This research investigated the effect of combined chilling and GA_3 treatment on bud abortion of tree peony under greenhouse conditions to determine the dynamics of exogenous hormones and chilling effects on bud abort...This research investigated the effect of combined chilling and GA_3 treatment on bud abortion of tree peony under greenhouse conditions to determine the dynamics of exogenous hormones and chilling effects on bud abortion. Research of such nature will increase the understanding of the effects of GA_3 and chilling level on flower development thereby, promoting off-season cultivation techniques in tree peonies to increase production that meets market demand. Hormone and sugar levels in the ‘Luoyanghong' tree peony were respectively determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) and spectrophotometer. Non-potted chilling with 200 mg·L^(-1) GA_3 treatment reduced bud abortion rate. Flowering rate in non-potted chilling with 200 mg·L^(-1) GA_3 plants was 58%, as against 21% in potted chilling plants with 200 mg·L^(-1) GA_3 treatment. Sugar accumulation in retained or aborted flower buds was conversely related to ABA level. Low ABA and high sugar levels were noted in retained buds whereas the reverse induced bud abortion. ABA level apparently inhibited sucrose and reducing sugar uptake in aborted buds whereas GA_3 enhanced sucrose uptake in retained buds. GA_3 and IAA levels were higher in retained than in aborted buds, which made plants with retained bud more competitive in nutrient uptake(by root)for growth and development. Overall, combined chilling and GA_3 treatment enhanced plant growth and development, particularly bud sprouting, growth and flowering.展开更多
The modern architectural heritage is the core carrier of city’s historical inheritance and vitality.Its value is related to the spatial and temporal evolution of the urban landscape,along with the collective memory o...The modern architectural heritage is the core carrier of city’s historical inheritance and vitality.Its value is related to the spatial and temporal evolution of the urban landscape,along with the collective memory of society and transformation in public life.The contradiction between high-speed urban construction and architectural heritage preservation has proliferated,and the problems of loss of heritage culture and fading of relics are very significant,but there is a lack of research on modern architectural heritage.This study analysed indepth the artistic archetypes and evolutionary characteristics of the architecture of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen through field research and historical data collation,adopting the theory method of architectural typology.Afterwards,we analysed the architectural typology of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen and the process of acculturation and translation with foreign cultures,explored the motives of its formation and the cultural meanings of the public space embodied in it.Based on this,we proposed a sustainable development heritage approach for the modern architectural heritage of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen.Our results indicate that modern architectural art has inherited classical Chinese historical and cultural traditions and ideological foundations.Its unique characteristics reflect the spirit of the times and result from the gradual development of Western influence.Moreover,it embodies a strong sense of national identity.These findings enrich the academic research on the cultural interaction between Chinese and Western architecture,offering valuable insights for the conservation and living heritage of modern architectural heritage in other regions.展开更多
It is essential to better integrate wilderness representations of different stakeholders into wilderness conservation.The way in which local residents and other stakeholders frame the construction of wilderness of pro...It is essential to better integrate wilderness representations of different stakeholders into wilderness conservation.The way in which local residents and other stakeholders frame the construction of wilderness of protected areas in developing countries are poorly understood.In these areas,land use policy and decision may lead to conflicts.This study aims to explore existing public wilderness representations using a questionnaire survey(n=514)administered amongst tourists and other stakeholders in the Wuyishan National Park,in southeast China.The spatial differences in public representations of wilderness across different stakeholder groups were compared against expert knowledge.We found that integrated wilderness representation maps of different stakeholder groups were consistent,namely'area where wild animals live','area with no human influence','a barren and lonely area'.However,three sub-representations of the individual stakeholders varied significantly.Moreover,expert-based wilderness mapping did not reflect public representations accurately,and an integrated wilder-ness quality map considering wilderness representations across both stakeholders and experts can better identify detailed wilderness areas.Our study provides new insights and technical support for future exploration of wilder-ness conservation and mapping in China and other countries with insufficient awareness of wilderness values and investigations in a regional scale.展开更多
In the early 20th century,numerous western botanists,often referred to as‘plant hunters’,embarked on ambitious expeditions to China,playing a crucial role in the study of botany and botanical diversity.Despite their...In the early 20th century,numerous western botanists,often referred to as‘plant hunters’,embarked on ambitious expeditions to China,playing a crucial role in the study of botany and botanical diversity.Despite their contributions,comprehensive assessments of their explorations are lacking.To bridge this gap,this article focuses on the work of Joseph Charles Francis Rock,a notable figure in that era.Our work revisits Rock’s botanical expeditions within the broader context of botanical diversity conservation.It outlines his historical experiences in collecting plants in China and enumerates the species composition and phenotypic traits of the plants he collected.Additionally,it also analyzes the spatial distribution of the species,the completeness of his collection and the α-and β-diversity of the plants he collected.Our findings reveal that Rock led four major botanical expeditions in China between 1922 and 1933,amassing a total of 28184 sheets and 16608 numbers across 204 families,1081 genera and 4231 species.His focus was predominantly on ornamental species,which exhibit a variety of flower colors and inflorescences.His collection work spanned 5 provinces,35 cities and 72 counties,with a notable concentration in the Hengduan Mountains,a current biodiversity hotspot.This study not only reconstructs Rock’s botanical legacy but also offers valuable historical data and fresh analytical insights for understanding contemporary plant diversity.It contributes to the ongoing discourse on the importance of preserving plant diversity as a cornerstone of environmental sustainability.展开更多
A major goal of current international urban development and construction is to lower carbon emissions.Synergies exist between the preservation of historic cities and the development of low-carbon cities;however,the re...A major goal of current international urban development and construction is to lower carbon emissions.Synergies exist between the preservation of historic cities and the development of low-carbon cities;however,the relationship between preservation of historic cities and carbon emissions remains unclear.This study focuses on the cities in the“Yellow-Canal-Yangtze”watershed community,which includes the Yellow River Basin,Yangtze River Basin,and the Grand Canal region,and aims to verify the differences in CO_(2) emissions(CE)between historic and non-historic cities through multiple comparisons after ANOVA.Additionally,Ridge Regression was used to determine the impact and dimensions of the relevant variables associated with the preservation of historic cities on CE.Combined with national development goals,this study predicts changes in the CE of historic city preservation under different scenarios.This study found significant differences between historic and non-historic cities,as the total CE of historic cities is 2.42 times higher than that of non-historic cities.The dimension with the largest difference was the CE related to transportation,with aviation emissions of historic cities reaching 15.22 times higher than that of non-historic cities.Although the preservation of historic cities has led to an overall increase in the CE,there is significant potential for CE reduction in land use,transportation infrastructure,and tourism development related to historic city preservation.In the future,historic cities can contribute to China's carbon neutrality and the United Nation's development goals through the creation of larger historical preservation areas,more convenient public transportation,and more vibrant tourism.展开更多
Plants overcome environmental stress by generating metabolic pathways.Thus,it is crucial to understand the physiological mechanisms of plant responses to changing environments.Ardisia crenata var.bicolor has an import...Plants overcome environmental stress by generating metabolic pathways.Thus,it is crucial to understand the physiological mechanisms of plant responses to changing environments.Ardisia crenata var.bicolor has an important ornamental and medicinal value.To reveal the impact of elevational gradient on the habitat soil and plant physiological attributes of this species,we collected root topsoil(0–20 cm)and subsoil(20–40 cm)samples and upper leaves at the initial blooming phase,in a survey of six elevations at 1,257 m,1,538 m,1,744 m,1,970 m,2,135 m,and 2,376 m,with 18 block plots,and 5sampling points at each site.Temperature decreases with an increase in elevation,and soil variables,and enzymatic activities fluctuated in both the topsoil and subsoil,with all of them increasing with elevation and decreasing with soil depth.Redundancy analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between the distribution of A.crenata var.bicolor along the elevational gradient and soil nutrients and enzyme activities,the soil properties were mainly affected by p H at low elevations,and governed by total phosphorus(TP)and available nitrogen(AN)at high elevations.The levels of chlorophyll,carbohydrates,and enzymatic activity except for anthocyanin in this species showed significant variation depending on physiological attributes evaluated at the different collection elevations.The decline in chlorophyll a and b may be associated with the adaptive response to avoid environmental stress,while its higher soluble sugar and protein contents play important roles in escaping adverse climatic conditions,and the increases in activities of antioxidant enzymes except peroxidase(POD)reflect this species’higher capacity for reactive oxygen scavenging(ROS)at high elevations.This study provides supporting evidence that elevation significantly affects the physiological attributes of A.crenata var.bicolor on Gaoligong Mountain,which is helpful for understanding plant adaptation strategies and the plasticity of plant physiological traits along th展开更多
The protection of historic sites, especially their relationship with urban development, has become a worldwide issue, both in developed and developing countries. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, the real...The protection of historic sites, especially their relationship with urban development, has become a worldwide issue, both in developed and developing countries. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, the realistic compatibility between urban construction and the protection of historic sites is always a key research topic. In this study, first, to comprehend their spatial distribution patterns, 828 historic sites throughout the country are selected based on certain criteria. Then, we conduct quantitative research using GIS software, adopting indicators that include Nearest Neighbor Index, Gini Coefficient, and Geographic Concentration Index to analyze the spatial characteristics of historic sites on the three levels of city, province and nation. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the different types of historic sites is an agglomeration on the nationwide scale, most of which is located in the regions of the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta, Yangtze(Changjiang) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin Region. Because the majority of historic sites are located within approximately 10 km of the downtown area, a certain pattern has emerged, showing that the larger cities own more historic areas, which are in a more incomplete state of preservation, indicating the fragmentation of heritage spaces. The formation mechanism of the historic sites' distribution pattern is based on the conditions of the cities/towns as well as the bid-rent theory.展开更多
`The application of sewage sludge(SS)to forested lands may lead to the downward migration of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)through rainfall and thus pose risk to the subsoil and groundwater.Batch column experiments ...`The application of sewage sludge(SS)to forested lands may lead to the downward migration of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)through rainfall and thus pose risk to the subsoil and groundwater.Batch column experiments were conducted using leaching water equivalent to the rainfall amount in the study area over 3 years to investigate changes in concentrations of PTEs,including copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),and nickel(Ni)in the leachate from the acidic forest soil.Water quality index of leachate,potential ecological risk and human health risk in soil at different leaching stages were compared.Sewage sludge was applied at SS/soil mass ratios of 0:100(controls),15:85(T1),30:70(T2),45:55(T3),60:40(T4),and 75:25(T5).All treatments resulted in increased PTEs concentration in the upper 20 cm soil,T3-T5 increased potential ecological risk from"low"(control)to"moderate"or"considerable".During first year leaching,PTEs concentration increased with increasing SS/soil ratios,but the water quality index of T1-T3 was"excellent"or"good".Pb,Cu,Cd,and Ni in the 20-40 cm soil depth,and Zn in the 60-80 cm soil depth were also enriched,but potential ecological risk was"low".In subsequent leaching,PTEs concentration of leachate gradually returned to the background value and water quality index was"excellent".There were no significant changes in PTEs and ecological risk observed.During the monitoring process,the health risk caused by the migration of PTEs to the human body was always within the acceptable range.Overall,this study provides a reference for the management of risks from the application of SS on forestlands,i.e.,SS/soil ratios<45:55 is recommended on forestlands,and special attention should be given to early leaching risk.In addition,it also provides an important assessment method for the risk of PTEs leaching and migration in forested land application.展开更多
Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inb...Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inbred line ‘19’ consistently flowered early, taking significantly fewer days to bloom the first female flower(DFF) than the inbred line ‘113’. Genetic analysis revealed that DFF, an inheritable quantitative trait, is controlled by multiple genes. Based on the strategy of quantitative trait locus(QTL) sequencing(QTL-seq) combined with linkage analysis, three QTLs for DFF were identified on chromosomes 4, 11, and 20. This study used additional F2 populations grown under different environmental conditions for QTL mapping analysis of DFF with insertion/deletion(InDel) markers to validate these results. Using the composite interval mapping(CIM) method of R/qtl software, we only identified one major locus under all environmental conditions, located in a 117-kb candidate region on chromosome 20. Based on gene annotation, gene sequence alignment, and qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the Cp4.1LG20g08050 gene encoding a RING finger protein may be a candidate gene for the opposite regulation of early flowering in zucchini. In summary, these results lay a foundation for a better understanding of early flowering and improving early flowering-based breeding strategies in zucchini.展开更多
Manglietia ventii is a wild plant species with extremely small populations endemic to Yunnan,mainly distributed in southeast Yunnan.Due to the continuous deterioration of natural habitats,excessive felling and utiliza...Manglietia ventii is a wild plant species with extremely small populations endemic to Yunnan,mainly distributed in southeast Yunnan.Due to the continuous deterioration of natural habitats,excessive felling and utilization of human beings,and the decline of breeding ability,the number of individuals in the population has decreased significantly.Through field investigation and literature review,the research status of M.ventii in systematics,conservation ecology,reproductive biology,genetic diversity,endangered mechanism and resource protection at home and abroad are systematically reviewed.And the future research direction is prospected.It is necessary to strengthen the research on the basic characteristics of M.ventii,explore the transmission route of M.ventii and deepen the development and utilization of resources,in order to provide a theoretical support for the protection and sustainable utilization of germplasm resources of M.ventii,and provide a reference for the protection of other wild plant species with extremely small populations.展开更多
The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously,owing to the emergence of geographic data.The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation,rather than implementation,of urban vitality.Henc...The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously,owing to the emergence of geographic data.The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation,rather than implementation,of urban vitality.Hence,a scoping review and research agenda are needed for urban vitality research to be more practical.This study aims to fill the research gap by exploring the content and methods of vitality assessment that can make urban vitality research more compatible with policy,planning,and design practice.We chose the neighborhood scale,which is the most practical initiative unit for vitality enhancement.We discovered that the gaps between the current research and practice primarily lie in the diversity of research subjects,the authenticity and comprehensiveness of vitality measurement,and the multi-domain of impact factor analysis.On this basis,we classified the following expandable aspects:(1) multi-type,multi-dimensional,multi-temporal,and implementation-adaptive vitality evaluation;(2) methods reflecting high-quality social interactions and the perceptions of vulnerable groups;(3) how design and urban management impacts vitality;and(4) the synergistic effects of multiple indicators on vitality.Overall,the research content and methodology presented in this paper can help neighborhood-scale vitality assessment to provide more meaningful insights for policy makers and practitioners.展开更多
Women-friendliness is an important content of inclusive city,while it has received rare attention during the regeneration of old cities.This study constructed women-friendliness indicators in three dimensions,i.e.,sec...Women-friendliness is an important content of inclusive city,while it has received rare attention during the regeneration of old cities.This study constructed women-friendliness indicators in three dimensions,i.e.,security,equity,and specialization,and combined the quantitative calculations of coupling coordination with the qualitative analysis of in-depth interview.25 subdistricts in old Beijing city were selected as case studies to analyze the spatial variation pattern of women-friendliness at the subdistrict level,and the characteristics of supply and demand relationships in three scenarios,namely“living,”“working,”and“traveling,”were summarized.It was found that the spatial variation in terms of women’s security and equity indicators among each subdistrict of the old Beijing city was large,while specialized facilities,which are still at an early development stage,were more evenly distributed but fewer in number.And the facilities in old Beijing city were more inclusive for both female residents and female tourists,while less inclusive for female employees.Finally,specific suggestions for the women-friendly development of old Beijing city were proposed in perspectives of mixed use of function,facility optimization,supply and demand adjustment,etc.,hoping to provide references for other cities to increase inclusiveness in the process of urban regeneration.展开更多
The relationship between cross-regional cultural landscapes does not currently receive enough attention in cultural landscape conservation. Cultural landscapes in China are faced with the crisis of fragmentation and i...The relationship between cross-regional cultural landscapes does not currently receive enough attention in cultural landscape conservation. Cultural landscapes in China are faced with the crisis of fragmentation and islanding, which makes it necessary to strengthen the idea of integrated conservation. The Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing is a cross-regional linear cultural landscape in the northwest mountainous area of Beijing. With the Great Wall as a link connecting the surrounding natural, social, and cultural resources to form a banded structure, it has the typical and practical significance of integrated conservation. Based on the theory of the cultural landscape security pattern and its ‘node – setting – connection' model, this research studies the spatial structure and shaping mechanism of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing from the perspective of tourist flow, using Flickr geo-tagged photos and Wikiloc tracks. The results identify the core nodes and intermediate nodes of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing and show that it has a multicore, multi-group hierarchical nesting structure differing from the geographic space, which has groups following the evolution orbit of ‘linear string – circumnuclear star – complete network.' To explain the differences between the cultural association network(CAN) and the geospatial network(GSN), we find that the cultural associations between nodes rely on geophysical channels, including heritage corridors and traffic passages, as physical carriers, but the nodes' attraction and their setting elements, containing natural geography environments, settlements, administrative divisions, etc., change the channel resistance, so CAN and GSN present different characteristics. From the perspective of systematic and spatial network thoughts, this study has made an attempt to adopt new analysis and research methods to achieve the integrated conservation and inheritance of linear cultural landscapes in mountainous areas.展开更多
Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have ...Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.展开更多
Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public ...Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public disaster-prevention green spaces was analyzed to further explore planning of urban disaster-prevention green space system and refugee spaces, and provide instructions for the planning and construction of urban disaster-prevention green spaces in China.展开更多
Heritage is in essence dissonant,especially colonial heritage in postcolonial nations.Via questionnaire surveys and inter‑views,this study investigates Kulangsu in Xiamen,China,a colonial heritage site mainly develope...Heritage is in essence dissonant,especially colonial heritage in postcolonial nations.Via questionnaire surveys and inter‑views,this study investigates Kulangsu in Xiamen,China,a colonial heritage site mainly developed in the 19th and 20th centuries,to unveil the local government’s authorised heritage discourse(AHD)of the site and how tourists perceive the colonial past of Kulangsu and construct their own heritage discourse(s).Results show that,when considering the colonial history of the site,neither the AHD promoted by the authorities nor the tourists’lay discourses are necessarily negative.However,tension implicitly arises between the tourists’demand for comprehensive heritage information and the authorities’selective interpretation of the site.Although the AHD afects lay discourses to some extent,most tourists expect the authorities to present more complete and neutral information about heritage so they can refect and forge their own conception of colonial legacies.From a critical heritage studies perspective,this tension refects the power imbalance between the authorities and the tourists and reminds the authorities and heritage experts to rethink heritage tourism and conservation in terms of heritage interpretation.This paper,therefore,calls for additional refection on the legitimacy of selective interpretation,which implicates a complex process of intricate reasoning that is underpinned by the power imbalance between the authorities and the tourists,ultimately resulting in an AHD.展开更多
Pseudocerastium is a monotypic genus in Caryophyllaceae endemic to China.The genus has been widely accepted since it was described in 1998,however its phylogenetic position within Caryophyllaceae has never been studie...Pseudocerastium is a monotypic genus in Caryophyllaceae endemic to China.The genus has been widely accepted since it was described in 1998,however its phylogenetic position within Caryophyllaceae has never been studied.In the present study,the whole plastid genome and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequences of Pseudocerastium stellarioides was obtained through genome skimming,and the phylogenetic position of the species was studied for the first time.Plastid phylogenomic analysis of Caryophyllaceae revealed that Pseudocerastium is clustered within the tribe Alsineae with strong support.Phylogenetic analyses based on an enlarged taxon sampling of Alsineae using five DNA regions(matK,rbcL,rps16 intron,trnL-F and ITS)revealed that P.stellarioides was nested deeply within Cerastium with strong support.Analyses of morphological character evolution suggest that the ancestral states in Alsineae include three styles and a six-lobed capsule at the apex,while both Cerastium and Pseudocerastium have five styles and ten lobes at the apex of the capsule,further supporting their close relationship.The species Pseudocerastium stellarioides is similar to Cerastium wilsonii in morphology,but differs in having villous indumentum on the lower part of the filaments and compressed globose seeds.Therefore,based on the present molecular and morphological evidence,the generic name Pseudocerastium is reduced here as a new synonym of Cerastium and the species P.stellarioides is transferred to Cerastium as C.jiuhuashanense.展开更多
Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus are genera that include perennial herbaceous floral species,including excellent varieties with strong fragrances resulting from long-term artificial selection.Thus,they are ornamentally...Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus are genera that include perennial herbaceous floral species,including excellent varieties with strong fragrances resulting from long-term artificial selection.Thus,they are ornamentally and economically important flower resources.In this study,a water distillation method was used to extract essential oils from the inflorescences of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus wild resources and hybrid progeny with high essential oil contents(Chrysanthemum morifolium'xiangjin',C.morifolium'xiangyun',C.morifolium'xinjiboju',Opisthopappus taihangensis,Opisthopappus longilobus,Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium,and C.morifolium'minghuangju').The essential oil extraction rates were as follows:1.17‰,2‰,1.67‰,2.17‰,0.43‰,1‰,and 1.17‰.On the basis of HS-SPME-GC-MS(Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry),225 volatile compounds were detected in the seven analyzed essential oil samples.Each essential oil had a relative volatile component content exceeding 0.3.The three most abundant compounds were olefins(46 types),alcohols(34 types),and esters(18 types).The volatile components with relatively high contents included thymol,D-camphor,pinene,eucalyptol,2-terpineol,terpineol,trans-caryophyllene,andβ-elemene.These volatile compounds have strong biological activities and are useful components of medicines and daily-use products.An evaluation of their antibacterial effects demonstrated that the essential oils of C.'xiangjin',C.'xiangyun',C.'xinjiboju',O.taihangensis,O.longilobus,and C.'minghuangju'inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli.The C.lavandulifolium essential oil inhibited the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum.The results of this study will provide researchers with an important theoretical basis for the development and application of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus essential oils.展开更多
Asiatic hybrid lilies(Lilium spp.),as the biggest cultivar groups of the lily variety are an ornamental plant with elegant floral patterns and bright colors.We discovered a double-flower Asiatic hybrid cultivar‘Annem...Asiatic hybrid lilies(Lilium spp.),as the biggest cultivar groups of the lily variety are an ornamental plant with elegant floral patterns and bright colors.We discovered a double-flower Asiatic hybrid cultivar‘Annemarie’s Dream’whose stamens convert into petaloid stamens in varying degrees.Double-flower is a significant ornamental trait of the flower organ.However,the molecular mechanism of stamen petaloid formation has not been widely studied in Asiatic hybrid lily.Therefore,we used RNA-seq to contrast transcriptomes of stamen,petaloid stamen and inner tepal at two developmental stages.In total,190,488 unigenes were obtained and 37,549 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified.We focused on DEGs involved in phytohormone signaling and transcription factor regulation,especially the MADS-box genes(A-class gene LiAP1;B-class gene LiPI;C-class gene LiAG;E-class gene LiAGL6,LiSEP3).Furthermore,we performed weight gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)and identified two co-expressed MADS-box homeotic genes(LiAG,CL14315.Contig2_All;LiAP1,CL10060.Contig3_All)as hubs.We also found that CL3014.Contig2_All(PYL)and CL5627.Contig1_All(GID2)as phytohormone-related genes may participate in the regulation of the stamen petaloid during double-flower development.In summary,our findings provide an insight into the molecular regulatory network underlying stamen petaloid and thereby offering a theoretical basis for double-flower breeding in Lilium.展开更多
基金funded by the National Science Support Project of Science and Technology of China(Grant no.2012BAD01B0704)the Governments of Sierra Leone and Peoples Republic of China through the Chinese Scholarship Council(CSC)Program(no.2007694T10)
文摘This research investigated the effect of combined chilling and GA_3 treatment on bud abortion of tree peony under greenhouse conditions to determine the dynamics of exogenous hormones and chilling effects on bud abortion. Research of such nature will increase the understanding of the effects of GA_3 and chilling level on flower development thereby, promoting off-season cultivation techniques in tree peonies to increase production that meets market demand. Hormone and sugar levels in the ‘Luoyanghong' tree peony were respectively determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) and spectrophotometer. Non-potted chilling with 200 mg·L^(-1) GA_3 treatment reduced bud abortion rate. Flowering rate in non-potted chilling with 200 mg·L^(-1) GA_3 plants was 58%, as against 21% in potted chilling plants with 200 mg·L^(-1) GA_3 treatment. Sugar accumulation in retained or aborted flower buds was conversely related to ABA level. Low ABA and high sugar levels were noted in retained buds whereas the reverse induced bud abortion. ABA level apparently inhibited sucrose and reducing sugar uptake in aborted buds whereas GA_3 enhanced sucrose uptake in retained buds. GA_3 and IAA levels were higher in retained than in aborted buds, which made plants with retained bud more competitive in nutrient uptake(by root)for growth and development. Overall, combined chilling and GA_3 treatment enhanced plant growth and development, particularly bud sprouting, growth and flowering.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52278073).
文摘The modern architectural heritage is the core carrier of city’s historical inheritance and vitality.Its value is related to the spatial and temporal evolution of the urban landscape,along with the collective memory of society and transformation in public life.The contradiction between high-speed urban construction and architectural heritage preservation has proliferated,and the problems of loss of heritage culture and fading of relics are very significant,but there is a lack of research on modern architectural heritage.This study analysed indepth the artistic archetypes and evolutionary characteristics of the architecture of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen through field research and historical data collation,adopting the theory method of architectural typology.Afterwards,we analysed the architectural typology of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen and the process of acculturation and translation with foreign cultures,explored the motives of its formation and the cultural meanings of the public space embodied in it.Based on this,we proposed a sustainable development heritage approach for the modern architectural heritage of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen.Our results indicate that modern architectural art has inherited classical Chinese historical and cultural traditions and ideological foundations.Its unique characteristics reflect the spirit of the times and result from the gradual development of Western influence.Moreover,it embodies a strong sense of national identity.These findings enrich the academic research on the cultural interaction between Chinese and Western architecture,offering valuable insights for the conservation and living heritage of modern architectural heritage in other regions.
基金funding from the Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2022J01613)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(Grant No.20223080018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.51978365,72241410).
文摘It is essential to better integrate wilderness representations of different stakeholders into wilderness conservation.The way in which local residents and other stakeholders frame the construction of wilderness of protected areas in developing countries are poorly understood.In these areas,land use policy and decision may lead to conflicts.This study aims to explore existing public wilderness representations using a questionnaire survey(n=514)administered amongst tourists and other stakeholders in the Wuyishan National Park,in southeast China.The spatial differences in public representations of wilderness across different stakeholder groups were compared against expert knowledge.We found that integrated wilderness representation maps of different stakeholder groups were consistent,namely'area where wild animals live','area with no human influence','a barren and lonely area'.However,three sub-representations of the individual stakeholders varied significantly.Moreover,expert-based wilderness mapping did not reflect public representations accurately,and an integrated wilder-ness quality map considering wilderness representations across both stakeholders and experts can better identify detailed wilderness areas.Our study provides new insights and technical support for future exploration of wilder-ness conservation and mapping in China and other countries with insufficient awareness of wilderness values and investigations in a regional scale.
文摘In the early 20th century,numerous western botanists,often referred to as‘plant hunters’,embarked on ambitious expeditions to China,playing a crucial role in the study of botany and botanical diversity.Despite their contributions,comprehensive assessments of their explorations are lacking.To bridge this gap,this article focuses on the work of Joseph Charles Francis Rock,a notable figure in that era.Our work revisits Rock’s botanical expeditions within the broader context of botanical diversity conservation.It outlines his historical experiences in collecting plants in China and enumerates the species composition and phenotypic traits of the plants he collected.Additionally,it also analyzes the spatial distribution of the species,the completeness of his collection and the α-and β-diversity of the plants he collected.Our findings reveal that Rock led four major botanical expeditions in China between 1922 and 1933,amassing a total of 28184 sheets and 16608 numbers across 204 families,1081 genera and 4231 species.His focus was predominantly on ornamental species,which exhibit a variety of flower colors and inflorescences.His collection work spanned 5 provinces,35 cities and 72 counties,with a notable concentration in the Hengduan Mountains,a current biodiversity hotspot.This study not only reconstructs Rock’s botanical legacy but also offers valuable historical data and fresh analytical insights for understanding contemporary plant diversity.It contributes to the ongoing discourse on the importance of preserving plant diversity as a cornerstone of environmental sustainability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52130804)。
文摘A major goal of current international urban development and construction is to lower carbon emissions.Synergies exist between the preservation of historic cities and the development of low-carbon cities;however,the relationship between preservation of historic cities and carbon emissions remains unclear.This study focuses on the cities in the“Yellow-Canal-Yangtze”watershed community,which includes the Yellow River Basin,Yangtze River Basin,and the Grand Canal region,and aims to verify the differences in CO_(2) emissions(CE)between historic and non-historic cities through multiple comparisons after ANOVA.Additionally,Ridge Regression was used to determine the impact and dimensions of the relevant variables associated with the preservation of historic cities on CE.Combined with national development goals,this study predicts changes in the CE of historic city preservation under different scenarios.This study found significant differences between historic and non-historic cities,as the total CE of historic cities is 2.42 times higher than that of non-historic cities.The dimension with the largest difference was the CE related to transportation,with aviation emissions of historic cities reaching 15.22 times higher than that of non-historic cities.Although the preservation of historic cities has led to an overall increase in the CE,there is significant potential for CE reduction in land use,transportation infrastructure,and tourism development related to historic city preservation.In the future,historic cities can contribute to China's carbon neutrality and the United Nation's development goals through the creation of larger historical preservation areas,more convenient public transportation,and more vibrant tourism.
基金supported by the Doctoral Research Fund Project of Southwest Forestry University(CN)(Grant No.111806)。
文摘Plants overcome environmental stress by generating metabolic pathways.Thus,it is crucial to understand the physiological mechanisms of plant responses to changing environments.Ardisia crenata var.bicolor has an important ornamental and medicinal value.To reveal the impact of elevational gradient on the habitat soil and plant physiological attributes of this species,we collected root topsoil(0–20 cm)and subsoil(20–40 cm)samples and upper leaves at the initial blooming phase,in a survey of six elevations at 1,257 m,1,538 m,1,744 m,1,970 m,2,135 m,and 2,376 m,with 18 block plots,and 5sampling points at each site.Temperature decreases with an increase in elevation,and soil variables,and enzymatic activities fluctuated in both the topsoil and subsoil,with all of them increasing with elevation and decreasing with soil depth.Redundancy analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between the distribution of A.crenata var.bicolor along the elevational gradient and soil nutrients and enzyme activities,the soil properties were mainly affected by p H at low elevations,and governed by total phosphorus(TP)and available nitrogen(AN)at high elevations.The levels of chlorophyll,carbohydrates,and enzymatic activity except for anthocyanin in this species showed significant variation depending on physiological attributes evaluated at the different collection elevations.The decline in chlorophyll a and b may be associated with the adaptive response to avoid environmental stress,while its higher soluble sugar and protein contents play important roles in escaping adverse climatic conditions,and the increases in activities of antioxidant enzymes except peroxidase(POD)reflect this species’higher capacity for reactive oxygen scavenging(ROS)at high elevations.This study provides supporting evidence that elevation significantly affects the physiological attributes of A.crenata var.bicolor on Gaoligong Mountain,which is helpful for understanding plant adaptation strategies and the plasticity of plant physiological traits along th
基金Under the auspices of the Sino-German Center(National Natural Science Foundation of China and the German Science Foundation)(No.GZ1201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51078003)
文摘The protection of historic sites, especially their relationship with urban development, has become a worldwide issue, both in developed and developing countries. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, the realistic compatibility between urban construction and the protection of historic sites is always a key research topic. In this study, first, to comprehend their spatial distribution patterns, 828 historic sites throughout the country are selected based on certain criteria. Then, we conduct quantitative research using GIS software, adopting indicators that include Nearest Neighbor Index, Gini Coefficient, and Geographic Concentration Index to analyze the spatial characteristics of historic sites on the three levels of city, province and nation. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the different types of historic sites is an agglomeration on the nationwide scale, most of which is located in the regions of the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta, Yangtze(Changjiang) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin Region. Because the majority of historic sites are located within approximately 10 km of the downtown area, a certain pattern has emerged, showing that the larger cities own more historic areas, which are in a more incomplete state of preservation, indicating the fragmentation of heritage spaces. The formation mechanism of the historic sites' distribution pattern is based on the conditions of the cities/towns as well as the bid-rent theory.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31971629,42007335)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515012157)。
文摘`The application of sewage sludge(SS)to forested lands may lead to the downward migration of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)through rainfall and thus pose risk to the subsoil and groundwater.Batch column experiments were conducted using leaching water equivalent to the rainfall amount in the study area over 3 years to investigate changes in concentrations of PTEs,including copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),and nickel(Ni)in the leachate from the acidic forest soil.Water quality index of leachate,potential ecological risk and human health risk in soil at different leaching stages were compared.Sewage sludge was applied at SS/soil mass ratios of 0:100(controls),15:85(T1),30:70(T2),45:55(T3),60:40(T4),and 75:25(T5).All treatments resulted in increased PTEs concentration in the upper 20 cm soil,T3-T5 increased potential ecological risk from"low"(control)to"moderate"or"considerable".During first year leaching,PTEs concentration increased with increasing SS/soil ratios,but the water quality index of T1-T3 was"excellent"or"good".Pb,Cu,Cd,and Ni in the 20-40 cm soil depth,and Zn in the 60-80 cm soil depth were also enriched,but potential ecological risk was"low".In subsequent leaching,PTEs concentration of leachate gradually returned to the background value and water quality index was"excellent".There were no significant changes in PTEs and ecological risk observed.During the monitoring process,the health risk caused by the migration of PTEs to the human body was always within the acceptable range.Overall,this study provides a reference for the management of risks from the application of SS on forestlands,i.e.,SS/soil ratios<45:55 is recommended on forestlands,and special attention should be given to early leaching risk.In addition,it also provides an important assessment method for the risk of PTEs leaching and migration in forested land application.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072590 and 32002051)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661244)the Academic Backbone Foundation of Northeast Agricultural University, China (20XG03)。
文摘Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inbred line ‘19’ consistently flowered early, taking significantly fewer days to bloom the first female flower(DFF) than the inbred line ‘113’. Genetic analysis revealed that DFF, an inheritable quantitative trait, is controlled by multiple genes. Based on the strategy of quantitative trait locus(QTL) sequencing(QTL-seq) combined with linkage analysis, three QTLs for DFF were identified on chromosomes 4, 11, and 20. This study used additional F2 populations grown under different environmental conditions for QTL mapping analysis of DFF with insertion/deletion(InDel) markers to validate these results. Using the composite interval mapping(CIM) method of R/qtl software, we only identified one major locus under all environmental conditions, located in a 117-kb candidate region on chromosome 20. Based on gene annotation, gene sequence alignment, and qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the Cp4.1LG20g08050 gene encoding a RING finger protein may be a candidate gene for the opposite regulation of early flowering in zucchini. In summary, these results lay a foundation for a better understanding of early flowering and improving early flowering-based breeding strategies in zucchini.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960069).
文摘Manglietia ventii is a wild plant species with extremely small populations endemic to Yunnan,mainly distributed in southeast Yunnan.Due to the continuous deterioration of natural habitats,excessive felling and utilization of human beings,and the decline of breeding ability,the number of individuals in the population has decreased significantly.Through field investigation and literature review,the research status of M.ventii in systematics,conservation ecology,reproductive biology,genetic diversity,endangered mechanism and resource protection at home and abroad are systematically reviewed.And the future research direction is prospected.It is necessary to strengthen the research on the basic characteristics of M.ventii,explore the transmission route of M.ventii and deepen the development and utilization of resources,in order to provide a theoretical support for the protection and sustainable utilization of germplasm resources of M.ventii,and provide a reference for the protection of other wild plant species with extremely small populations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.51908495。
文摘The number of urban vitality assessment studies is rising continuously,owing to the emergence of geographic data.The current literature focuses primarily on evaluation,rather than implementation,of urban vitality.Hence,a scoping review and research agenda are needed for urban vitality research to be more practical.This study aims to fill the research gap by exploring the content and methods of vitality assessment that can make urban vitality research more compatible with policy,planning,and design practice.We chose the neighborhood scale,which is the most practical initiative unit for vitality enhancement.We discovered that the gaps between the current research and practice primarily lie in the diversity of research subjects,the authenticity and comprehensiveness of vitality measurement,and the multi-domain of impact factor analysis.On this basis,we classified the following expandable aspects:(1) multi-type,multi-dimensional,multi-temporal,and implementation-adaptive vitality evaluation;(2) methods reflecting high-quality social interactions and the perceptions of vulnerable groups;(3) how design and urban management impacts vitality;and(4) the synergistic effects of multiple indicators on vitality.Overall,the research content and methodology presented in this paper can help neighborhood-scale vitality assessment to provide more meaningful insights for policy makers and practitioners.
基金supported by“Theory and Method of the Ecological Planning of Urban and Rural Landscape with Locality for Livability,”the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52130804)。
文摘Women-friendliness is an important content of inclusive city,while it has received rare attention during the regeneration of old cities.This study constructed women-friendliness indicators in three dimensions,i.e.,security,equity,and specialization,and combined the quantitative calculations of coupling coordination with the qualitative analysis of in-depth interview.25 subdistricts in old Beijing city were selected as case studies to analyze the spatial variation pattern of women-friendliness at the subdistrict level,and the characteristics of supply and demand relationships in three scenarios,namely“living,”“working,”and“traveling,”were summarized.It was found that the spatial variation in terms of women’s security and equity indicators among each subdistrict of the old Beijing city was large,while specialized facilities,which are still at an early development stage,were more evenly distributed but fewer in number.And the facilities in old Beijing city were more inclusive for both female residents and female tourists,while less inclusive for female employees.Finally,specific suggestions for the women-friendly development of old Beijing city were proposed in perspectives of mixed use of function,facility optimization,supply and demand adjustment,etc.,hoping to provide references for other cities to increase inclusiveness in the process of urban regeneration.
基金supported by the SinoGerman Center(the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the German Science Foundation)(Grant No.GZ1201)the PekingUniversity President’s Undergraduate Research Fellowship(PURF,2016–2017)
文摘The relationship between cross-regional cultural landscapes does not currently receive enough attention in cultural landscape conservation. Cultural landscapes in China are faced with the crisis of fragmentation and islanding, which makes it necessary to strengthen the idea of integrated conservation. The Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing is a cross-regional linear cultural landscape in the northwest mountainous area of Beijing. With the Great Wall as a link connecting the surrounding natural, social, and cultural resources to form a banded structure, it has the typical and practical significance of integrated conservation. Based on the theory of the cultural landscape security pattern and its ‘node – setting – connection' model, this research studies the spatial structure and shaping mechanism of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing from the perspective of tourist flow, using Flickr geo-tagged photos and Wikiloc tracks. The results identify the core nodes and intermediate nodes of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing and show that it has a multicore, multi-group hierarchical nesting structure differing from the geographic space, which has groups following the evolution orbit of ‘linear string – circumnuclear star – complete network.' To explain the differences between the cultural association network(CAN) and the geospatial network(GSN), we find that the cultural associations between nodes rely on geophysical channels, including heritage corridors and traffic passages, as physical carriers, but the nodes' attraction and their setting elements, containing natural geography environments, settlements, administrative divisions, etc., change the channel resistance, so CAN and GSN present different characteristics. From the perspective of systematic and spatial network thoughts, this study has made an attempt to adopt new analysis and research methods to achieve the integrated conservation and inheritance of linear cultural landscapes in mountainous areas.
基金funded by Shanghai Administration Bureau of Landscape and City Appearance(Grant No.G182412).
文摘Asian lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)is an aquatic plant with ornamental,cultural,economic,and ecological values.China has abundant germplasm resources of Asian lotus.However,in many areas,the wild Asian lotuses have been destroyed and the germplasms is now facing extinction.In addition,the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus in China is poor.To identify and protect the germplasms of Chinese wild Asian lotus,eleven genomic-SSR primers,three EST-SSR primers,and three chloroplast DNA primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 69 samples of wild Asian lotus from 25 locations in northern China.The genetic diversity of 27 samples of wild Asian lotus from southern China and other countries,the ancient Asian lotus,Asian lotus cultivars from China,and Asian-American hybrids was also compared.The genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus from northern China was characterized as medium,and themean values of observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)were 0.087 and 0.552,respectively.Based on a UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis,the wild Asian lotus samples in northern China were divided into three groups.The wild Asian lotus samples from northern China contained 16 haplotypes.The Nei’s genetic distance between the wild Asian lotus samples from the Songhua River basin and the Liao River basin in northeastern China was relatively small,and these germplasms might be relatively primitive compared to those from other regions.This study provides essential information regarding the genetic diversity of the wild Asian lotus resources in northern China,and provides a basis for further analysis of population-level genetic evolution through high-throughput sequencing.
基金Supported by Dujiangyan Campus Sci-Tech Program of Sichuan Agricultural University(N-200611)
文摘Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public disaster-prevention green spaces was analyzed to further explore planning of urban disaster-prevention green space system and refugee spaces, and provide instructions for the planning and construction of urban disaster-prevention green spaces in China.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.21AZD033)the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52130804).
文摘Heritage is in essence dissonant,especially colonial heritage in postcolonial nations.Via questionnaire surveys and inter‑views,this study investigates Kulangsu in Xiamen,China,a colonial heritage site mainly developed in the 19th and 20th centuries,to unveil the local government’s authorised heritage discourse(AHD)of the site and how tourists perceive the colonial past of Kulangsu and construct their own heritage discourse(s).Results show that,when considering the colonial history of the site,neither the AHD promoted by the authorities nor the tourists’lay discourses are necessarily negative.However,tension implicitly arises between the tourists’demand for comprehensive heritage information and the authorities’selective interpretation of the site.Although the AHD afects lay discourses to some extent,most tourists expect the authorities to present more complete and neutral information about heritage so they can refect and forge their own conception of colonial legacies.From a critical heritage studies perspective,this tension refects the power imbalance between the authorities and the tourists and reminds the authorities and heritage experts to rethink heritage tourism and conservation in terms of heritage interpretation.This paper,therefore,calls for additional refection on the legitimacy of selective interpretation,which implicates a complex process of intricate reasoning that is underpinned by the power imbalance between the authorities and the tourists,ultimately resulting in an AHD.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2019A1515011695)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31500180).
文摘Pseudocerastium is a monotypic genus in Caryophyllaceae endemic to China.The genus has been widely accepted since it was described in 1998,however its phylogenetic position within Caryophyllaceae has never been studied.In the present study,the whole plastid genome and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequences of Pseudocerastium stellarioides was obtained through genome skimming,and the phylogenetic position of the species was studied for the first time.Plastid phylogenomic analysis of Caryophyllaceae revealed that Pseudocerastium is clustered within the tribe Alsineae with strong support.Phylogenetic analyses based on an enlarged taxon sampling of Alsineae using five DNA regions(matK,rbcL,rps16 intron,trnL-F and ITS)revealed that P.stellarioides was nested deeply within Cerastium with strong support.Analyses of morphological character evolution suggest that the ancestral states in Alsineae include three styles and a six-lobed capsule at the apex,while both Cerastium and Pseudocerastium have five styles and ten lobes at the apex of the capsule,further supporting their close relationship.The species Pseudocerastium stellarioides is similar to Cerastium wilsonii in morphology,but differs in having villous indumentum on the lower part of the filaments and compressed globose seeds.Therefore,based on the present molecular and morphological evidence,the generic name Pseudocerastium is reduced here as a new synonym of Cerastium and the species P.stellarioides is transferred to Cerastium as C.jiuhuashanense.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901354)the Innovation Foundation of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20200112)the Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Construction Project of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20200113-30 and KJCX20200302-03).
文摘Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus are genera that include perennial herbaceous floral species,including excellent varieties with strong fragrances resulting from long-term artificial selection.Thus,they are ornamentally and economically important flower resources.In this study,a water distillation method was used to extract essential oils from the inflorescences of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus wild resources and hybrid progeny with high essential oil contents(Chrysanthemum morifolium'xiangjin',C.morifolium'xiangyun',C.morifolium'xinjiboju',Opisthopappus taihangensis,Opisthopappus longilobus,Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium,and C.morifolium'minghuangju').The essential oil extraction rates were as follows:1.17‰,2‰,1.67‰,2.17‰,0.43‰,1‰,and 1.17‰.On the basis of HS-SPME-GC-MS(Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry),225 volatile compounds were detected in the seven analyzed essential oil samples.Each essential oil had a relative volatile component content exceeding 0.3.The three most abundant compounds were olefins(46 types),alcohols(34 types),and esters(18 types).The volatile components with relatively high contents included thymol,D-camphor,pinene,eucalyptol,2-terpineol,terpineol,trans-caryophyllene,andβ-elemene.These volatile compounds have strong biological activities and are useful components of medicines and daily-use products.An evaluation of their antibacterial effects demonstrated that the essential oils of C.'xiangjin',C.'xiangyun',C.'xinjiboju',O.taihangensis,O.longilobus,and C.'minghuangju'inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli.The C.lavandulifolium essential oil inhibited the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum.The results of this study will provide researchers with an important theoretical basis for the development and application of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus essential oils.
基金supported by grants from the Opening Foundation of Beijing Engineering Research Center of Rural Landscape Planning and Design(KF2020).
文摘Asiatic hybrid lilies(Lilium spp.),as the biggest cultivar groups of the lily variety are an ornamental plant with elegant floral patterns and bright colors.We discovered a double-flower Asiatic hybrid cultivar‘Annemarie’s Dream’whose stamens convert into petaloid stamens in varying degrees.Double-flower is a significant ornamental trait of the flower organ.However,the molecular mechanism of stamen petaloid formation has not been widely studied in Asiatic hybrid lily.Therefore,we used RNA-seq to contrast transcriptomes of stamen,petaloid stamen and inner tepal at two developmental stages.In total,190,488 unigenes were obtained and 37,549 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified.We focused on DEGs involved in phytohormone signaling and transcription factor regulation,especially the MADS-box genes(A-class gene LiAP1;B-class gene LiPI;C-class gene LiAG;E-class gene LiAGL6,LiSEP3).Furthermore,we performed weight gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)and identified two co-expressed MADS-box homeotic genes(LiAG,CL14315.Contig2_All;LiAP1,CL10060.Contig3_All)as hubs.We also found that CL3014.Contig2_All(PYL)and CL5627.Contig1_All(GID2)as phytohormone-related genes may participate in the regulation of the stamen petaloid during double-flower development.In summary,our findings provide an insight into the molecular regulatory network underlying stamen petaloid and thereby offering a theoretical basis for double-flower breeding in Lilium.
