Joint experiments(JEs)on small tokamaks have been regularly performed between 2005 and 2015 under the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)coordinated research projects(CRPs).This paper describes t...Joint experiments(JEs)on small tokamaks have been regularly performed between 2005 and 2015 under the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)coordinated research projects(CRPs).This paper describes the background and the rationale for these experiments,how they were organized and executed,main areas of research covered during these experiments,main results,contributions to mainstream fusion research,and discusses lessons learned and outcomes from these activities.We underline several of the most important scientific outputs and also specific outputs in the education of young scientists and scientists from developing countries and their importance.展开更多
The thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts hosts the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.Its embedded protein complexes are responsible for light harvesting,excitation energy transfer,charge separation,and tra...The thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts hosts the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.Its embedded protein complexes are responsible for light harvesting,excitation energy transfer,charge separation,and transport.In higher plants,when the illumination conditions vary,the membrane adapts its composition and nanoscale morphology,which is characterized by appressed and non-appressed regions known as grana and stroma lamellae,respectively.Here we investigate the nanophotonic regime of light propagation in chloroplasts of higher plants and identify novel mechanisms in the optical response of the thylakoid membrane.Our results indicate that the relative contributions of light scattering and absorption to the overall optical response of grana strongly depend on the concentration of the light-harvesting complexes.For the pigment concentrations typically found in chloroplasts,the two mechanisms have comparable strengths,and their relative value can be tuned by variations in the protein composition or in the granal diameter.Furthermore,we find that collective modes in ensembles of grana significantly increase light absorption at selected wavelengths,even in the presence of moderate biological disorder.Small variations in the granal separation or a large disorder can dismantle this collective response.We propose that chloroplasts use this mechanism as a strategy against dangerously high illumination conditions,triggering a transition to low-absorbing states.We conclude that the morphological separation of the thylakoid membrane in higher plants supports strong nanophotonic effects,which may be used by chloroplasts to regulate light absorption.This adaptive self-organization capability is of interest as a model for novel bioinspired optical materials for artificial photosynthesis,imaging,and sensing.展开更多
基金supported by funding by the IAEA technical contracts within IAEA Coordinated Research Projects on‘Joint Research Using Small Tokamaks’and on‘Utilisation of a Network of Small Magnetic Confinement Fusion Devices for Mainstream Fusion Research’funded by Russian Science Foundation,Project 19-12-00312+3 种基金partly supported by the Competitiveness Program of NRNU MEPhIthe partial financial support from MEPhI and NRU MPEI in the framework of the Russian Academic Excellence Projectsupported by Tokamak Energy LtdOxford Instruments(UK)。
文摘Joint experiments(JEs)on small tokamaks have been regularly performed between 2005 and 2015 under the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)coordinated research projects(CRPs).This paper describes the background and the rationale for these experiments,how they were organized and executed,main areas of research covered during these experiments,main results,contributions to mainstream fusion research,and discusses lessons learned and outcomes from these activities.We underline several of the most important scientific outputs and also specific outputs in the education of young scientists and scientists from developing countries and their importance.
文摘The thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts hosts the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.Its embedded protein complexes are responsible for light harvesting,excitation energy transfer,charge separation,and transport.In higher plants,when the illumination conditions vary,the membrane adapts its composition and nanoscale morphology,which is characterized by appressed and non-appressed regions known as grana and stroma lamellae,respectively.Here we investigate the nanophotonic regime of light propagation in chloroplasts of higher plants and identify novel mechanisms in the optical response of the thylakoid membrane.Our results indicate that the relative contributions of light scattering and absorption to the overall optical response of grana strongly depend on the concentration of the light-harvesting complexes.For the pigment concentrations typically found in chloroplasts,the two mechanisms have comparable strengths,and their relative value can be tuned by variations in the protein composition or in the granal diameter.Furthermore,we find that collective modes in ensembles of grana significantly increase light absorption at selected wavelengths,even in the presence of moderate biological disorder.Small variations in the granal separation or a large disorder can dismantle this collective response.We propose that chloroplasts use this mechanism as a strategy against dangerously high illumination conditions,triggering a transition to low-absorbing states.We conclude that the morphological separation of the thylakoid membrane in higher plants supports strong nanophotonic effects,which may be used by chloroplasts to regulate light absorption.This adaptive self-organization capability is of interest as a model for novel bioinspired optical materials for artificial photosynthesis,imaging,and sensing.
