The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector.However,the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to ...The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector.However,the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge.Recently,insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed.The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals’growth and feed utilization,immune response and disease resistance,and fish flesh quality and safety.While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture,the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens),and the mealworm(Tenebrio molitor)are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed.Generally,insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product’s nutritional composition,digestibility,shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals.Also,insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used,biomass processing method,and test organism.Overall,while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals,more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.展开更多
Background Despite the increasing focus on strengthening One Health capacity building on global level,challenges remain in devising and implementing real-world interventions particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.Rec...Background Despite the increasing focus on strengthening One Health capacity building on global level,challenges remain in devising and implementing real-world interventions particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.Recognizing these gaps,the One Health Action Commission(OHAC)was established as an academic community for One Health action with an emphasis on research agenda setting to identify actions for highest impact.Main text This viewpoint describes the agenda of,and motivation for,the recently formed OHAC.Recognizing the urgent need for evidence to support the formulation of necessary action plans,OHAC advocates the adoption of both bottom-up and top-down approaches to identify the current gaps in combating zoonoses,antimicrobial resistance,addressing food safety,and to enhance capacity building for context-sensitive One Health implementation.Conclusions By promoting broader engagement and connection of multidisciplinary stakeholders,OHAC envisions a collaborative global platform for the generation of innovative One Health knowledge,distilled practical experience and actionable policy advice,guided by strong ethical principles of One Health.展开更多
Proteomic analyses were done on 2 chemosensory appendages of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Proteins in the fore tarsi, which contain the olfactory Haller＇s organ, and in the palps, that include gustatory ...Proteomic analyses were done on 2 chemosensory appendages of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Proteins in the fore tarsi, which contain the olfactory Haller＇s organ, and in the palps, that include gustatory sensilla, were compared with proteins in the third tarsi. Also, male and female ticks were compared. Proteins were identified by sequence similarity to known proteins, and by 3-dimensional homology modeling. Proteomic data were also compared with organ-specific transcriptomes from the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The fore tarsi express a lipocalin not found in the third tarsi or palps. The fore tarsi and palps abundantly express 2 proteins, which are similar to insect odorant-binding proteins （OBPs）. Compared with insect OBPs, the tick OBP-like sequences lacked the cysteine absent in C-minus OBPs, and 1 tick OBP-like sequence had additional cysteines that were similar to C-plus OBPs. Four proteins similar to the antibiotic protein microplusin were found： 2 exclusively expressed in the fore tarsi and 1 exclusively expressed in the palps. These proteins lack the microplusin copper-binding site, but they are modeled to have a significant internal cavity, potentially a ligand-binding site. Proteins similar to the dust mite allergens Der p7 and Der f 7 were found differentially expressed in female fore tarsi. A protein exclusively expressed in the fore tarsi has similarities to Neto, which is known to be involved in clustering ofionotropic glutamate receptors. These results constitute the first report of OBP-like protein sequences in ticks and point to several research avenues on tick chemosensory reception.展开更多
Background: The objective of the present study was to estimate(co)variance components of female fertility traits in Chinese Holsteins, considering fertility traits in different parities as different traits. Data on 88...Background: The objective of the present study was to estimate(co)variance components of female fertility traits in Chinese Holsteins, considering fertility traits in different parities as different traits. Data on 88,647 females with 215,632 records(parities) were collected during 2000 to 2014 from 32 herds in the Sanyuan Lvhe Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, China. The analyzed female fertility traits included interval from calving to first insemination, interval from first to last insemination, days open, conception rate at first insemination, number of inseminations per conception and non-return rates within 56 days after first insemination.Results: The descriptive statistics showed that the average fertility of heifers was superior to that of cows. Moreover,the genetic correlations between the performances of a trait in heifers and in cows were all moderate to high but far from one, which suggested that the performances of a trait in heifers and cows should be considered as different but genetically correlated traits in genetic evaluations. On the other hand, genetic correlations between performances of a trait in different parities of cows were greater than 0.87, with only a few exceptions, but variances were not homogeneous across parities for some traits. The estimated heritabilities of female fertility traits were low; all were below 0.049(except for interval from calving to first insemination). Additionally, the heritabilities of the heifer interval traits were lower than those of the corresponding cow interval traits. Moreover, the heritabilities of the interval traits were higher than those of the threshold traits when measuring similar fertility functions. In general, estimated genetic correlations between traits were highly consistent with the biological categories of the female fertility traits.Conclusions: Interval from calving to first insemination, interval from first to last insemination and non-return rates within 56 days after first insemination are recommended to be included in the selection in展开更多
The study was conducted with the objectives to quantify year round availability of different vegetables waste(VW) in a wholesale market and to determine the inclusion level of a processed VW(VWP) in the diets of bulls...The study was conducted with the objectives to quantify year round availability of different vegetables waste(VW) in a wholesale market and to determine the inclusion level of a processed VW(VWP) in the diets of bulls. The daily VW biomass availability at Kawran bazaar, Dhaka, Bangladesh was quantified by weighing the vegetable supply and their wastes by visiting 2 days in a week. Concurrently, VW of cucumber, bitter gourd, spotted gourd, brinjal, pumpkin, potato, tomato, ladies finger, and snake gourd representing 0.21, 0.18, 0.17, 0.16, 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, 0.03, and 0.02 as fresh fractions, respectively were blended, dried and stored while adding rice polish and common salt at 200 and 20 g/kg DM, respectively;it was tested in bulls as an ingredient of concentrate mixture. Four dietary groups, each of 6 bulls, with initial average live weight(LW) of 85.47 ± 17 kg, were fed fresh German grass(Echinochloa polystachya)ad libitum supplemented with 4 different concentrates containing 0, 10%, 20% and 30% VWP at the rate of1% of LW for 89 days. The availability of VW biomass of the market was 42.51 t/d and recycling of them as feed, instead of using landfills, might reduce annual methane emission by 0.43 Gg. The inclusion of VWP in the diet up to 9.7% of DM, or 0.30% of LW of bulls showed no significant effect on the DM intake,digestibility, growth performance and health status of bulls. The dietary DM intake represented 3.10%,3.09%, 3.20% and 3.14% of LW resulting in daily gain of 302, 300, 312 and 344 g, respectively. The digestibility of DM of diets was 56.9%, 62.8%, 62.8% and 63.4%, respectively. It was concluded that VWP may be included at a level of 9.7% of the diet(DM basis) or 0.30% of LW of bulls.展开更多
In this experiment conducted to study the inactivation dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV） by binary ethylenimine （BEI） in comparison with formalin, IBDV was isolated from the bursa of infected chic...In this experiment conducted to study the inactivation dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV） by binary ethylenimine （BEI） in comparison with formalin, IBDV was isolated from the bursa of infected chickens and its confirmation was done by agar gel precipitation test. Viral suspensions were subjected to inactivation with BEI and formalin for pre-set time in- tervals. BEI was employed at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L while formalin was used at 0.1% and 0.2%. Sampling was done at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation and samples were tested for their inactivation status in 9-day-old embryonated eggs and 3-week-old broiler chickens. IBDV was completely inactivated by 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L BEI after 36 h of incubation at 37℃, whereas formalin at 0. 1% and 0.2% concentrations inactivated IBDV in 24 h.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate(GML)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced immunological stress and intestinal mucosal injury in broilers and its underlying mechanisms.A total o...This study was conducted to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate(GML)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced immunological stress and intestinal mucosal injury in broilers and its underlying mechanisms.A total of 144 one-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to a 22 factorial arrangement involving dietary treatment(0 or 1,200 mg/kg dietary GML)and LPS challenge(injected with saline or Escherichia coli LPS on d 16,18,and 20).Samples were collected on d 21.The results revealed that dietary GML augmented serum immunoglobulin A(P=0.009)and immunoglobulin G(P<0.001)levels in challenged birds.Dietary GML normalized LPS-induced variations in serum interleukin-6,interferongamma,and LPS levels(P<0.05),jejunal villus height(P=0.030),and gene expression of interleukin-6,macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha,Toll-like receptor 4,nuclear factor kappa-B,caspase-1,tight junction proteins,adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha 1(AMPKa1),nuclear factorerythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),and superoxide dismutase-1(P<0.05).GML supplementation ameliorated LPS-induced peroxidation by reducing malondialdehyde content and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity(P<0.05).Dietary GML enhanced the abundances of Anaerostipes,Pseudoflavonifractor,and Gordonibacter and reduced the proportion of Phascolarctobacterium in challenged birds.Dietary GML was positively correlated with alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities and AMPKa1,Nrf2,and zonula occludens-1 expressions.The genera Anaerostipes,Lachnospira,Gordonibacter,Lachnospira,Marvinbryantia,Peptococcus,and Pseudoflavonifractor were linked to attenuated inflammation and improved antioxidant capacity of challenged birds.In conclusion,dietary GML alleviated LPS-induced immunological stress and intestinal injury of broilers by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.Dietary GML regulated cecal microbiota and activated the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway in LPS-challenged broilers.展开更多
In 1997, we conducted a vegetation survey in three semi-arid natural grasslands （steppes） with different livestock grazing intensities in Southwest Heilongjiang Province, China, The dominant grassland species was th...In 1997, we conducted a vegetation survey in three semi-arid natural grasslands （steppes） with different livestock grazing intensities in Southwest Heilongjiang Province, China, The dominant grassland species was the grass Stipa baicalensis Roshev. Grasslands with light, intermediate, and heavy grazing intensities were located 10, 5, and 2 km from a village, respectively. Villagers use the steppe to raise cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Each of the three grasslands was surveyed by placing 100 quadrats （50 cm×50 cm） along a 50 m line transect. Each quadrat was divided into four equal areas （25 cm×25 cm; S-quadrats） and all plant species occurring in each of these smaller areas were identified and recorded. These data were summarized into frequency distributions and the percentage of S-quadrats containing a given species and the variance of each species were estimated. The power law was applied to these estimates. The power law was used to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity and frequency of occurrence for each species in the grassland community. The lightly grazed grassland exhibited high spatial heterogeneity （caused by large plant size）, the highest species diversity, and a high occurrence of S. baicalensis. In contrast, the heavily grazed grassland exhibited high spatial heterogeneity （caused by patchy populations of small plant size）, low species diversity, and a low occurrence of S. baicalensis. We judged that the heavily grazed grassland was overgrazed and exclusion of livestock from the degraded areas is necessary for recovery.展开更多
Sheep were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and then spread globally,where they have been encountering various environmental conditions.The Tibetan sheep has adapted to high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ...Sheep were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and then spread globally,where they have been encountering various environmental conditions.The Tibetan sheep has adapted to high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 3000 years.To explore genomic variants associated with high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan sheep,we analyzed Illumina short-reads of 994 whole genomes representing∼60 sheep breeds/populations at varied altitudes,PacBio High fidelity(HiFi)reads of 13 breeds,and 96 transcriptomes from 12 sheep organs.Association testing between the inhabited altitudes and 34,298,967 variants was conducted to investigate the genetic architecture of altitude adaptation.Highly accurate HiFi reads were used to complement the current ovine reference assembly at the most significantly associatedβ-globin locus and to validate the presence of two haplotypes A and B among 13 sheep breeds.The haplotype A carried two homologous gene clusters:(1)HBE1,HBE2,HBB-like,and HBBC,and(2)HBE1-like,HBE2-like,HBB-like,and HBB;while the haplotype B lacked the first cluster.The high-altitude sheep showed highly frequent or nearly fixed haplotype A,while the low-altitude sheep dominated by haplotype B.We further demonstrated that sheep with haplotype A had an increased hemoglobin–O_(2) affinity compared with those carrying haplotype B.Another highly associated genomic region contained the EGLN1 gene which showed varied expression between high-altitude and low-altitude sheep.Our results provide evidence that the rapid adaptive evolution of advantageous alleles play an important role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of Tibetan sheep.展开更多
Wild relatives of crop are key genetic resources serving as diversity reservoirs for crop improvement under changing environments.Rice(Oryza sativa)is one of the most important crops in the world,providing staple food...Wild relatives of crop are key genetic resources serving as diversity reservoirs for crop improvement under changing environments.Rice(Oryza sativa)is one of the most important crops in the world,providing staple food for half of the world's population.Wild rice is thus a critical germplasm resource for sustained global food security,ensuring high production yields,improved quality,and stress resistance in the face of climate change.Wild rice is closely related to domesticated rice and has a rich genetic diversity and exceptional adaptability to extreme environments.It has played a pivotal role in the history of rice hybridization and has become a key resource for rice breeding programs.The identification of wild-type cytoplasmic male sterility resources paved the way for the achievement of the“three lines”goal in hybrid rice,leading to a significant increase in rice yields.In addition,the use of resistance alleles found in wild rice is making rice production more resilient to losses caused by environmental stresses.However,wild rice germplasm resources are threatened due to habitat destruction and other anthropogenic factors.At the same time,the lack of centralized distribution of wild rice has hampered the sharing of basic information on wild rice resources and the utilization and conservation of wild rice in each country,as well as collaboration among scientists.展开更多
The utilization of urea in camels has beneficial and negative effects. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrients intake, digestibility,growth perfo...The utilization of urea in camels has beneficial and negative effects. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrients intake, digestibility,growth performance, feed efficiency and economics in growing camels fed roughage based complete pellet diets. In the present study, eighteen growing camels with an average live body weight of306.17 ± 2.05 kg were randomly assigned in three treatments: T1 = roughage complete pellet diet without urea,T2 = T1 plus 1% urea,and T3 = T1 plus 2% urea. The results showed that the urea supplementation significantly affected average daily feed and nutrient intake of dry matter(DM), organic matter(OM), crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and acid detergent fiber(ADF)(P < 0.05).On the contrary, the average daily intake of nitrogen free extract(NFE) and water were not influenced by increasing urea supplementation(P > 0.05). Similarly, digestion coefficient of DM, CP, ether extract(EE),crude fiber(CF) and ADF was influenced by increasing urea level(P < 0.05), while the digestion coefficient of OM, NFE and NDF was not affected by increasing urea level(P > 0.05). The intake of digestive nutrients was similar among all treatment groups. Total body live weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher in urea supplemented groups(P < 0.05) than in the control group. The supplementation of urea at 1% in low quality roughage complete pellet diets significantly improved(P < 0.05) the feed efficiency. In conclusion,these results indicated that the incorporation of urea at 1% in roughage based complete pellet diets could positively improve nutrients intake, digestibility, growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of growing camels.展开更多
Molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication.However,domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic.We therefore com...Molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication.However,domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic.We therefore compared several population characteristics between these two lineages based on global sampling,which included 171 sequences obtained in this study(including Middle Asian,East Asian,and African samples)plus 536 published sequences(including European,Asian,and African samples).The two lineages were clearly separated from each other based on whole mitochondrial genomes and partial non-coding displacement loop(D-loop)sequences,respectively.The Clade I lineage experienced an increase in population size more than 8000 years ago and shows a complex haplotype network.In contrast,the population size of the Clade II lineage has remained relatively constant,with a simpler haplotype network.Although the distribution of the two lineages was almost equal across the Eurasian mainland,they still presented discernible but complex geographic bias in most parts of Africa,which are known as their domestication sites.Donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa tended to descend from the Clade I lineage,whereas the Clade II lineage was dominant along the East and North coasts of Africa.Furthermore,the migration routes inferred from diversity decay suggested different expansion across China between the two lineages.Altogether,these differences indicated non-simultaneous domestication of the two lineages,which was possibly influenced by the response of pastoralists to the desertification of the Sahara and by the social expansion and trade of ancient humans in Northeast Africa,respectively.展开更多
Aurochs(Bos primigenius),once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia,became extinct in the early 1600 s.However,their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown.In this study,we analyzed 1...Aurochs(Bos primigenius),once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia,became extinct in the early 1600 s.However,their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown.In this study,we analyzed 16 genomes of ancient aurochs and three mitogenomes of ancient bison(Bison priscus)excavated in East Asia,dating from 43,000 to 3,590 years ago.These newly generated data with previously published genomic information on aurochs as well as ancient/extant domestic cattle worldwide through genome analysis.Ourfindings revealed significant genetic divergence between East Asian aurochs and their European,Near Eastern,and African counterparts on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data.Furthermore,we identified evidence of geneflow from East Asian aurochs into ancient and present-day taurine cattle,suggesting their potential role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle.展开更多
As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase it...As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase its utilization in ruminant＇s nutrition. The biological treatments are the most common with more safe-treated products. In most cases, the biological treatments are paralleled with decreased crude fiber and fiber fractions content with increased crude protein content. Direct-fed microbial and exogenous enzymes to animal are other ways of biological methods for improving nutritive value of feeds. Here in this review, we will try to cover the biological treatments of by-products from different sides view with different types of animals and different animal end-products.展开更多
Maximizing sow reproductive performance is vital for ensuring healthy piglet supply,feed efficiency,and profitability,which requires understanding factors such as nutrition,disease control,genetics,herd management,and...Maximizing sow reproductive performance is vital for ensuring healthy piglet supply,feed efficiency,and profitability,which requires understanding factors such as nutrition,disease control,genetics,herd management,and their interplay.It is well documented that most reproductive issues in sows stem from extreme fluctuations in body reserves[1].Thus,optimizing reproduction should prioritize regulating body reserves and making continuous nutritional adjustments throughout a sow’s life[1,2].However,the traditional one-size-fits-all feeding strategy may not meet individual sow needs under varying conditions.This feeding strategy leads to nutrient under-or over-feeding,which may result in a lack of performance and health issues on the one hand,and economic loss and negative environmental effects on the other.展开更多
Yeasts and organic minerals are used in diets to improve health, productive performance and some carcass characteristics of ruminants and non-ruminants. Thirty-two lambs（Pelibuey×Katahdin; BW=（30.55±1.67）...Yeasts and organic minerals are used in diets to improve health, productive performance and some carcass characteristics of ruminants and non-ruminants. Thirty-two lambs（Pelibuey×Katahdin; BW=（30.55±1.67） kg; n=8） were used in a 56-d feeding experiment to study the effects of different levels of live yeast（Saccharomyces cerevisiae; yeast）, selenium（Se） and chromium（Cr） mixed（Se-Cr）, and a mixture of yeast-Se-Cr on growth performance and carcass traits. Animals were stratified by body weight（BW） and randomly assigned to one of four treatments： 1） control group（0.0 g kg–1 yeast）; 2） yeast（1.50 g kg–1 dry matter intake（DMI） d–1）; 3） Se-Cr premix（1.5 mg kg–1 DMI d–1 for each mineral）; and 4） yeast-Se-Cr mixture. There were no treatment effects on final BW; whereas lambs fed Se-Cr or yeast-Se-Cr had higher（P〈0.05） DMI than animals supplemented with only yeast. Average daily gain（ADG）, gain：feed ratio, chop area, dorsal fat and carcass yield were similar（P〉0.05） among treatment groups. In conclusion, supplementation with yeast, Se-Cr mixed or yeast-Se-Cr did not improve ADG, final BW, back fat content and carcass yield of growing of Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs. Supplementation with Se-Cr and yeast-Se-Cr increased DMI, and approximately 250 g ADG animal–1 d–1 was produced with no negative effects on growth and health of the animals.展开更多
Pampus argenteus and Pampus chinensis form the high-value demersal Pomfret fishery of Bangladesh.But,due to a monotonic decline in catches over the last five years,it is essential to explore the current stock status c...Pampus argenteus and Pampus chinensis form the high-value demersal Pomfret fishery of Bangladesh.But,due to a monotonic decline in catches over the last five years,it is essential to explore the current stock status concerning the removal rate to ensure the sustainability of this fishery.Therefore,given the reliability and minimal data requirements,this study employed an extended Bayesian State-Space Surplus Production Model,JABBA(Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment),to assess the stock rigorously.The results revealed that the stock biomass of the Pomfret fishery in the final year of the time series is significantly lower than BMSY,the biomass required to produce MSY.Consequently,this study recommends a yearly catch limit(TAC)of 10,000 metric tons to prevent further depletion of the stock biomass.Furthermore,to avoid growth overfishing by allowing all immature fishes to reproduce at least once before being caught,this study also calculated the optimum length(Lopt)for catch for both species at which biologically maximum yield and revenue can be obtained.The estimated Lopt is 25 cm for P.argenteus and 30 cm for P.chinensis,and not to capture fishes with lengths lower than these limits,this study further calculated the minimum mesh size limits for gill and set bag nets is 7.5 cm.Though the mesh size regulation was estimated using length-based reference points derived from an empirical equation,this regulation can be used as an associate reference point when TAC is applied to assure the sustainability of this fishery.展开更多
基金funded by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)(R/FRGS/A07.00/00387A/005/2013/00107)Niche Research Grant Scheme(NRGS)(R/NRGS/A0.700/00387A/006/2014/00152)partially supported by Chiang Mai University。
文摘The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector.However,the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge.Recently,insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed.The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals’growth and feed utilization,immune response and disease resistance,and fish flesh quality and safety.While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture,the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens),and the mealworm(Tenebrio molitor)are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed.Generally,insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product’s nutritional composition,digestibility,shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals.Also,insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used,biomass processing method,and test organism.Overall,while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals,more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.
基金supported in whole by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(No.INV-046218)
文摘Background Despite the increasing focus on strengthening One Health capacity building on global level,challenges remain in devising and implementing real-world interventions particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.Recognizing these gaps,the One Health Action Commission(OHAC)was established as an academic community for One Health action with an emphasis on research agenda setting to identify actions for highest impact.Main text This viewpoint describes the agenda of,and motivation for,the recently formed OHAC.Recognizing the urgent need for evidence to support the formulation of necessary action plans,OHAC advocates the adoption of both bottom-up and top-down approaches to identify the current gaps in combating zoonoses,antimicrobial resistance,addressing food safety,and to enhance capacity building for context-sensitive One Health implementation.Conclusions By promoting broader engagement and connection of multidisciplinary stakeholders,OHAC envisions a collaborative global platform for the generation of innovative One Health knowledge,distilled practical experience and actionable policy advice,guided by strong ethical principles of One Health.
文摘Proteomic analyses were done on 2 chemosensory appendages of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Proteins in the fore tarsi, which contain the olfactory Haller＇s organ, and in the palps, that include gustatory sensilla, were compared with proteins in the third tarsi. Also, male and female ticks were compared. Proteins were identified by sequence similarity to known proteins, and by 3-dimensional homology modeling. Proteomic data were also compared with organ-specific transcriptomes from the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The fore tarsi express a lipocalin not found in the third tarsi or palps. The fore tarsi and palps abundantly express 2 proteins, which are similar to insect odorant-binding proteins （OBPs）. Compared with insect OBPs, the tick OBP-like sequences lacked the cysteine absent in C-minus OBPs, and 1 tick OBP-like sequence had additional cysteines that were similar to C-plus OBPs. Four proteins similar to the antibiotic protein microplusin were found： 2 exclusively expressed in the fore tarsi and 1 exclusively expressed in the palps. These proteins lack the microplusin copper-binding site, but they are modeled to have a significant internal cavity, potentially a ligand-binding site. Proteins similar to the dust mite allergens Der p7 and Der f 7 were found differentially expressed in female fore tarsi. A protein exclusively expressed in the fore tarsi has similarities to Neto, which is known to be involved in clustering ofionotropic glutamate receptors. These results constitute the first report of OBP-like protein sequences in ticks and point to several research avenues on tick chemosensory reception.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-37)the Genomic Selection in Plants and Animals(Gen SAP)research project financed by the Danish Council of Strategic Research(Aarhus,Denmark)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholar and Innovation Research Team in University(IRT1191)provided by the China Scholarship Council(CSC)
文摘Background: The objective of the present study was to estimate(co)variance components of female fertility traits in Chinese Holsteins, considering fertility traits in different parities as different traits. Data on 88,647 females with 215,632 records(parities) were collected during 2000 to 2014 from 32 herds in the Sanyuan Lvhe Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, China. The analyzed female fertility traits included interval from calving to first insemination, interval from first to last insemination, days open, conception rate at first insemination, number of inseminations per conception and non-return rates within 56 days after first insemination.Results: The descriptive statistics showed that the average fertility of heifers was superior to that of cows. Moreover,the genetic correlations between the performances of a trait in heifers and in cows were all moderate to high but far from one, which suggested that the performances of a trait in heifers and cows should be considered as different but genetically correlated traits in genetic evaluations. On the other hand, genetic correlations between performances of a trait in different parities of cows were greater than 0.87, with only a few exceptions, but variances were not homogeneous across parities for some traits. The estimated heritabilities of female fertility traits were low; all were below 0.049(except for interval from calving to first insemination). Additionally, the heritabilities of the heifer interval traits were lower than those of the corresponding cow interval traits. Moreover, the heritabilities of the interval traits were higher than those of the threshold traits when measuring similar fertility functions. In general, estimated genetic correlations between traits were highly consistent with the biological categories of the female fertility traits.Conclusions: Interval from calving to first insemination, interval from first to last insemination and non-return rates within 56 days after first insemination are recommended to be included in the selection in
基金support of the leading wholesalers,vegetable transporters and waste cleaners of Kawran bazaar vegetable market during quanti?cation activities
文摘The study was conducted with the objectives to quantify year round availability of different vegetables waste(VW) in a wholesale market and to determine the inclusion level of a processed VW(VWP) in the diets of bulls. The daily VW biomass availability at Kawran bazaar, Dhaka, Bangladesh was quantified by weighing the vegetable supply and their wastes by visiting 2 days in a week. Concurrently, VW of cucumber, bitter gourd, spotted gourd, brinjal, pumpkin, potato, tomato, ladies finger, and snake gourd representing 0.21, 0.18, 0.17, 0.16, 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, 0.03, and 0.02 as fresh fractions, respectively were blended, dried and stored while adding rice polish and common salt at 200 and 20 g/kg DM, respectively;it was tested in bulls as an ingredient of concentrate mixture. Four dietary groups, each of 6 bulls, with initial average live weight(LW) of 85.47 ± 17 kg, were fed fresh German grass(Echinochloa polystachya)ad libitum supplemented with 4 different concentrates containing 0, 10%, 20% and 30% VWP at the rate of1% of LW for 89 days. The availability of VW biomass of the market was 42.51 t/d and recycling of them as feed, instead of using landfills, might reduce annual methane emission by 0.43 Gg. The inclusion of VWP in the diet up to 9.7% of DM, or 0.30% of LW of bulls showed no significant effect on the DM intake,digestibility, growth performance and health status of bulls. The dietary DM intake represented 3.10%,3.09%, 3.20% and 3.14% of LW resulting in daily gain of 302, 300, 312 and 344 g, respectively. The digestibility of DM of diets was 56.9%, 62.8%, 62.8% and 63.4%, respectively. It was concluded that VWP may be included at a level of 9.7% of the diet(DM basis) or 0.30% of LW of bulls.
基金Project (No. PSF/Res/P-AU/Bio (246)) supported by Pakistan Sci-ence Foundation (PSF)
文摘In this experiment conducted to study the inactivation dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV） by binary ethylenimine （BEI） in comparison with formalin, IBDV was isolated from the bursa of infected chickens and its confirmation was done by agar gel precipitation test. Viral suspensions were subjected to inactivation with BEI and formalin for pre-set time in- tervals. BEI was employed at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L while formalin was used at 0.1% and 0.2%. Sampling was done at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation and samples were tested for their inactivation status in 9-day-old embryonated eggs and 3-week-old broiler chickens. IBDV was completely inactivated by 0.001 and 0.002 mol/L BEI after 36 h of incubation at 37℃, whereas formalin at 0. 1% and 0.2% concentrations inactivated IBDV in 24 h.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC170)the Shandong Province Agricultural Industry Technology(SDAIT-11-08).
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate(GML)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced immunological stress and intestinal mucosal injury in broilers and its underlying mechanisms.A total of 144 one-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to a 22 factorial arrangement involving dietary treatment(0 or 1,200 mg/kg dietary GML)and LPS challenge(injected with saline or Escherichia coli LPS on d 16,18,and 20).Samples were collected on d 21.The results revealed that dietary GML augmented serum immunoglobulin A(P=0.009)and immunoglobulin G(P<0.001)levels in challenged birds.Dietary GML normalized LPS-induced variations in serum interleukin-6,interferongamma,and LPS levels(P<0.05),jejunal villus height(P=0.030),and gene expression of interleukin-6,macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha,Toll-like receptor 4,nuclear factor kappa-B,caspase-1,tight junction proteins,adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha 1(AMPKa1),nuclear factorerythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),and superoxide dismutase-1(P<0.05).GML supplementation ameliorated LPS-induced peroxidation by reducing malondialdehyde content and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity(P<0.05).Dietary GML enhanced the abundances of Anaerostipes,Pseudoflavonifractor,and Gordonibacter and reduced the proportion of Phascolarctobacterium in challenged birds.Dietary GML was positively correlated with alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities and AMPKa1,Nrf2,and zonula occludens-1 expressions.The genera Anaerostipes,Lachnospira,Gordonibacter,Lachnospira,Marvinbryantia,Peptococcus,and Pseudoflavonifractor were linked to attenuated inflammation and improved antioxidant capacity of challenged birds.In conclusion,dietary GML alleviated LPS-induced immunological stress and intestinal injury of broilers by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.Dietary GML regulated cecal microbiota and activated the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway in LPS-challenged broilers.
文摘In 1997, we conducted a vegetation survey in three semi-arid natural grasslands （steppes） with different livestock grazing intensities in Southwest Heilongjiang Province, China, The dominant grassland species was the grass Stipa baicalensis Roshev. Grasslands with light, intermediate, and heavy grazing intensities were located 10, 5, and 2 km from a village, respectively. Villagers use the steppe to raise cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Each of the three grasslands was surveyed by placing 100 quadrats （50 cm×50 cm） along a 50 m line transect. Each quadrat was divided into four equal areas （25 cm×25 cm; S-quadrats） and all plant species occurring in each of these smaller areas were identified and recorded. These data were summarized into frequency distributions and the percentage of S-quadrats containing a given species and the variance of each species were estimated. The power law was applied to these estimates. The power law was used to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity and frequency of occurrence for each species in the grassland community. The lightly grazed grassland exhibited high spatial heterogeneity （caused by large plant size）, the highest species diversity, and a high occurrence of S. baicalensis. In contrast, the heavily grazed grassland exhibited high spatial heterogeneity （caused by patchy populations of small plant size）, low species diversity, and a low occurrence of S. baicalensis. We judged that the heavily grazed grassland was overgrazed and exclusion of livestock from the degraded areas is necessary for recovery.
基金supported by the Tibetan R&D Program,China(Grant No.XZ202101ZD0001N)the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-39)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31900313,32161143010,and 31972526).
文摘Sheep were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and then spread globally,where they have been encountering various environmental conditions.The Tibetan sheep has adapted to high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 3000 years.To explore genomic variants associated with high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan sheep,we analyzed Illumina short-reads of 994 whole genomes representing∼60 sheep breeds/populations at varied altitudes,PacBio High fidelity(HiFi)reads of 13 breeds,and 96 transcriptomes from 12 sheep organs.Association testing between the inhabited altitudes and 34,298,967 variants was conducted to investigate the genetic architecture of altitude adaptation.Highly accurate HiFi reads were used to complement the current ovine reference assembly at the most significantly associatedβ-globin locus and to validate the presence of two haplotypes A and B among 13 sheep breeds.The haplotype A carried two homologous gene clusters:(1)HBE1,HBE2,HBB-like,and HBBC,and(2)HBE1-like,HBE2-like,HBB-like,and HBB;while the haplotype B lacked the first cluster.The high-altitude sheep showed highly frequent or nearly fixed haplotype A,while the low-altitude sheep dominated by haplotype B.We further demonstrated that sheep with haplotype A had an increased hemoglobin–O_(2) affinity compared with those carrying haplotype B.Another highly associated genomic region contained the EGLN1 gene which showed varied expression between high-altitude and low-altitude sheep.Our results provide evidence that the rapid adaptive evolution of advantageous alleles play an important role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of Tibetan sheep.
文摘Wild relatives of crop are key genetic resources serving as diversity reservoirs for crop improvement under changing environments.Rice(Oryza sativa)is one of the most important crops in the world,providing staple food for half of the world's population.Wild rice is thus a critical germplasm resource for sustained global food security,ensuring high production yields,improved quality,and stress resistance in the face of climate change.Wild rice is closely related to domesticated rice and has a rich genetic diversity and exceptional adaptability to extreme environments.It has played a pivotal role in the history of rice hybridization and has become a key resource for rice breeding programs.The identification of wild-type cytoplasmic male sterility resources paved the way for the achievement of the“three lines”goal in hybrid rice,leading to a significant increase in rice yields.In addition,the use of resistance alleles found in wild rice is making rice production more resilient to losses caused by environmental stresses.However,wild rice germplasm resources are threatened due to habitat destruction and other anthropogenic factors.At the same time,the lack of centralized distribution of wild rice has hampered the sharing of basic information on wild rice resources and the utilization and conservation of wild rice in each country,as well as collaboration among scientists.
基金funded by NSFC(3150196431501965+1 种基金31402088)research program of State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,Nanchang University(Project No.SKLF-ZZB-201509)
文摘The utilization of urea in camels has beneficial and negative effects. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrients intake, digestibility,growth performance, feed efficiency and economics in growing camels fed roughage based complete pellet diets. In the present study, eighteen growing camels with an average live body weight of306.17 ± 2.05 kg were randomly assigned in three treatments: T1 = roughage complete pellet diet without urea,T2 = T1 plus 1% urea,and T3 = T1 plus 2% urea. The results showed that the urea supplementation significantly affected average daily feed and nutrient intake of dry matter(DM), organic matter(OM), crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and acid detergent fiber(ADF)(P < 0.05).On the contrary, the average daily intake of nitrogen free extract(NFE) and water were not influenced by increasing urea supplementation(P > 0.05). Similarly, digestion coefficient of DM, CP, ether extract(EE),crude fiber(CF) and ADF was influenced by increasing urea level(P < 0.05), while the digestion coefficient of OM, NFE and NDF was not affected by increasing urea level(P > 0.05). The intake of digestive nutrients was similar among all treatment groups. Total body live weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher in urea supplemented groups(P < 0.05) than in the control group. The supplementation of urea at 1% in low quality roughage complete pellet diets significantly improved(P < 0.05) the feed efficiency. In conclusion,these results indicated that the incorporation of urea at 1% in roughage based complete pellet diets could positively improve nutrients intake, digestibility, growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of growing camels.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA2004010302)Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(2019QZKK0501)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860305)Sino-Africa Joint Research Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SAJC201611)Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Y.L.was supported by the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan ProvinceSamples used in this study were provided by the Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Large Research Infrastructure Funding)
文摘Molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication.However,domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic.We therefore compared several population characteristics between these two lineages based on global sampling,which included 171 sequences obtained in this study(including Middle Asian,East Asian,and African samples)plus 536 published sequences(including European,Asian,and African samples).The two lineages were clearly separated from each other based on whole mitochondrial genomes and partial non-coding displacement loop(D-loop)sequences,respectively.The Clade I lineage experienced an increase in population size more than 8000 years ago and shows a complex haplotype network.In contrast,the population size of the Clade II lineage has remained relatively constant,with a simpler haplotype network.Although the distribution of the two lineages was almost equal across the Eurasian mainland,they still presented discernible but complex geographic bias in most parts of Africa,which are known as their domestication sites.Donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa tended to descend from the Clade I lineage,whereas the Clade II lineage was dominant along the East and North coasts of Africa.Furthermore,the migration routes inferred from diversity decay suggested different expansion across China between the two lineages.Altogether,these differences indicated non-simultaneous domestication of the two lineages,which was possibly influenced by the response of pastoralists to the desertification of the Sahara and by the social expansion and trade of ancient humans in Northeast Africa,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41820104008,U2202207,U23A20161,T2222030 and 32102523)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-37)+1 种基金the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(2452021153)the Independent Research Fund Denmark(8028-00005B).
文摘Aurochs(Bos primigenius),once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia,became extinct in the early 1600 s.However,their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown.In this study,we analyzed 16 genomes of ancient aurochs and three mitogenomes of ancient bison(Bison priscus)excavated in East Asia,dating from 43,000 to 3,590 years ago.These newly generated data with previously published genomic information on aurochs as well as ancient/extant domestic cattle worldwide through genome analysis.Ourfindings revealed significant genetic divergence between East Asian aurochs and their European,Near Eastern,and African counterparts on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data.Furthermore,we identified evidence of geneflow from East Asian aurochs into ancient and present-day taurine cattle,suggesting their potential role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle.
文摘As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase its utilization in ruminant＇s nutrition. The biological treatments are the most common with more safe-treated products. In most cases, the biological treatments are paralleled with decreased crude fiber and fiber fractions content with increased crude protein content. Direct-fed microbial and exogenous enzymes to animal are other ways of biological methods for improving nutritive value of feeds. Here in this review, we will try to cover the biological treatments of by-products from different sides view with different types of animals and different animal end-products.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1300401,2022YFD1300403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2054,U22A20510,32072745,32102571,32130099)+1 种基金Excellent Youth Foundation of Hunan Province(2022JJ20027)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-35)。
文摘Maximizing sow reproductive performance is vital for ensuring healthy piglet supply,feed efficiency,and profitability,which requires understanding factors such as nutrition,disease control,genetics,herd management,and their interplay.It is well documented that most reproductive issues in sows stem from extreme fluctuations in body reserves[1].Thus,optimizing reproduction should prioritize regulating body reserves and making continuous nutritional adjustments throughout a sow’s life[1,2].However,the traditional one-size-fits-all feeding strategy may not meet individual sow needs under varying conditions.This feeding strategy leads to nutrient under-or over-feeding,which may result in a lack of performance and health issues on the one hand,and economic loss and negative environmental effects on the other.
基金Dr. Adelfo Vite Aranda (Biotecap S A de C V, Tepatitlán, Jalisco, Mexico) for supplying ingredients and financial support used to this research
文摘Yeasts and organic minerals are used in diets to improve health, productive performance and some carcass characteristics of ruminants and non-ruminants. Thirty-two lambs（Pelibuey×Katahdin; BW=（30.55±1.67） kg; n=8） were used in a 56-d feeding experiment to study the effects of different levels of live yeast（Saccharomyces cerevisiae; yeast）, selenium（Se） and chromium（Cr） mixed（Se-Cr）, and a mixture of yeast-Se-Cr on growth performance and carcass traits. Animals were stratified by body weight（BW） and randomly assigned to one of four treatments： 1） control group（0.0 g kg–1 yeast）; 2） yeast（1.50 g kg–1 dry matter intake（DMI） d–1）; 3） Se-Cr premix（1.5 mg kg–1 DMI d–1 for each mineral）; and 4） yeast-Se-Cr mixture. There were no treatment effects on final BW; whereas lambs fed Se-Cr or yeast-Se-Cr had higher（P〈0.05） DMI than animals supplemented with only yeast. Average daily gain（ADG）, gain：feed ratio, chop area, dorsal fat and carcass yield were similar（P〉0.05） among treatment groups. In conclusion, supplementation with yeast, Se-Cr mixed or yeast-Se-Cr did not improve ADG, final BW, back fat content and carcass yield of growing of Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs. Supplementation with Se-Cr and yeast-Se-Cr increased DMI, and approximately 250 g ADG animal–1 d–1 was produced with no negative effects on growth and health of the animals.
文摘Pampus argenteus and Pampus chinensis form the high-value demersal Pomfret fishery of Bangladesh.But,due to a monotonic decline in catches over the last five years,it is essential to explore the current stock status concerning the removal rate to ensure the sustainability of this fishery.Therefore,given the reliability and minimal data requirements,this study employed an extended Bayesian State-Space Surplus Production Model,JABBA(Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment),to assess the stock rigorously.The results revealed that the stock biomass of the Pomfret fishery in the final year of the time series is significantly lower than BMSY,the biomass required to produce MSY.Consequently,this study recommends a yearly catch limit(TAC)of 10,000 metric tons to prevent further depletion of the stock biomass.Furthermore,to avoid growth overfishing by allowing all immature fishes to reproduce at least once before being caught,this study also calculated the optimum length(Lopt)for catch for both species at which biologically maximum yield and revenue can be obtained.The estimated Lopt is 25 cm for P.argenteus and 30 cm for P.chinensis,and not to capture fishes with lengths lower than these limits,this study further calculated the minimum mesh size limits for gill and set bag nets is 7.5 cm.Though the mesh size regulation was estimated using length-based reference points derived from an empirical equation,this regulation can be used as an associate reference point when TAC is applied to assure the sustainability of this fishery.
