To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Orga...To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Organization Global cardiovascular infobase,1060 related references were identified out of which 43 were found to be relevant for this review.The overall prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8%-46.4% depending on the study target population,type of measurement and cut-off value used for defining hypertension.The prevalence is similar in men and women(7.9%-50.2% vs 3.5%-68.8%,respectively) and in the urban(8.1%-42.0%) and rural setting(13.5%-46.4%).The pooled prevalence increased from 8.6% from the only study during the period from 1970-1979 to 22.5%(2000-2011).Awareness,treatment and control of hypertension were generally low with attendant high burden of hypertension related complications.In order to improve outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Africans,public health education to improve awareness of hypertension is required.Further epidemiological studies on hypertension are required to adequately understand and characterize the impact of hypertension in society.展开更多
This paper was motivated by the existing problems of Cloud Data storage in Imo State University, Nigeria such as outsourced data causing the loss of data and misuse of customer information by unauthorized users or hac...This paper was motivated by the existing problems of Cloud Data storage in Imo State University, Nigeria such as outsourced data causing the loss of data and misuse of customer information by unauthorized users or hackers, thereby making customer/client data visible and unprotected. Also, this led to enormous risk of the clients/customers due to defective equipment, bugs, faulty servers, and specious actions. The aim if this paper therefore is to analyze a secure model using Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) base 64 algorithms for storage of data in cloud securely. The methodology used was Object Orientated Hypermedia Analysis and Design Methodology (OOHADM) was adopted. Python was used to develop the security model;the role-based access control (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance security Algorithm were integrated into the Information System developed with HTML 5, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) version 3 and PHP7. This paper also discussed some of the following concepts;Development of Computing in Cloud, Characteristics of computing, Cloud deployment Model, Cloud Service Models, etc. The results showed that the proposed enhanced security model for information systems of cooperate platform handled multiple authorization and authentication menace, that only one login page will direct all login requests of the different modules to one Single Sign On Server (SSOS). This will in turn redirect users to their requested resources/module when authenticated, leveraging on the Geo-location integration for physical location validation. The emergence of this newly developed system will solve the shortcomings of the existing systems and reduce time and resources incurred while using the existing system.展开更多
Background: The burden of COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are some of the major and persistent global health challenges of the twenty-first century. HIV and COVID-19 are expected to overlap in high HIV...Background: The burden of COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are some of the major and persistent global health challenges of the twenty-first century. HIV and COVID-19 are expected to overlap in high HIV-burden countries, posing several public health challenges as a result. Prisons are overcrowded, have limited space for social distancing and have inadequate ventilation systems, making it difficult to contain the spread of COVID-19 in addition to the high-risk behaviours of inmates which contribute to the spread of HIV within these facilities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among inmates in a prison facility with a relatively high HIV burden in Port Harcourt, Nigeria;investigating potential risk factors and co-infection with HIV. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design sampling 200 inmates from the Port Harcourt Maximum Security Custodial Centre from July to December 2022. A well-structured questionnaire was administered via interviews in addition to screening for HIV-1/2 antibodies as well as COVID-19 antigens using rapid diagnostic test kits. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were carried out on the GraphPad Prism 9 software with statistical significance defined as a p-value of less than 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval. Result: The prevalence of HIV from the current study was 6.5%, COVID-19 prevalence was reported to be 12.5% while HIV/COVID-19 co-infection was 1.5% The duration of incarceration, face mask use, frequent visitations and vaccination against COVID-19 were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of COVID-19 in the studied population (p Conclusion: The current study reports a relatively high prevalence of HIV and COVID-19 among the inmates in the study area. It becomes expedient for the administrators of the correctional facility to properly screen new inmates for COVID-19, quarantine and manage cases, as well as provide them with personal protective equipment such as face masks. In-person visitation sh展开更多
Background:Vernonia amygdalina is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including diarrhoea,fungal and bacterial infections,inflammation,cancer,diabetes,and its squeezed juice can be applied on wounds.Obje...Background:Vernonia amygdalina is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including diarrhoea,fungal and bacterial infections,inflammation,cancer,diabetes,and its squeezed juice can be applied on wounds.Objective:This study reviewed the phytochemistry,ethnopharmacological,and pharmacological potentials of V.amygdalina.Methods:Literature search of relevant papers(1994-2021)were performed using ScienceDirect,Springer,Wiley and PubMed databases.For this review study,only publications written in English were utilized.Results:The bioactive compounds extracted from V.amygdalina includes 6𝛽,10𝛽,14𝛽trimethylheptadecan-15𝛼-olyl-15-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranosyl-1,5𝛽olide,glucuronolactone,11𝛼-hydroxyurs-5,12-dien-28-oic acid-3𝛼,25-olide,10-geranilanyl-O-𝛽-D-xyloside,1-heneicosenol O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside,apigenin,luteolin(3´,4´,5,7tetrahydroxyflavone),vernolide,hydroxyvernolide,3′-deoxyvernodalol,vernodalol,diterpene(ingenol-3-angelate),vernomygdin,4-methylumbelliferone,cephantharin,cryptolepine,isocryptolepine,neocryptolepine,courmarins,vernolepin,and vernoniosides.Various in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that V.amygdalina and its bioactive components possess pharmacological activities such as antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,antimicrobial,hepatoprotective,antidiarrheal,anti-diabetic,and neuroprotective activities.Conclusion:This review demonstrated that V.amygdalina possess therapeutic effects against a wide variety of diseases.The efficacy of V.amygdalina in ameliorating diseases is attributed to its antioxidant activity and ability to improve the antioxidant system.Despite the vast pharmacological activities of V.amygdalina,more human clinical trials are needed to identify effective and safe doses for treatment of various diseases.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">One of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention and cont...<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">One of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in Nigeria is Voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT). However, its utilization among young adults, particularly undergraduates, is very low. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of non-uptake of VCT among undergraduates. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A cross sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted. Using simple random sampling, three faculties were selected out of nine and 422 respondents were selected from three faculties. Interviews were conducted using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences version 20. Prevalence was measured by the percentage of respondents that had never used VCT. Analytical statistics were done using chi-square test to measure strength of association between VCT uptake and knowledge and attitude of respondents. Association with P-value</span></span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < </span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05 was considered significant.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of non-uptake of VCT. The associations were presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Overall, 59.3% of respondents were knowledgeable about VCT while majority, 64.7% had negative attitude towards it. Knowledge (X</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 9.89, P-value < 0.001) and attitude (X</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 10.78, P-value < 0.001) showed statistically significant 展开更多
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease that has impacted negatively on human history. The biology of the mycobacterium tuberculosis is complicated and has affected the control as well as elimination of the disease. Ni...Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease that has impacted negatively on human history. The biology of the mycobacterium tuberculosis is complicated and has affected the control as well as elimination of the disease. Nigeria is one of the countries with high incidence and prevalence of TB. The late and low case detection has been a major problem with National TB control program, caused by passive case finding strategy practiced by the country. A shift from the passive and active case search has been recommended for detection of missing cases of TB and improved program performance. The proximity of TB contact is a major determinant of disease transmission. However, maximizing early case detection and prompt treatment of notified cases is very useful in (TB) control especially in high burden countries. The tracking of TB contacts provides a good platform for early diagnosis, educating the household on TB disease and infection control as well as breaking the chain of transmission. The objective of the study is to ascertain effectiveness of contact tracing on Tuberculosis case detection. The study is a retrospective quasi experimental with quantitative arm. The study was conducted in Abia State, one of the South Eastern States of Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed with SPSS. A total of 168 and 162 index cases of TB were recruited for both intervention and control facilities. The 168 index TB cases yielded 301 TB contacts. The result revealed 55% contact/index ratio, presumptive TB yield of 130 (43.2%) and TB yield of 68 (22.6%). The cases registered in the State increased from 336 to 417 and p value = 0.001, while presumptive TB and BCG vaccination were major predictors. The study shows that tracing contact of index TB cases is an effective and complementary method of finding undetected cases of TB.展开更多
Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts in albino rats and investigate their effects on body weight, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters. The resea...Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts in albino rats and investigate their effects on body weight, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters. The research specifically compared the outcomes of aqueous and ethanol extraction methods. Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated by administering a single oral dose of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts to rats and monitoring them for 24 hours and during a 14-day observation period. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed through a 28-day administration of the leaf extract. Body weight changes, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters were measured and compared among treatment groups. Results: No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in rats treated with Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts obtained through either aqueous or ethanol extraction methods. The calculated lethal dose required to cause mortality in 50% of the tested animals (LD<sub>50</sub>) exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of the leaf extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight did not induce any observable signs of toxicity or adverse effects during the 28-day study period. Male and female albino rats treated with the leaf extract showed significant weight gains compared to the control group. Higher doses (800 mg/kg) of both aqueous and ethanol extracts led to increased levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in male albino rats, with the ethanol extract exhibiting a more pronounced effect. The administration of the ethanol extract, particularly at the lower dose (400 mg/kg), resulted in decreased levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), suggesting potential liver protective properties. Additionally, bilirubin levels, a marker of liver dysfunction, were significantly reduced in all treatment groups, with the lowest levels observed in the groups receiving higher doses of both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The administration of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts did not significantly affect renal funct展开更多
Nurses must deliver infusions as prescribed since too slow or fast a dose could be deleterious to patients. Nurses experience challenges with infusion dose calculations, making them vulnerable to errors. The research ...Nurses must deliver infusions as prescribed since too slow or fast a dose could be deleterious to patients. Nurses experience challenges with infusion dose calculations, making them vulnerable to errors. The research team examined drop factor and infusion dose calculation discrepancies among nurses in southern Nigeria. Five university teaching hospitals were involved in this cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. To establish the drop factor of commonly available macro drip sets, the team randomly sourced 25 macro drip sets from the hospitals’ pharmacies. A sample of 291 nurses was selected using a proportionate random sampling technique. The team collected data using the Adult Infusion Dose Calculation Quiz and analyzed it at a 5% significance level. Twenty (80%) of the sampled macro drip sets displayed a drop factor value of 20 drops per milliliter (gtt/ml) on their packaging. When measured experimentally, 25 (100%) of the macro drip sets delivered exactly 20 gtt/ml. Only 36 (12.4%) respondents calculated macro drip infusion doses using the correct drop factor of 20 gtt/ml. Non-attendance of infusion administration training updates significantly increased the risk of error by 38% (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the drop factor of macro drip sets used in southern Nigeria is 20 gtt/ml;nurses were prone to infusing patients at a lower dose than prescribed. Special training in infusion therapy might remedy this concern.展开更多
Problem Statement: Malaria’s global impact necessitates effective treatments, like dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQP), though safety concerns, notably drug-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT), persist. A knowledge ga...Problem Statement: Malaria’s global impact necessitates effective treatments, like dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQP), though safety concerns, notably drug-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT), persist. A knowledge gap exists regarding DHA/PQP’s cardiac effects, warranting a comprehensive investigation. Approach: This study aimed to assess KROSH (DHA/PQP) impact on albino rat heart histology, examining structural changes and potential cardiotoxicity. 40 albino rats were grouped by KROSH dosage and duration, monitored for weight changes, and heart tissues were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. Statistical analysis compared to control and treated groups. Results: KROSH administration led to varying rat weight effects, yet not statistically significant. Histological analysis revealed dose and duration-dependent cardiac tissue alterations, including distortion, adipose deposits, artery hypertrophy, fibrosis, and necrosis. These contrasts with prior research documenting DHA/PQP’s non-toxic effects. Conclusion/Recommendation: This study highlights potential KROSH (DHA/PQP) cardiotoxicity concerns through histological changes, underscoring the need for further research into underlying mechanisms and human health implications. Given DHA/PQP’s wide use, these findings should inform safety evaluations and administration practices.展开更多
Despite the nutritional benefits of crab consumption,the bioaccumulation of hazardous trace metals(loid)in crabs can endanger consumers’health.The consumption of crab has received less attention.As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Li,Hg,Fe,...Despite the nutritional benefits of crab consumption,the bioaccumulation of hazardous trace metals(loid)in crabs can endanger consumers’health.The consumption of crab has received less attention.As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Li,Hg,Fe,Pb and Zn in four common crab species collected from the bank of selected streams and the associated health risks were analyzed for the consumers by evaluating estimated weekly intake(EWI),non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children,adolescents,and adults.In this study,320 samples were collected in total.These crab and sediment samples showed a descending average content of Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>As>Cd>Li>Hg,respectively.EWI values of children,adolescents,and adults were all lower than provisional tolerable weekly intakes(PTWIs)of all crab species.According to the toxic hazard quotient(THQ)and the total hazard index(HI)calculations for trace metal contents in the crabs,mercury did not pose any risk to human health;whereas,the other determined trace metals(loid)gave the values of HI>1 and showed a possibility of risk on the long term.In all age groups,the consumption of U.tangeri,O.Africana,and C.armatum would lead to lifetime cancer risk due to As and Cd bioaccumulation.Also,Statistical analysis reveals the origin of the contaminants in the crabs,and indicate that Cr,Zn,Pb,and Cd are from anthropogenic activities while the other metals originate from natural lithogenic actions.展开更多
This paper investigates</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><...This paper investigates</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the impact of biohazards and pandemics on construction workers’ health and well-being. A proper selection of control methods for biohazards and pandemics like COVID-19 pandemic will result in improved public health conditions. Occupational risks in the construction industry are also examined, with a focus on biohazards and pandemics, their containment, and the implications for health and safety. A safer work environment in the construction industry is encouraged. In this study, some statistical methods were used to analyse the data obtained from sampled</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">questionnaire. According to the findings, fewer people in poor developing</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">countries get routine check-ups compared to developed countries. The</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">construction industries studied have little or no insurance plans for staff. It also demonstrates that personal protective equipment (PPE) such as nasal masks, helmets, hand gloves, and work aprons can assist in the control of biohazards in the construction sector, such as asthma, cancer, and asbestosis. There should be safety awareness programmes, conferences, and seminars, as well as first-aid kits and HSE and qualified health workers on all building sites. In addition, the government should examine the site for the usage of PPEs and verify that records of family/person展开更多
Extensive review of evaporative coolers for the preservation of fresh agricultural produce in some countries was presented.Most of the designs employ mainly direct evaporative cooling methods which are simple but with...Extensive review of evaporative coolers for the preservation of fresh agricultural produce in some countries was presented.Most of the designs employ mainly direct evaporative cooling methods which are simple but with lower thermal performance,and can only be used for short term storage of agricultural produce with moderate respiratory rates.Researches into novel technologies in evaporative cooling systems which can improve the cooling performances,such as membrane air treatments,dew point type and heat pipe type heat exchanger in indirect/direct evaporative cooling application,and their feasibilities in agricultural storage are either absent or scarce.Some kinds of materials especially agricultural residues have been used for air water contact in evaporative cooling in different climates,but most of the analyses focused on effect of air flow rate and pad thickness on the cooling effectiveness,and the energy efficiency and evaporation loss of these materials in most cases were not evaluated or presented.The paper highlights the prospects and constraints of commercialization and marketing of evaporative coolers in some developing countries,and the general weakness in researches and the ways forward in new area of research and development are concluded.展开更多
Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs/MCCPs)are of concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and toxicity.SCCPs were listed in 2017 as persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in the Stockholm Conv...Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs/MCCPs)are of concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and toxicity.SCCPs were listed in 2017 as persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in the Stockholm Convention and Rotterdam Convention for Prior Informed Consent(PIC)procedure.MCCPs are evaluated in the POPs Reviewing Committee for listing.Studies in Africa demonstrate high SCCP/MCCP levels in house dust and human milk.Therefore,this study undertook an initial assessment of the production and import situation in Nigeria.The Nigerian government has not assessed SCCPs yet and has no registered exemptions for SCCPs and therefore should not produce or use SCCPs.Also,Nigeria has not notified Rotterdam Convention of PIC procedure and,therefore,no SCCP should be imported into Nigeria.Since no local production of SCCPs/MCCPs was observed in Nigeria,this study therefore compiled data on importation of SCCPs/MCCPs and products which may likely contain these chemicals from the UN Comtrade Database for the period 1996 to 2018.Despite the listing of SCCPs in the Rotterdam Convention,there is still no specific Harmonized System(HS)codes for SCCPs/MCCPs.This study therefore used HS codes of product categories known to contain SCCPs/MCCPs.HS substance categories under which SCCP/MCCPs are usually imported include plasticisers and other product categories that amounted to 229,779 and 518,342 tonnes respectively but without specific information on the type of plasticiser.About 39%of PVC and rubber imports of 2,683,015 tonnes and 3,516,052 tonnes respectively contain plasticisers.Based on the SCCP and MCCP impact factors from literature for China,the highest amount of SCCP(33,712 tonnes)was imported in the different PVC products while rubber products accounted to 1386 tonnes and PUR foam to 2331 tonnes.The amount of imported MCCPs in PVC products(25,599 tonnes)and rubber products(32,317 tonnes)was in the same order of magnitude while MCCP imported in PUR foam was estimated to 2020 tonnes.At the end of life(EoL),these pr展开更多
Objective: To compare changes in some haematological parameters among malaria positive and negative subjects in a malaria endemic community, Southeastern Nigeria. Methods: Haematological parameters of 443 subjects inc...Objective: To compare changes in some haematological parameters among malaria positive and negative subjects in a malaria endemic community, Southeastern Nigeria. Methods: Haematological parameters of 443 subjects including 234 confirmed malaria infected and 209 non-malaria infected patients who attended various hospitals in selected communities of Ezinihite L.G.A, Southeastern Nigeria between January and June 2014 were evaluated. Results: Total white blood count and two of its differentials (lymphocytes and granulocytes), red blood cell and platelet counts were significantly lower among malaria-infected subjects compared to the non-infected subjects (P < 0.05) Conclusions: Haematological parameters of malaria infected subjects were significantly lower than that of uninfected individuals. This present research adds to the fact that haematological parameters is a good and reliable indicator for the early and prompt diagnosis of malaria in patients.展开更多
<strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of prenatal death worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic...<strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of prenatal death worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic decomposition, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). <strong>Objective:</strong> This project work surveyed the prevalence of hepatitis B among febrile patients as well as to detect hepatitis B virus in the blood and the stage of the infection of hepatitis B on the affected patients and carrier stage or state of immunity of the affected patients. <strong>Methodology:</strong> A well-designed questionnaire/checklist was used to gather information regarding age, HIV-Status, and sex from 50 febrile patients. 2 ml of blood sample was obtained by venin-puncture using a sterile hypodermic syringe and emptied into a clean dry tube (without anticoagulant) observing the necessary aseptic techniques. The blood was centrifuged and the sera obtained and stored at 2 - 8 c for HBsAg screening. Hepatitis B virus was tested using an<em> in-vitro </em>diagnostic kit called HBsAg one-step rapid test strip. The HBsAg one-step rapid test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay based on the principle of the double antibody-sandwich technique. The membrane is pre-coated with anti-HBsAg antibodies on the test line region of the test. During testing, the serum specimen reacts with the particle coated with anti-HBsAg antibody. The serum moves up with capillary action to react with the coated antibody on the membrane. Then, the colored line (positive) will be generated which shows the presence of the virus. But negative shows absence of the virus. The blood in the test tube was spun using a centrifuge to separate the red cells from the serum. The test pouch, serum, and control were allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before testing. The test strip was removed from the sealed pouch and used immediately. The test strip was immersed vertically into the serum with the arrows pointing towards the serum for about 10 - 15 seconds, w展开更多
Background: Healthcare workers are challenged by an imposing group of occupational hazards. These hazards include exposure to biological and non-biological hazards like ionizing radiation, stress, injury, infectious a...Background: Healthcare workers are challenged by an imposing group of occupational hazards. These hazards include exposure to biological and non-biological hazards like ionizing radiation, stress, injury, infectious agents, and chemicals. The aim of this study was to assess common occupational hazards among health workers at the Department of Health Services (DHS), Federal University of Technology, Owerri. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was employed for the study, and a self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The SPSS Version 22.0 software was used for the analysis of the descriptive statistics obtained from the study. This study included both clinical and non-clinical health workers. A purposive sampling technique was used in recruiting a total of 94 respondents who participated in the study from September 2020 to April 2021. Results: A total of 94 respondents who participated in the study and among the participants, 33.3% (31) of the respondents were aged 31 - 40 years, and the majority of the health workers, 43.6% (41) had stayed between 1 - 5 years. Also, 92.6% (87) of the health workers have heard of occupational hazards. The study showed that 84.0% (79) of health workers had good knowledge of common occupational hazards. Biological hazards among health workers are 47.9% (45) cuts and wounds, 29.8% (28) direct contact with contaminated specimens/hazardous materials, and 26.6% (26) sharp related injuries, while for non-biological hazards, 44.7% (42) have slipped, tripped or fallen, and 35.1% (33) have been stressed. Common safety measures include 86.2% (81) washing their hands regularly;78.7% (74) using hand gloves;and 85.1% (80) agreeing they use face masks. Conclusion: Despite good knowledge of occupational hazards, participants at DHS were faced with certain hazards. It is recommended that the university, government, and policymakers revise and implement actions to provide health workers at DHS with equipment to encourage safety in work activity.展开更多
The viability of some waste as cooling pads for evaporative cooling application in South-Western Nigeria was experimentally assessed.This is to ascertain their effectiveness as a substitute for costly imported pads in...The viability of some waste as cooling pads for evaporative cooling application in South-Western Nigeria was experimentally assessed.This is to ascertain their effectiveness as a substitute for costly imported pads in a low income environment.Also presented was the feasibility of utilizing standalone evaporative coolers for storage and selling of fruits in South-Western Nigeria.Natural ambient air was forced through the various pads at three different fan speeds and constant cooling pad thickness of 30 mm.Performance characteristics were considered based on daily analysis using temperature and humidity data measured from morning to evening at location co-ordinates latitude 7°10′N and longitude 5°05′E for 6 weeks.The daily temperature T and humidity h ranged between 26℃≤T≤45℃ and 28%≤h_(2)≤80%.Temperature differenceDT and humidity differenceDh of 0.6℃≤ΔT≤18.3℃ and 1.0%≤Δh≤53%was achieved for the four cooling pad materials tested at three fan speeds.HighestDT andDh was recorded at fan speed of 4 m/s with shredded latex foam and jute sack respectively.The cooling efficiency(η)calculated for all the pads under the three speeds ranged from 17.3%≤η≤98.8%.Payback period(PBP)analysis indicated the considered EVC is economically feasible and investors will break even in 1.75 years.展开更多
Background: Oedema, a constant feature of childhood nephrotic syndrome can be severe, enough to cause respiratory embarrassment. It can also be refractory to diuretic monotherapy. In such cases, combination of salt po...Background: Oedema, a constant feature of childhood nephrotic syndrome can be severe, enough to cause respiratory embarrassment. It can also be refractory to diuretic monotherapy. In such cases, combination of salt poor albumin (SPA) infusion and diuretics has remained the best treatment option. However, the cost of SPA has made it practically unavailable in resource-poor settings. It becomes a therapeutic dilemma when nephrotic syndrome patients of financially-constrained caregivers present with refractory anasarca in a resource-poor settings. Case review: We present a seven-year-old boy with relapsed steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome who presented to Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba, in respiratory distress with anasarca and a weight of 58 kilograms. SPA could not be accessed due to financial constraints. A decision to use fresh whole blood in the place of SPA, in combination with frusemide, achieved a lifesaving diuresis and regression of the anasarca. Conclusion: Whole blood is a good alternative for the treatment of refractory oedema in children with nephrotic syndrome in resource poor settings.展开更多
Pawpaw and lime juices were blended to produce mixed pawpaw/lime juice samples in the ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) v/v giving samples A, B, C, D and E respectively. The moisture, mineral and vitamin...Pawpaw and lime juices were blended to produce mixed pawpaw/lime juice samples in the ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) v/v giving samples A, B, C, D and E respectively. The moisture, mineral and vitamin contents, as well as the physical, microbiological and sensory qualities of the individual juices and blended samples were evaluated. While lime juice had higher moisture, calcium and vitamin C with values of 97.90%, 2.21 mg/100 g and 67.47 mg/100 g as compared to pawpaw juice with 92.96%, 1.53 mg/100 g and 35.49 mg/100 g respectively;the pawpaw juice had higher ash, phosphorus and vitamin A contents, with values of 3.12%, 54.97 mg/100 g and 5.90 IU/100 g as against 2.84%, 29.53% and 0.16% for lime juice respectively. While there was a general increase in moisture, calcium and vitamin C contents with blending, ash, phosphorus and vitamin A contents increased with increase in lime. The total solids content and specific gravity of pawpaw juice were remarkably higher at 7.04% and 1.15 g/m3 compared to 2.09% and 1.09 g/m3 respectively for lime juice. However, lime juice had a higher titratable acidity, while recording a lower pH of 2.89 as compared to 5.36 for pawpaw juice. The Total Viable Count (TVC) of lime juice was much lower (2.33 × 105 CFU/ml) than that of pawpaw juice (5.33 × 106 CFU/ml). There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in all the sensory parameters evaluated. Generally, there was an increase in the scores of each parameter from sample A to B and then a decline through to sample E. Sample B (80:20) mixed pawpaw/lime juice was most preferred, while sample E (50:50) was least preferred.展开更多
This study investigated the relationship between topographic information and trends in rainfall in Aba urban, South Eastern Nigeria. GIS data were applied to generate topographical information on?runoff characteristic...This study investigated the relationship between topographic information and trends in rainfall in Aba urban, South Eastern Nigeria. GIS data were applied to generate topographical information on?runoff characteristics, the slope, the contour, the aspect and the digital elevation model. The Mann-Kendall Trend was applied to the rainfall data to show if a monotonic increase, decrease or stability trend exist for the rainfall data of Aba metropolis for the period 2000-2010. Results showed that virtually all parts of Aba were liable to floods expect Ogbor hill axis. The flood vulnerability map indicated that 71.65% of the study area was vulnerable to flood. Rainfall trend showed a decrease in six out of the ten year period. Since within this period, flood intensity had generally remained the same, we concluded that topography, poor drainage infrastructure and non-compliance with building, planning and environmental regulations rather than rainfall trend were the key cause of flood problem in the study area.展开更多
文摘To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Organization Global cardiovascular infobase,1060 related references were identified out of which 43 were found to be relevant for this review.The overall prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8%-46.4% depending on the study target population,type of measurement and cut-off value used for defining hypertension.The prevalence is similar in men and women(7.9%-50.2% vs 3.5%-68.8%,respectively) and in the urban(8.1%-42.0%) and rural setting(13.5%-46.4%).The pooled prevalence increased from 8.6% from the only study during the period from 1970-1979 to 22.5%(2000-2011).Awareness,treatment and control of hypertension were generally low with attendant high burden of hypertension related complications.In order to improve outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Africans,public health education to improve awareness of hypertension is required.Further epidemiological studies on hypertension are required to adequately understand and characterize the impact of hypertension in society.
文摘This paper was motivated by the existing problems of Cloud Data storage in Imo State University, Nigeria such as outsourced data causing the loss of data and misuse of customer information by unauthorized users or hackers, thereby making customer/client data visible and unprotected. Also, this led to enormous risk of the clients/customers due to defective equipment, bugs, faulty servers, and specious actions. The aim if this paper therefore is to analyze a secure model using Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) base 64 algorithms for storage of data in cloud securely. The methodology used was Object Orientated Hypermedia Analysis and Design Methodology (OOHADM) was adopted. Python was used to develop the security model;the role-based access control (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance security Algorithm were integrated into the Information System developed with HTML 5, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) version 3 and PHP7. This paper also discussed some of the following concepts;Development of Computing in Cloud, Characteristics of computing, Cloud deployment Model, Cloud Service Models, etc. The results showed that the proposed enhanced security model for information systems of cooperate platform handled multiple authorization and authentication menace, that only one login page will direct all login requests of the different modules to one Single Sign On Server (SSOS). This will in turn redirect users to their requested resources/module when authenticated, leveraging on the Geo-location integration for physical location validation. The emergence of this newly developed system will solve the shortcomings of the existing systems and reduce time and resources incurred while using the existing system.
文摘Background: The burden of COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are some of the major and persistent global health challenges of the twenty-first century. HIV and COVID-19 are expected to overlap in high HIV-burden countries, posing several public health challenges as a result. Prisons are overcrowded, have limited space for social distancing and have inadequate ventilation systems, making it difficult to contain the spread of COVID-19 in addition to the high-risk behaviours of inmates which contribute to the spread of HIV within these facilities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among inmates in a prison facility with a relatively high HIV burden in Port Harcourt, Nigeria;investigating potential risk factors and co-infection with HIV. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design sampling 200 inmates from the Port Harcourt Maximum Security Custodial Centre from July to December 2022. A well-structured questionnaire was administered via interviews in addition to screening for HIV-1/2 antibodies as well as COVID-19 antigens using rapid diagnostic test kits. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were carried out on the GraphPad Prism 9 software with statistical significance defined as a p-value of less than 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval. Result: The prevalence of HIV from the current study was 6.5%, COVID-19 prevalence was reported to be 12.5% while HIV/COVID-19 co-infection was 1.5% The duration of incarceration, face mask use, frequent visitations and vaccination against COVID-19 were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of COVID-19 in the studied population (p Conclusion: The current study reports a relatively high prevalence of HIV and COVID-19 among the inmates in the study area. It becomes expedient for the administrators of the correctional facility to properly screen new inmates for COVID-19, quarantine and manage cases, as well as provide them with personal protective equipment such as face masks. In-person visitation sh
文摘Background:Vernonia amygdalina is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including diarrhoea,fungal and bacterial infections,inflammation,cancer,diabetes,and its squeezed juice can be applied on wounds.Objective:This study reviewed the phytochemistry,ethnopharmacological,and pharmacological potentials of V.amygdalina.Methods:Literature search of relevant papers(1994-2021)were performed using ScienceDirect,Springer,Wiley and PubMed databases.For this review study,only publications written in English were utilized.Results:The bioactive compounds extracted from V.amygdalina includes 6𝛽,10𝛽,14𝛽trimethylheptadecan-15𝛼-olyl-15-O-𝛽-D-glucopyranosyl-1,5𝛽olide,glucuronolactone,11𝛼-hydroxyurs-5,12-dien-28-oic acid-3𝛼,25-olide,10-geranilanyl-O-𝛽-D-xyloside,1-heneicosenol O-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside,apigenin,luteolin(3´,4´,5,7tetrahydroxyflavone),vernolide,hydroxyvernolide,3′-deoxyvernodalol,vernodalol,diterpene(ingenol-3-angelate),vernomygdin,4-methylumbelliferone,cephantharin,cryptolepine,isocryptolepine,neocryptolepine,courmarins,vernolepin,and vernoniosides.Various in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that V.amygdalina and its bioactive components possess pharmacological activities such as antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,antimicrobial,hepatoprotective,antidiarrheal,anti-diabetic,and neuroprotective activities.Conclusion:This review demonstrated that V.amygdalina possess therapeutic effects against a wide variety of diseases.The efficacy of V.amygdalina in ameliorating diseases is attributed to its antioxidant activity and ability to improve the antioxidant system.Despite the vast pharmacological activities of V.amygdalina,more human clinical trials are needed to identify effective and safe doses for treatment of various diseases.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">One of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in Nigeria is Voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT). However, its utilization among young adults, particularly undergraduates, is very low. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of non-uptake of VCT among undergraduates. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A cross sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted. Using simple random sampling, three faculties were selected out of nine and 422 respondents were selected from three faculties. Interviews were conducted using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences version 20. Prevalence was measured by the percentage of respondents that had never used VCT. Analytical statistics were done using chi-square test to measure strength of association between VCT uptake and knowledge and attitude of respondents. Association with P-value</span></span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < </span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05 was considered significant.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of non-uptake of VCT. The associations were presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Overall, 59.3% of respondents were knowledgeable about VCT while majority, 64.7% had negative attitude towards it. Knowledge (X</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 9.89, P-value < 0.001) and attitude (X</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 10.78, P-value < 0.001) showed statistically significant
文摘Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease that has impacted negatively on human history. The biology of the mycobacterium tuberculosis is complicated and has affected the control as well as elimination of the disease. Nigeria is one of the countries with high incidence and prevalence of TB. The late and low case detection has been a major problem with National TB control program, caused by passive case finding strategy practiced by the country. A shift from the passive and active case search has been recommended for detection of missing cases of TB and improved program performance. The proximity of TB contact is a major determinant of disease transmission. However, maximizing early case detection and prompt treatment of notified cases is very useful in (TB) control especially in high burden countries. The tracking of TB contacts provides a good platform for early diagnosis, educating the household on TB disease and infection control as well as breaking the chain of transmission. The objective of the study is to ascertain effectiveness of contact tracing on Tuberculosis case detection. The study is a retrospective quasi experimental with quantitative arm. The study was conducted in Abia State, one of the South Eastern States of Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed with SPSS. A total of 168 and 162 index cases of TB were recruited for both intervention and control facilities. The 168 index TB cases yielded 301 TB contacts. The result revealed 55% contact/index ratio, presumptive TB yield of 130 (43.2%) and TB yield of 68 (22.6%). The cases registered in the State increased from 336 to 417 and p value = 0.001, while presumptive TB and BCG vaccination were major predictors. The study shows that tracing contact of index TB cases is an effective and complementary method of finding undetected cases of TB.
文摘Background: This study aimed to assess the toxicity of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts in albino rats and investigate their effects on body weight, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters. The research specifically compared the outcomes of aqueous and ethanol extraction methods. Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated by administering a single oral dose of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts to rats and monitoring them for 24 hours and during a 14-day observation period. Sub-acute toxicity was assessed through a 28-day administration of the leaf extract. Body weight changes, liver function parameters, and renal function parameters were measured and compared among treatment groups. Results: No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in rats treated with Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts obtained through either aqueous or ethanol extraction methods. The calculated lethal dose required to cause mortality in 50% of the tested animals (LD<sub>50</sub>) exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of the leaf extract at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight did not induce any observable signs of toxicity or adverse effects during the 28-day study period. Male and female albino rats treated with the leaf extract showed significant weight gains compared to the control group. Higher doses (800 mg/kg) of both aqueous and ethanol extracts led to increased levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in male albino rats, with the ethanol extract exhibiting a more pronounced effect. The administration of the ethanol extract, particularly at the lower dose (400 mg/kg), resulted in decreased levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), suggesting potential liver protective properties. Additionally, bilirubin levels, a marker of liver dysfunction, were significantly reduced in all treatment groups, with the lowest levels observed in the groups receiving higher doses of both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The administration of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts did not significantly affect renal funct
文摘Nurses must deliver infusions as prescribed since too slow or fast a dose could be deleterious to patients. Nurses experience challenges with infusion dose calculations, making them vulnerable to errors. The research team examined drop factor and infusion dose calculation discrepancies among nurses in southern Nigeria. Five university teaching hospitals were involved in this cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. To establish the drop factor of commonly available macro drip sets, the team randomly sourced 25 macro drip sets from the hospitals’ pharmacies. A sample of 291 nurses was selected using a proportionate random sampling technique. The team collected data using the Adult Infusion Dose Calculation Quiz and analyzed it at a 5% significance level. Twenty (80%) of the sampled macro drip sets displayed a drop factor value of 20 drops per milliliter (gtt/ml) on their packaging. When measured experimentally, 25 (100%) of the macro drip sets delivered exactly 20 gtt/ml. Only 36 (12.4%) respondents calculated macro drip infusion doses using the correct drop factor of 20 gtt/ml. Non-attendance of infusion administration training updates significantly increased the risk of error by 38% (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the drop factor of macro drip sets used in southern Nigeria is 20 gtt/ml;nurses were prone to infusing patients at a lower dose than prescribed. Special training in infusion therapy might remedy this concern.
文摘Problem Statement: Malaria’s global impact necessitates effective treatments, like dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQP), though safety concerns, notably drug-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT), persist. A knowledge gap exists regarding DHA/PQP’s cardiac effects, warranting a comprehensive investigation. Approach: This study aimed to assess KROSH (DHA/PQP) impact on albino rat heart histology, examining structural changes and potential cardiotoxicity. 40 albino rats were grouped by KROSH dosage and duration, monitored for weight changes, and heart tissues were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. Statistical analysis compared to control and treated groups. Results: KROSH administration led to varying rat weight effects, yet not statistically significant. Histological analysis revealed dose and duration-dependent cardiac tissue alterations, including distortion, adipose deposits, artery hypertrophy, fibrosis, and necrosis. These contrasts with prior research documenting DHA/PQP’s non-toxic effects. Conclusion/Recommendation: This study highlights potential KROSH (DHA/PQP) cardiotoxicity concerns through histological changes, underscoring the need for further research into underlying mechanisms and human health implications. Given DHA/PQP’s wide use, these findings should inform safety evaluations and administration practices.
文摘Despite the nutritional benefits of crab consumption,the bioaccumulation of hazardous trace metals(loid)in crabs can endanger consumers’health.The consumption of crab has received less attention.As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Li,Hg,Fe,Pb and Zn in four common crab species collected from the bank of selected streams and the associated health risks were analyzed for the consumers by evaluating estimated weekly intake(EWI),non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children,adolescents,and adults.In this study,320 samples were collected in total.These crab and sediment samples showed a descending average content of Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>As>Cd>Li>Hg,respectively.EWI values of children,adolescents,and adults were all lower than provisional tolerable weekly intakes(PTWIs)of all crab species.According to the toxic hazard quotient(THQ)and the total hazard index(HI)calculations for trace metal contents in the crabs,mercury did not pose any risk to human health;whereas,the other determined trace metals(loid)gave the values of HI>1 and showed a possibility of risk on the long term.In all age groups,the consumption of U.tangeri,O.Africana,and C.armatum would lead to lifetime cancer risk due to As and Cd bioaccumulation.Also,Statistical analysis reveals the origin of the contaminants in the crabs,and indicate that Cr,Zn,Pb,and Cd are from anthropogenic activities while the other metals originate from natural lithogenic actions.
文摘This paper investigates</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the impact of biohazards and pandemics on construction workers’ health and well-being. A proper selection of control methods for biohazards and pandemics like COVID-19 pandemic will result in improved public health conditions. Occupational risks in the construction industry are also examined, with a focus on biohazards and pandemics, their containment, and the implications for health and safety. A safer work environment in the construction industry is encouraged. In this study, some statistical methods were used to analyse the data obtained from sampled</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">questionnaire. According to the findings, fewer people in poor developing</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">countries get routine check-ups compared to developed countries. The</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">construction industries studied have little or no insurance plans for staff. It also demonstrates that personal protective equipment (PPE) such as nasal masks, helmets, hand gloves, and work aprons can assist in the control of biohazards in the construction sector, such as asthma, cancer, and asbestosis. There should be safety awareness programmes, conferences, and seminars, as well as first-aid kits and HSE and qualified health workers on all building sites. In addition, the government should examine the site for the usage of PPEs and verify that records of family/person
文摘Extensive review of evaporative coolers for the preservation of fresh agricultural produce in some countries was presented.Most of the designs employ mainly direct evaporative cooling methods which are simple but with lower thermal performance,and can only be used for short term storage of agricultural produce with moderate respiratory rates.Researches into novel technologies in evaporative cooling systems which can improve the cooling performances,such as membrane air treatments,dew point type and heat pipe type heat exchanger in indirect/direct evaporative cooling application,and their feasibilities in agricultural storage are either absent or scarce.Some kinds of materials especially agricultural residues have been used for air water contact in evaporative cooling in different climates,but most of the analyses focused on effect of air flow rate and pad thickness on the cooling effectiveness,and the energy efficiency and evaporation loss of these materials in most cases were not evaluated or presented.The paper highlights the prospects and constraints of commercialization and marketing of evaporative coolers in some developing countries,and the general weakness in researches and the ways forward in new area of research and development are concluded.
文摘Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs/MCCPs)are of concern due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and toxicity.SCCPs were listed in 2017 as persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in the Stockholm Convention and Rotterdam Convention for Prior Informed Consent(PIC)procedure.MCCPs are evaluated in the POPs Reviewing Committee for listing.Studies in Africa demonstrate high SCCP/MCCP levels in house dust and human milk.Therefore,this study undertook an initial assessment of the production and import situation in Nigeria.The Nigerian government has not assessed SCCPs yet and has no registered exemptions for SCCPs and therefore should not produce or use SCCPs.Also,Nigeria has not notified Rotterdam Convention of PIC procedure and,therefore,no SCCP should be imported into Nigeria.Since no local production of SCCPs/MCCPs was observed in Nigeria,this study therefore compiled data on importation of SCCPs/MCCPs and products which may likely contain these chemicals from the UN Comtrade Database for the period 1996 to 2018.Despite the listing of SCCPs in the Rotterdam Convention,there is still no specific Harmonized System(HS)codes for SCCPs/MCCPs.This study therefore used HS codes of product categories known to contain SCCPs/MCCPs.HS substance categories under which SCCP/MCCPs are usually imported include plasticisers and other product categories that amounted to 229,779 and 518,342 tonnes respectively but without specific information on the type of plasticiser.About 39%of PVC and rubber imports of 2,683,015 tonnes and 3,516,052 tonnes respectively contain plasticisers.Based on the SCCP and MCCP impact factors from literature for China,the highest amount of SCCP(33,712 tonnes)was imported in the different PVC products while rubber products accounted to 1386 tonnes and PUR foam to 2331 tonnes.The amount of imported MCCPs in PVC products(25,599 tonnes)and rubber products(32,317 tonnes)was in the same order of magnitude while MCCP imported in PUR foam was estimated to 2020 tonnes.At the end of life(EoL),these pr
文摘Objective: To compare changes in some haematological parameters among malaria positive and negative subjects in a malaria endemic community, Southeastern Nigeria. Methods: Haematological parameters of 443 subjects including 234 confirmed malaria infected and 209 non-malaria infected patients who attended various hospitals in selected communities of Ezinihite L.G.A, Southeastern Nigeria between January and June 2014 were evaluated. Results: Total white blood count and two of its differentials (lymphocytes and granulocytes), red blood cell and platelet counts were significantly lower among malaria-infected subjects compared to the non-infected subjects (P < 0.05) Conclusions: Haematological parameters of malaria infected subjects were significantly lower than that of uninfected individuals. This present research adds to the fact that haematological parameters is a good and reliable indicator for the early and prompt diagnosis of malaria in patients.
文摘<strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of prenatal death worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic decomposition, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). <strong>Objective:</strong> This project work surveyed the prevalence of hepatitis B among febrile patients as well as to detect hepatitis B virus in the blood and the stage of the infection of hepatitis B on the affected patients and carrier stage or state of immunity of the affected patients. <strong>Methodology:</strong> A well-designed questionnaire/checklist was used to gather information regarding age, HIV-Status, and sex from 50 febrile patients. 2 ml of blood sample was obtained by venin-puncture using a sterile hypodermic syringe and emptied into a clean dry tube (without anticoagulant) observing the necessary aseptic techniques. The blood was centrifuged and the sera obtained and stored at 2 - 8 c for HBsAg screening. Hepatitis B virus was tested using an<em> in-vitro </em>diagnostic kit called HBsAg one-step rapid test strip. The HBsAg one-step rapid test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay based on the principle of the double antibody-sandwich technique. The membrane is pre-coated with anti-HBsAg antibodies on the test line region of the test. During testing, the serum specimen reacts with the particle coated with anti-HBsAg antibody. The serum moves up with capillary action to react with the coated antibody on the membrane. Then, the colored line (positive) will be generated which shows the presence of the virus. But negative shows absence of the virus. The blood in the test tube was spun using a centrifuge to separate the red cells from the serum. The test pouch, serum, and control were allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before testing. The test strip was removed from the sealed pouch and used immediately. The test strip was immersed vertically into the serum with the arrows pointing towards the serum for about 10 - 15 seconds, w
文摘Background: Healthcare workers are challenged by an imposing group of occupational hazards. These hazards include exposure to biological and non-biological hazards like ionizing radiation, stress, injury, infectious agents, and chemicals. The aim of this study was to assess common occupational hazards among health workers at the Department of Health Services (DHS), Federal University of Technology, Owerri. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was employed for the study, and a self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The SPSS Version 22.0 software was used for the analysis of the descriptive statistics obtained from the study. This study included both clinical and non-clinical health workers. A purposive sampling technique was used in recruiting a total of 94 respondents who participated in the study from September 2020 to April 2021. Results: A total of 94 respondents who participated in the study and among the participants, 33.3% (31) of the respondents were aged 31 - 40 years, and the majority of the health workers, 43.6% (41) had stayed between 1 - 5 years. Also, 92.6% (87) of the health workers have heard of occupational hazards. The study showed that 84.0% (79) of health workers had good knowledge of common occupational hazards. Biological hazards among health workers are 47.9% (45) cuts and wounds, 29.8% (28) direct contact with contaminated specimens/hazardous materials, and 26.6% (26) sharp related injuries, while for non-biological hazards, 44.7% (42) have slipped, tripped or fallen, and 35.1% (33) have been stressed. Common safety measures include 86.2% (81) washing their hands regularly;78.7% (74) using hand gloves;and 85.1% (80) agreeing they use face masks. Conclusion: Despite good knowledge of occupational hazards, participants at DHS were faced with certain hazards. It is recommended that the university, government, and policymakers revise and implement actions to provide health workers at DHS with equipment to encourage safety in work activity.
文摘The viability of some waste as cooling pads for evaporative cooling application in South-Western Nigeria was experimentally assessed.This is to ascertain their effectiveness as a substitute for costly imported pads in a low income environment.Also presented was the feasibility of utilizing standalone evaporative coolers for storage and selling of fruits in South-Western Nigeria.Natural ambient air was forced through the various pads at three different fan speeds and constant cooling pad thickness of 30 mm.Performance characteristics were considered based on daily analysis using temperature and humidity data measured from morning to evening at location co-ordinates latitude 7°10′N and longitude 5°05′E for 6 weeks.The daily temperature T and humidity h ranged between 26℃≤T≤45℃ and 28%≤h_(2)≤80%.Temperature differenceDT and humidity differenceDh of 0.6℃≤ΔT≤18.3℃ and 1.0%≤Δh≤53%was achieved for the four cooling pad materials tested at three fan speeds.HighestDT andDh was recorded at fan speed of 4 m/s with shredded latex foam and jute sack respectively.The cooling efficiency(η)calculated for all the pads under the three speeds ranged from 17.3%≤η≤98.8%.Payback period(PBP)analysis indicated the considered EVC is economically feasible and investors will break even in 1.75 years.
文摘Background: Oedema, a constant feature of childhood nephrotic syndrome can be severe, enough to cause respiratory embarrassment. It can also be refractory to diuretic monotherapy. In such cases, combination of salt poor albumin (SPA) infusion and diuretics has remained the best treatment option. However, the cost of SPA has made it practically unavailable in resource-poor settings. It becomes a therapeutic dilemma when nephrotic syndrome patients of financially-constrained caregivers present with refractory anasarca in a resource-poor settings. Case review: We present a seven-year-old boy with relapsed steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome who presented to Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba, in respiratory distress with anasarca and a weight of 58 kilograms. SPA could not be accessed due to financial constraints. A decision to use fresh whole blood in the place of SPA, in combination with frusemide, achieved a lifesaving diuresis and regression of the anasarca. Conclusion: Whole blood is a good alternative for the treatment of refractory oedema in children with nephrotic syndrome in resource poor settings.
文摘Pawpaw and lime juices were blended to produce mixed pawpaw/lime juice samples in the ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) v/v giving samples A, B, C, D and E respectively. The moisture, mineral and vitamin contents, as well as the physical, microbiological and sensory qualities of the individual juices and blended samples were evaluated. While lime juice had higher moisture, calcium and vitamin C with values of 97.90%, 2.21 mg/100 g and 67.47 mg/100 g as compared to pawpaw juice with 92.96%, 1.53 mg/100 g and 35.49 mg/100 g respectively;the pawpaw juice had higher ash, phosphorus and vitamin A contents, with values of 3.12%, 54.97 mg/100 g and 5.90 IU/100 g as against 2.84%, 29.53% and 0.16% for lime juice respectively. While there was a general increase in moisture, calcium and vitamin C contents with blending, ash, phosphorus and vitamin A contents increased with increase in lime. The total solids content and specific gravity of pawpaw juice were remarkably higher at 7.04% and 1.15 g/m3 compared to 2.09% and 1.09 g/m3 respectively for lime juice. However, lime juice had a higher titratable acidity, while recording a lower pH of 2.89 as compared to 5.36 for pawpaw juice. The Total Viable Count (TVC) of lime juice was much lower (2.33 × 105 CFU/ml) than that of pawpaw juice (5.33 × 106 CFU/ml). There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in all the sensory parameters evaluated. Generally, there was an increase in the scores of each parameter from sample A to B and then a decline through to sample E. Sample B (80:20) mixed pawpaw/lime juice was most preferred, while sample E (50:50) was least preferred.
文摘This study investigated the relationship between topographic information and trends in rainfall in Aba urban, South Eastern Nigeria. GIS data were applied to generate topographical information on?runoff characteristics, the slope, the contour, the aspect and the digital elevation model. The Mann-Kendall Trend was applied to the rainfall data to show if a monotonic increase, decrease or stability trend exist for the rainfall data of Aba metropolis for the period 2000-2010. Results showed that virtually all parts of Aba were liable to floods expect Ogbor hill axis. The flood vulnerability map indicated that 71.65% of the study area was vulnerable to flood. Rainfall trend showed a decrease in six out of the ten year period. Since within this period, flood intensity had generally remained the same, we concluded that topography, poor drainage infrastructure and non-compliance with building, planning and environmental regulations rather than rainfall trend were the key cause of flood problem in the study area.
