A Geologic Time Scale (GTS2004) is presented that integrates currently available stratigraphic and geochronologic information. Key features of the new scale are outlined, how it was constructed, and how it can be furt...A Geologic Time Scale (GTS2004) is presented that integrates currently available stratigraphic and geochronologic information. Key features of the new scale are outlined, how it was constructed, and how it can be further improved. The accompanying International Stratigraphic Chart, issued under auspices of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), shows the current chronostratigraphic scale and ages with estimates of uncertainty for all stage boundaries. Special reference is made to the Precambrian part of the time scale, which is coming of age in terms of detail, and to the Neogene portion, which has attained an ultra-high-precision absolute-age calibration.展开更多
Single zircon LAM-ICPMS U-Pb dating indi-cates that the Guidong granitic complex is a multistage ba-tholith formed during Indosinian-Yanshanian time. The Luxi body (239 ± 5 Ma) and the Xiazhuang body (235.8 ±...Single zircon LAM-ICPMS U-Pb dating indi-cates that the Guidong granitic complex is a multistage ba-tholith formed during Indosinian-Yanshanian time. The Luxi body (239 ± 5 Ma) and the Xiazhuang body (235.8 ± 7.6 Ma) intruded during Indosinian time, whereas the Aizi body (160.1 ± 6.1 Ma) and the Siqian body (151 ± 11 Ma) formed during Yanshanian time. Inherited zircons (1275—2137 Ma) in the Xiazhuang body imply that at least part of the source rocks of the Guidong complex are from the Proterozoic basement of southeast China. Detailed single zirconLAM-ICPMS U-Pb dating results provide important evi-dence for understanding the evolution, tectonic setting andmineralisation of the complex.展开更多
U-Pb ages of zircon,monazite and xenotime from the Kude and the Sajia leucogranites in the Sajia dome of the North Hima- layan tectonic unit are measured using TIMS method. The results show that the magma emplacement ...U-Pb ages of zircon,monazite and xenotime from the Kude and the Sajia leucogranites in the Sajia dome of the North Hima- layan tectonic unit are measured using TIMS method. The results show that the magma emplacement ages for the Kude and the Sajia leu- cogranite are 27.5±0.5 and 14.4±0.2 Ma,respectively. Combined with published U-Pb data from the North Himalayan leu- cogranites,the time-span for the formation of the North Himalayan leucogranites is updated from 27.5 to 10 Ma,instead of previous 15 to 10 Ma.According to the U-Pb ages,the petrogenesis for the North Himalayan leucogranites can be constrained.It is suggested that the North Himalayan leu- cogranites have variety in their petrogenesis.展开更多
An important diplogenetic mineralization event superimposed on pre-existing exhalation sediments in the Tongling area, Anhui province, was triggered by widespread granitic magmatism along the northeastern margin of th...An important diplogenetic mineralization event superimposed on pre-existing exhalation sediments in the Tongling area, Anhui province, was triggered by widespread granitic magmatism along the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block during 140–135 Ma under extensional tectonic circumstances following the collision between the North China and Yangtze blocks. The main orebodies of the Dongguashan copper deposit, a typical diplogenetic stratified deposit among many polymetallic ore deposits in China, are hosted by strata between Upper Devonian sandstone and Carboniferous limestone, and its mineralization was genetically related to the Qingshanjiao intrusive. The Rb-Sr isotopic isochron of the Qingshanjiao intrusive yields an age of about 136.5±1.4 Ma. The ore-forming fluid reflected by the inclusion fluid in quartz veins is characterized by high temperature and high salinity, and its age was also determined by Rb -Sr isotope dating as 134±11 Ma. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition data suggest that the ore-forming fluid was derived mainly from magmatism. By integrating these isotopic dating data, characteristics of fluid inclusions and the geology of the deposit, the mineralization of the Dongguashan copper deposit is divided into two stages. First, a stratiform sedimentary deposit or protore layer formed in the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous, while in the second stage the pre-existing protore was superimposed by hydrothermal fluid that was derived from the Yanshanian magmatic activities occurring around 135 Ma ago. This two-stage mineralization formed the Dongguashan statiform copper deposit. Associated “porphyry” mineralization found in the bottom of and in surrounding intrusive rocks of the orebodies might have occurred in the same period as a second-stage mineralization of this deposit.展开更多
He-Ar isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions trapped in pyrites from some representative PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series in South China were analyzed by using an inert gas isotopic mas...He-Ar isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions trapped in pyrites from some representative PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series in South China were analyzed by using an inert gas isotopic mass spectrometer. The results show that the ore-forming fluids possess a low 3He/4He ratio, varying from 0.43×10-8 to 26.39×10-8, with corresponding R/Ra value of 0.003-0.189. The 40Ar/36Ar ratios are 258-287, close to those of air saturated water (ASW). He-Ar isotopic indicator studies show that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from the formation water or basinal hot brine and sea water, while the content of mantle-derived fluid or deep-derived magmatic water might be negligible. The PGE-polymetallic mineralization might be related to the evolution of the Caledonian miogeosynclines distributed along the southern margin of the Yangtze Craton. During the Early Cambrian, the formation water or basinal hot brine trapped in Caledonian basins which accumulated giant thick sediments was expelled and migrated laterally along strata because of the pressure generated by overlying sediments. The basinal hot brine ascended along faults, mixed with sea water and finally deposited ore minerals.展开更多
Since the eruption of the Tianchi volcano about 1000 years ago, there have been at least 3 to 5 eruptions of small to moderate size. In addition, hazardous avalanches, rock falls and debris flows have occurred during ...Since the eruption of the Tianchi volcano about 1000 years ago, there have been at least 3 to 5 eruptions of small to moderate size. In addition, hazardous avalanches, rock falls and debris flows have occurred during periods between eruptions. A future eruption of the Tianchi volcano is likely to involve explosive interaction between magma and the caldera lake. The volume of erupted magma is almost in a range of 0.1-0.5 km3. Tephra fallout may damage agriculture in a large area near the volcano. If only 1% of the lake water were ejected during an eruption and then precipitated over an area of 200 km2, the average rainfall would be 100 mm. Moreover, lahars are likely to occur as both tephra and water ejected from the caldera lake fall onto flanks of the volcano. Rocks avalanching into the caldera lake also would bring about grave hazards because seiches would be triggered and lake water with the volume equal to that of the landslide would spill out of the existing breach in the caldera and cause flooding downstream.展开更多
Exquisitely preserved three-dimensional soft- bodied fossils and typical Orsten-type preservation have been found from the strata of Middle and Late Cambrian in western Hunan, China. A preliminary description is provi...Exquisitely preserved three-dimensional soft- bodied fossils and typical Orsten-type preservation have been found from the strata of Middle and Late Cambrian in western Hunan, China. A preliminary description is provided for Hesslandona sp. (Phosphatocopida, Crustacea, Arthro-poda) and Skara sp. (Skaracarida, Crustaceam, Arthropoda). The scientific significance of Orsten-type preservation and prospects for future work on these fossils from Hunan are outlined.展开更多
This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation...This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation of reflection and refraction waves, long offset NMO and stacking and forward modeling and inversion. These processing techniques have been applied for the first time to land seismic data from Liaohe areas, resulting in greatly improved quality of the deep formation and better imaging of the shallow layer obtained in the volcanic-shielded area. Wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic surveys were carried out in the Liaohe area using the maximum offset of 6500m and with the target around 2000ms. In the processing, we adopted the τ-p transform and the high-order normal moveout correction.展开更多
The results of TEM investigation indicate that magnetite and maghemite are the major ferromagnetic minerals in loess-paleosol sequences. Primary magnetite has the similar morphology and surface characteristics as eoli...The results of TEM investigation indicate that magnetite and maghemite are the major ferromagnetic minerals in loess-paleosol sequences. Primary magnetite has the similar morphology and surface characteristics as eolian detrital particles. The magnetite can be classified into two categories, high-titanium and low-titanium, which may be the indicators of magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks, respectively. TEM investigation at nanometer scale shows that primary detrital magnetite of micron scale had been partially weathered to maghemite of 5～20 nanometer during the pedogenic process, which maintain the pseudomorphism of the aeolian debris. Some chlorite particles were also weathered to nanometer scale magnetite or maghemite in the pedogenic process. So weathering of the two minerals leads to formation of superparamagnetism, which may be the important mechanism of magnetic-susceptibility increase in paleosols. The magnetite or maghemite resulting from the weathering of chlorite contains a small amount of P and S, which is the signal of microbe-mineral interaction, and indicates that microbes may play a certain role in chlorite weathering and formation of superparamagnetic particles.展开更多
文摘A Geologic Time Scale (GTS2004) is presented that integrates currently available stratigraphic and geochronologic information. Key features of the new scale are outlined, how it was constructed, and how it can be further improved. The accompanying International Stratigraphic Chart, issued under auspices of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), shows the current chronostratigraphic scale and ages with estimates of uncertainty for all stage boundaries. Special reference is made to the Precambrian part of the time scale, which is coming of age in terms of detail, and to the Neogene portion, which has attained an ultra-high-precision absolute-age calibration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40125007,40132010 and 40221301).
文摘Single zircon LAM-ICPMS U-Pb dating indi-cates that the Guidong granitic complex is a multistage ba-tholith formed during Indosinian-Yanshanian time. The Luxi body (239 ± 5 Ma) and the Xiazhuang body (235.8 ± 7.6 Ma) intruded during Indosinian time, whereas the Aizi body (160.1 ± 6.1 Ma) and the Siqian body (151 ± 11 Ma) formed during Yanshanian time. Inherited zircons (1275—2137 Ma) in the Xiazhuang body imply that at least part of the source rocks of the Guidong complex are from the Proterozoic basement of southeast China. Detailed single zirconLAM-ICPMS U-Pb dating results provide important evi-dence for understanding the evolution, tectonic setting andmineralisation of the complex.
文摘U-Pb ages of zircon,monazite and xenotime from the Kude and the Sajia leucogranites in the Sajia dome of the North Hima- layan tectonic unit are measured using TIMS method. The results show that the magma emplacement ages for the Kude and the Sajia leu- cogranite are 27.5±0.5 and 14.4±0.2 Ma,respectively. Combined with published U-Pb data from the North Himalayan leu- cogranites,the time-span for the formation of the North Himalayan leucogranites is updated from 27.5 to 10 Ma,instead of previous 15 to 10 Ma.According to the U-Pb ages,the petrogenesis for the North Himalayan leucogranites can be constrained.It is suggested that the North Himalayan leu- cogranites have variety in their petrogenesis.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.49873016,40221301)the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(No.20020284035)
文摘An important diplogenetic mineralization event superimposed on pre-existing exhalation sediments in the Tongling area, Anhui province, was triggered by widespread granitic magmatism along the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block during 140–135 Ma under extensional tectonic circumstances following the collision between the North China and Yangtze blocks. The main orebodies of the Dongguashan copper deposit, a typical diplogenetic stratified deposit among many polymetallic ore deposits in China, are hosted by strata between Upper Devonian sandstone and Carboniferous limestone, and its mineralization was genetically related to the Qingshanjiao intrusive. The Rb-Sr isotopic isochron of the Qingshanjiao intrusive yields an age of about 136.5±1.4 Ma. The ore-forming fluid reflected by the inclusion fluid in quartz veins is characterized by high temperature and high salinity, and its age was also determined by Rb -Sr isotope dating as 134±11 Ma. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition data suggest that the ore-forming fluid was derived mainly from magmatism. By integrating these isotopic dating data, characteristics of fluid inclusions and the geology of the deposit, the mineralization of the Dongguashan copper deposit is divided into two stages. First, a stratiform sedimentary deposit or protore layer formed in the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous, while in the second stage the pre-existing protore was superimposed by hydrothermal fluid that was derived from the Yanshanian magmatic activities occurring around 135 Ma ago. This two-stage mineralization formed the Dongguashan statiform copper deposit. Associated “porphyry” mineralization found in the bottom of and in surrounding intrusive rocks of the orebodies might have occurred in the same period as a second-stage mineralization of this deposit.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(grants40173025,49928201)Trans-century Training Program Foundation for the Talents by the Ministry of Education the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Labs in Universities.
文摘He-Ar isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions trapped in pyrites from some representative PGE-polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series in South China were analyzed by using an inert gas isotopic mass spectrometer. The results show that the ore-forming fluids possess a low 3He/4He ratio, varying from 0.43×10-8 to 26.39×10-8, with corresponding R/Ra value of 0.003-0.189. The 40Ar/36Ar ratios are 258-287, close to those of air saturated water (ASW). He-Ar isotopic indicator studies show that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from the formation water or basinal hot brine and sea water, while the content of mantle-derived fluid or deep-derived magmatic water might be negligible. The PGE-polymetallic mineralization might be related to the evolution of the Caledonian miogeosynclines distributed along the southern margin of the Yangtze Craton. During the Early Cambrian, the formation water or basinal hot brine trapped in Caledonian basins which accumulated giant thick sediments was expelled and migrated laterally along strata because of the pressure generated by overlying sediments. The basinal hot brine ascended along faults, mixed with sea water and finally deposited ore minerals.
基金The research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(40172033)and the state volcano program of the tenth Five-Year Plan period(2001BA601B06-01-4).
文摘Since the eruption of the Tianchi volcano about 1000 years ago, there have been at least 3 to 5 eruptions of small to moderate size. In addition, hazardous avalanches, rock falls and debris flows have occurred during periods between eruptions. A future eruption of the Tianchi volcano is likely to involve explosive interaction between magma and the caldera lake. The volume of erupted magma is almost in a range of 0.1-0.5 km3. Tephra fallout may damage agriculture in a large area near the volcano. If only 1% of the lake water were ejected during an eruption and then precipitated over an area of 200 km2, the average rainfall would be 100 mm. Moreover, lahars are likely to occur as both tephra and water ejected from the caldera lake fall onto flanks of the volcano. Rocks avalanching into the caldera lake also would bring about grave hazards because seiches would be triggered and lake water with the volume equal to that of the landslide would spill out of the existing breach in the caldera and cause flooding downstream.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40372001 and 40072007 to DXP)Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.023106 to XPD)+2 种基金funded by the Research Fund for Doctoral Program of High Education(Grant No.2000000127 to XPD)the Funding of Peking University(to XPD),the Royal Society(to XPD and PCJD),the international cooperation program of NSFC(to PCJD and XPD)the Natural Environment Research Council(Grant Nos.NER/M/S/2002/00069 and NE/C511256/1 to PCJD).
文摘Exquisitely preserved three-dimensional soft- bodied fossils and typical Orsten-type preservation have been found from the strata of Middle and Late Cambrian in western Hunan, China. A preliminary description is provided for Hesslandona sp. (Phosphatocopida, Crustacea, Arthro-poda) and Skara sp. (Skaracarida, Crustaceam, Arthropoda). The scientific significance of Orsten-type preservation and prospects for future work on these fossils from Hunan are outlined.
文摘This paper presents the special processing methods used for wide-angle land seismic data through both theoretical study and model testing. They are different from conventional ones in the following aspects: separation of reflection and refraction waves, long offset NMO and stacking and forward modeling and inversion. These processing techniques have been applied for the first time to land seismic data from Liaohe areas, resulting in greatly improved quality of the deep formation and better imaging of the shallow layer obtained in the volcanic-shielded area. Wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic surveys were carried out in the Liaohe area using the maximum offset of 6500m and with the target around 2000ms. In the processing, we adopted the τ-p transform and the high-order normal moveout correction.
基金supported by the Outstanding Overseas Chinese Scholars Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2003-1-7)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40072017,40273002 and 40173003)the National Basic Research Development Program(Grant No.G1999043401).
文摘The results of TEM investigation indicate that magnetite and maghemite are the major ferromagnetic minerals in loess-paleosol sequences. Primary magnetite has the similar morphology and surface characteristics as eolian detrital particles. The magnetite can be classified into two categories, high-titanium and low-titanium, which may be the indicators of magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks, respectively. TEM investigation at nanometer scale shows that primary detrital magnetite of micron scale had been partially weathered to maghemite of 5～20 nanometer during the pedogenic process, which maintain the pseudomorphism of the aeolian debris. Some chlorite particles were also weathered to nanometer scale magnetite or maghemite in the pedogenic process. So weathering of the two minerals leads to formation of superparamagnetism, which may be the important mechanism of magnetic-susceptibility increase in paleosols. The magnetite or maghemite resulting from the weathering of chlorite contains a small amount of P and S, which is the signal of microbe-mineral interaction, and indicates that microbes may play a certain role in chlorite weathering and formation of superparamagnetic particles.
