metals remediation.Some analytical techniques to detect or trap the active radical and study the charge separation and lifetime of charge carriers in these Z-schemes are highlighted.This review offers its readers a broad optical window for the structural architecture of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based Z-schemes,photocatalytic activity,stability,and their technological applications.Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities for further development on Z-Scheme ZnIn_(2)S_(4)-based photocatalysts toward energy and environmental applications based on the recent progress.
基金Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Department of Science&Technology(DST),New Delhi,India for providing research fund under Ramanujan Fellowship/Award(SB/S2/RJN-159/2017)。
文摘The various methods for microwave processing of materials exhibit numerous advantages,such as short processing times,high yield,expanded reaction conditions,high reproducibility,and high purity of products.Microwave-assisted synthesis strategies have been widely adopted for the preparation of highperformance graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes.Metal oxides,mixed metal oxides,metal hydroxides,layered double hydroxides,carbon nanotubes and conducting polymers are some of the main materials which have been added to graphene derivatives for advanced composite/hybrid electrodes.This review article first provides a brief introduction and an overview of microwave heating and its advantages for processing graphene-based electrode materials.After that,a systematic survey of recently published research on microwave irradiation-assisted processing is presented,focusing on:(i)transformation of graphite/graphite oxide into graphene/graphene oxide by exfoliation and reduction;(ii)formation of graphene derivatives in various liquid and gaseous media;(iii)modification of graphene derivatives with various metal oxides/hydroxides,carbon nanotubes,and conducting polymers for use in supercapacitors.Major challenges and future perspectives for microwave-assisted processing of graphene-based materials for cutting-edge supercapacitor electrode applications are also summarized in the conclusion.
文摘The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its concentrations. In this study, the batch experiments were carried out under 30℃ to study the effect of pH, initial Cr concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time on the removal of Cr （lII）. The maximum adsorption efficiency （99%） was observed when 1.5 g of pond mud was used for removal ofCr （Ⅲ） from test solution containing 150 mg·Cr / 100 ml. The optimal pH and contact time recorded during the study were 6 and 10.0, respectively.
基金This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,under Grant No.(D14-611-1443)The authors,therefore,gratefully acknowledge DSR technical and financial support。
文摘To provide faster access to the treatment of patients,healthcare system can be integrated with Internet of Things to provide prior and timely health services to the patient.There is a huge limitation in the sensing layer as the IoT devices here have low computational power,limited storage and less battery life.So,this huge amount of data needs to be stored on the cloud.The information and the data sensed by these devices is made accessible on the internet from where medical staff,doctors,relatives and family members can access this information.This helps in improving the treatment as well as getting faster medical assistance,tracking of routine activities and health focus of elderly people on frequent basis.However,the data transmission from IoT devices to the cloud faces many security challenges and is vulnerable to different security and privacy threats during the transmission path.The purpose of this research is to design a Certificateless Secured Signature Scheme that will provide a magnificent amount of security during the transmission of data.Certificateless signature,that removes the intricate certificate management and key escrow problem,is one of the practical methods to provide data integrity and identity authentication for the IoT.Experimental result shows that the proposed scheme performs better than the existing certificateless signature schemes in terms of computational cost,encryption and decryption time.This scheme is the best combination of high security and cost efficiency and is further suitable for the resource constrained IoT environment.
文摘Background: Most data on the outcome of basilar artery occlusion are from recent case series of patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. The limited knowledge on the outcome after a conventional treatment approach comes from a few small case series of highly selected patients. Abstract:Objective: to provide more data on the outcome of conventional treatment. Methods: Data were analysed on patients from three centres with symptomatic basilar artery occlusion treated conventionally. Conventional therapy was defined as treatment with antiplatelets, anticoagulation, or both. Results: Data were available on 82 patients. The case fatality was 40%. Among survivors, 65%remained dependent (Rankin score 4-5). Patients younger than 60 years (odds ratio = 3.1 (95%confidence interval, 1.0 to 9.5)) and those with a minor stroke (OR = 3.1 (1.0 to 9.6)) were more likely to have a good outcome (Rankin score 0-3). Patients with a progressive stroke were less likely to have a good outcome (OR = 0.3 (0.08 to 1.2)) than patients with a maximum deficit at onset or fluctuating symptoms at presentation. Conclusions: Conventional treatment of symptomatic basilar artery occlusion is associated with a poor outcome in almost 80%of patients, which emphasises the importance of the search for a more effective treatment approach.
文摘This paper concentrates on the study of the three-dimensional free vibrations in a homogenous isotropic, viscothermoelastic hollow sphere whose surfaces are subjected to stress free, thermally insulated or isothermal boundary conditions. The use of governing partial differential equations is solved into a coupled system of ordinary differential equations. The equation for toroidal motion gets decoupled from rest of the motion and remains unaffected due to thermal variations. Matrix Fr?benious method of extended power series is employed to obtain the solution. The secular equations for the existence of various types of possible modes of vibrations in the considered hollow sphere are derived in the com- pact form. The special cases of spheroidal and toroidal modes of vibrations of a hollow sphere have also been deduced and discussed. In order to explore the characteristics of vibrations the secular equations are further solved by using fixed point iteration numerical technique with the help of MATLAB software tools. The computer simulated results have been presented graphically for copper material.
文摘The increasing demand for infrastructural facilities in hill areas needs efficient spatial planning at the local level through land suitability assessment,which is influenced by a number of factors. There has been little systematic empirical work for identification and evaluation of the factors affecting spatial planning decisions in hill areas. The present study focuses on identifying the critical factors for land suitability assessment at the local level in hill areas and determining their percentage influence, which has been done in two stages. In the first stage, the comprehensive list of 21 factors from the reported literature was prepared which was further condensed to the critical factors. In the second stage, the percentage influence of the critical factors was calculated by analyzing the experts’ opinions collected through a questionnaire survey. Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) was used for the analysis of the questionnaire for weighting the critical factors. The slope was identified with the highest weight followed by aspect, surface runoff, elevation, and vegetation,whereas groundwater table, existing utilities,accessibility, soil type, and land use have comparatively less weights. The results of the study were used for the identification of locations for builtup facilities of an educational campus located in hill areas of Himachal Pradesh, India.
