Migratory connectivity describes the linkage between breeding and nonbreeding sites,having major ecological implications in birds:1 season influence the success of an individual or a population in the following season...Migratory connectivity describes the linkage between breeding and nonbreeding sites,having major ecological implications in birds:1 season influence the success of an individual or a population in the following season.Most studies on migratory connectivity have used large-scale approaches,often considering regional populations,but fine-scale studies are also necessary to understand colony connectivity.The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni,an insectivorous migratory raptor which form colonies during the breeding period,was considered to have strong connectivity based on regional populations.However,no small-scale studies on migratory connectivity have been conducted.Therefore,we GPS(Global Positioning System)-tracked 40 adult lesser kestrels from 15 different Spanish breeding colonies,estimating the overlap index between home ranges and the distance between their centroids.It was found that lesser kestrels from the same breeding colony placed their nonbreeding areas at 347±281 km(mean±standard deviation)away from each other(range=23-990),and their home ranges over-lapped by 38.4±23.6%.No differences between intra-colony and inter-colony metrics were found,which suggests that lesser kestrels from the same breeding cluster do not overwinter together,but they spread out and mixed independently of the colony belonging throughout the nonbreeding range of the species.Uitimately,this study highlights the importance of performing connectivity studies using fine-scale approaches.展开更多
The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area.Between 2012 and 2020,44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish...The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area.Between 2012 and 2020,44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish breeding population were tagged using GPS telemetry to study their dispersal.Juveniles left the parental breeding area at the end of their first summer and performed wandering movements throughout the Iberian Peninsula,returning to the parental breeding area the following year,repeating the same pattern until they settled in their first breeding area.We analyzed the mean distance from the nest,the maximum reached distances,and the traveled distances(daily and hourly)during the first 2 years of dispersal and compared them.Despite the high individual variability,variables describing the dispersal movements of juveniles showed a decreasing trend during the second dispersal year:80% of individuals reached a shorter maximum distance in the second year,70% decreased their mean distance to the nest,65% decreased their hourly traveled distances,and 50% decreased their daily traveled distances.On the other hand,the red kites usually combined wandering movements with the establishment of temporary settlement areas(TSA).The average duration of settlement in the TSAs was 75±40 days(up to 182 days)and was located at 182±168 km from the nest.In those areas,juveniles used 781.0±1895.0 km^(2)(KDE 95%).Some of the TSAs were used by several individuals,which suggests that these areas might be good targets for conservation in future management plans.展开更多
Large scavengers are strongly dependent on environmental conditions and carrion distribution and abundance,so season and breeding-related factors may influence the spatial ecology of species such as the Cinereous Vult...Large scavengers are strongly dependent on environmental conditions and carrion distribution and abundance,so season and breeding-related factors may influence the spatial ecology of species such as the Cinereous Vulture(Aegypius monachus),the largest European raptor.Iberia holds one of the biggest populations worldwide,but some aspects of the spatial ecology of the species in this region remain unknown.In this study,17 adult Cinereous Vultures were GPS-tracked in order to study their spatial ecology during the adult phase.The average monthly home ranges(95%Kernel Density Estimation,KDE)and core areas(50%KDE)were 6543±19,935 km^(2)and 1174±4004 km^(2),respectively.The average monthly home range fidelity ranged between 50 and 73%.Differences in movement-related variables between the seasonal periods(incubation,chick-rearing and non-breeding)were found.During the chick-rearing period,the monthly accumulated distance was higher than during the other periods:3316±1108(chick-rearing)vs.1621±622(incubation)vs.1726±1159 km per month(nonbreeding).Additionally,large home range sizes were more frequent during the chick-rearing period.There are two likely causes for these seasonal differences.Firstly,chick-rearing entails a higher energetic expenditure by the parental individuals in foraging activities,so larger movements and foraging areas are expected during this period.Secondly,the flight is favoured during spring and summer due to environmental conditions.Matching chick-rearing and warm months is a great evolutionary advantage for soaring-gliding raptors,as it allows them to cover larger areas with low energy expenditure.Furthermore,six individuals tagged as nestlings highlight the philopatric behaviour of the species:vultures settle their breeding areas 54±51 km from their natal nest(range=9–138 km).展开更多
基金Funding for lesser kestrels tagging was provided by Iberdrola Espana Foundation(MIGRA program of SEO/BirdLife),GREFA(supported by Ministerio para la Transicion Ecologica y Reto Demografico,Junta de Castilla-La Mancha and SEITT,s.a.),Cordoba Zoo,Alcala de Henares Municipality,and Global Nature Foundation within the LIFE Project"Steppe Farming"(LIFE15417NAT/ES/000734)Lina Lopez-Ricaurte has received financial support through the"La Caixa"INPhINIT Fellowship Grant for Doctoral studies at Spanish Research Centres of Excellence,"La Caixa"Banking Foundation,Barcelona,Spain.In Andalucia tags were funded byKESTRELS MOVE"project(ref:CGL201679249 P)(AEI/FEDER,UE)+1 种基金At the time of analyses and writing,this study was supported by projects MERCURIO(ref:PID2020-421115793GB)(AEI/FEDER,UE)SUMHAL European Regional Development Fund4(ref:LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-13)(MICINN,POPE 2014-2020).
文摘Migratory connectivity describes the linkage between breeding and nonbreeding sites,having major ecological implications in birds:1 season influence the success of an individual or a population in the following season.Most studies on migratory connectivity have used large-scale approaches,often considering regional populations,but fine-scale studies are also necessary to understand colony connectivity.The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni,an insectivorous migratory raptor which form colonies during the breeding period,was considered to have strong connectivity based on regional populations.However,no small-scale studies on migratory connectivity have been conducted.Therefore,we GPS(Global Positioning System)-tracked 40 adult lesser kestrels from 15 different Spanish breeding colonies,estimating the overlap index between home ranges and the distance between their centroids.It was found that lesser kestrels from the same breeding colony placed their nonbreeding areas at 347±281 km(mean±standard deviation)away from each other(range=23-990),and their home ranges over-lapped by 38.4±23.6%.No differences between intra-colony and inter-colony metrics were found,which suggests that lesser kestrels from the same breeding cluster do not overwinter together,but they spread out and mixed independently of the colony belonging throughout the nonbreeding range of the species.Uitimately,this study highlights the importance of performing connectivity studies using fine-scale approaches.
文摘The juvenile dispersal of raptors is a crucial stage that stretches from parental independence to the establishment of the first breeding area.Between 2012 and 2020,44 juvenile red kites Milvus milvus from the Spanish breeding population were tagged using GPS telemetry to study their dispersal.Juveniles left the parental breeding area at the end of their first summer and performed wandering movements throughout the Iberian Peninsula,returning to the parental breeding area the following year,repeating the same pattern until they settled in their first breeding area.We analyzed the mean distance from the nest,the maximum reached distances,and the traveled distances(daily and hourly)during the first 2 years of dispersal and compared them.Despite the high individual variability,variables describing the dispersal movements of juveniles showed a decreasing trend during the second dispersal year:80% of individuals reached a shorter maximum distance in the second year,70% decreased their mean distance to the nest,65% decreased their hourly traveled distances,and 50% decreased their daily traveled distances.On the other hand,the red kites usually combined wandering movements with the establishment of temporary settlement areas(TSA).The average duration of settlement in the TSAs was 75±40 days(up to 182 days)and was located at 182±168 km from the nest.In those areas,juveniles used 781.0±1895.0 km^(2)(KDE 95%).Some of the TSAs were used by several individuals,which suggests that these areas might be good targets for conservation in future management plans.
基金Iberdrola Espana Foundation(MIGRA program of SEO/Bird Life)Asociación Trenca+4 种基金Generalitat de CatalunyaJunta de ExtremaduraGREFA(supported by REDEIA, MITERD, Junta de Castilla y León, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla la Mancha, and Comunidad de Madrid)Cabaneros National ParkSierra de Guadarrama National Park
文摘Large scavengers are strongly dependent on environmental conditions and carrion distribution and abundance,so season and breeding-related factors may influence the spatial ecology of species such as the Cinereous Vulture(Aegypius monachus),the largest European raptor.Iberia holds one of the biggest populations worldwide,but some aspects of the spatial ecology of the species in this region remain unknown.In this study,17 adult Cinereous Vultures were GPS-tracked in order to study their spatial ecology during the adult phase.The average monthly home ranges(95%Kernel Density Estimation,KDE)and core areas(50%KDE)were 6543±19,935 km^(2)and 1174±4004 km^(2),respectively.The average monthly home range fidelity ranged between 50 and 73%.Differences in movement-related variables between the seasonal periods(incubation,chick-rearing and non-breeding)were found.During the chick-rearing period,the monthly accumulated distance was higher than during the other periods:3316±1108(chick-rearing)vs.1621±622(incubation)vs.1726±1159 km per month(nonbreeding).Additionally,large home range sizes were more frequent during the chick-rearing period.There are two likely causes for these seasonal differences.Firstly,chick-rearing entails a higher energetic expenditure by the parental individuals in foraging activities,so larger movements and foraging areas are expected during this period.Secondly,the flight is favoured during spring and summer due to environmental conditions.Matching chick-rearing and warm months is a great evolutionary advantage for soaring-gliding raptors,as it allows them to cover larger areas with low energy expenditure.Furthermore,six individuals tagged as nestlings highlight the philopatric behaviour of the species:vultures settle their breeding areas 54±51 km from their natal nest(range=9–138 km).
