Citrus huanglongbing（HLB） has become a major disease and limiting factor of production in citrus areas that have become infected. The destruction to the affected citrus industries has resulted in a tremendous increa...Citrus huanglongbing（HLB） has become a major disease and limiting factor of production in citrus areas that have become infected. The destruction to the affected citrus industries has resulted in a tremendous increase to support research that in return has resulted in significant information on both applied and basic knowledge concerning this important disease to the global citrus industry. Recent research indicates the relationship between citrus and the causal agent of HLB is shaped by multiple elements, in which host defense responses may also play an important role. This review is intended to provide an overview of the importance of HLB to a wider audience of plant biologists. Recent advances on host-pathogen interactions, population genetics and vectoring of the causal agent are discussed.展开更多
Bulked segregant analysis was employed to construct two mixed DNA pools to screen the RAPd marker linked with the fertilityrestoring gene（\%Rf\-i）\% of upland cotton. A total of 425 arbitrary 10mer oligonucleotide p...Bulked segregant analysis was employed to construct two mixed DNA pools to screen the RAPd marker linked with the fertilityrestoring gene（\%Rf\-i）\% of upland cotton. A total of 425 arbitrary 10mer oligonucleotide primers were screened on two DNA pools, bulked male fertile and sterile DNAs isolated from BC\-3 segregating population of （06132R×Simian No. 3）. Three primers produced repeatable polymorphisms between the paired bulks and their parents. DNA was extracted and amplified with these three primers for 92 plants of （Zhong 12A1×06132R）F\-2. Based on the male fertility scoring and RAPD amplification, it is found that one RAPD marker fragment designated OPV15 300 was linked with the fertilityrestoring gene （R f \-1） with a recombination value of 13.0±2.57%.展开更多
Grapevine is one of the most economically important crops worldwide.However,the previous versions of the grapevine reference genome tipically consist of thousands of fragments with missing centromeres and telomeres,li...Grapevine is one of the most economically important crops worldwide.However,the previous versions of the grapevine reference genome tipically consist of thousands of fragments with missing centromeres and telomeres,limiting the accessibility of the repetitive sequences,the centromeric and telomeric regions,and the study of inheritance of important agronomic traits in these regions.Here,we assembled a telomere-to-telomere(T2T)gap-free reference genome for the cultivar PN40024 using PacBio HiFi long reads.The T2T reference genome(PN_T2T)is 69 Mb longer with 9018 more genes identified than the 12X.v0 version.We annotated 67%repetitive sequences,19 centromeres and 36 telomeres,and incorporated gene annotations of previous versions into the PN_T2T assembly.We detected a total of 377 gene clusters,which showed associations with complex traits,such as aroma and disease resistance.Even though PN40024 derives from nine generations of selfing,we still found nine genomic hotspots of heterozygous sites associated with biological processes,such as the oxidation–reduction process and protein phosphorylation.The fully annotated complete reference genome therefore constitutes an important resource for grapevine genetic studies and breeding programs.展开更多
Multisensor data fusion （MDF） is an emerging technology to fuse data from multiple sensors in order to make a more accurate estimation of the environment through measurement and detection. Applications of MDF cross ...Multisensor data fusion （MDF） is an emerging technology to fuse data from multiple sensors in order to make a more accurate estimation of the environment through measurement and detection. Applications of MDF cross a wide spectrum in military and civilian areas. With the rapid evolution of computers and the proliferation of micro-mechanical/electrical systems sensors, the utilization of MDF is being popularized in research and applications. This paper focuses on application of MDF for high quality data analysis and processing in measurement and instrumentation. A practical, general data fusion scheme was established on the basis of feature extraction and merge of data from multiple sensors. This scheme integrates artificial neural networks for high performance pattern recognition. A number of successful applications in areas of NDI （Non-Destructive Inspection） corrosion detection, food quality and safety characterization, and precision agriculture are described and discussed in order to motivate new applications in these or other areas. This paper gives an overall picture of using the MDF method to increase the accuracy of data analysis and processing in measurement and instrumentation in different areas of applications.展开更多
Huanglongbing(HLB)in citrus infected by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)has caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry.No resistant genotypes have been identified in citrus species or close relatives.Among...Huanglongbing(HLB)in citrus infected by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)has caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry.No resistant genotypes have been identified in citrus species or close relatives.Among citrus varieties,rough lemon(Citrus jambhiri)has been considered tolerant due to its ability to produce a healthy flush of new growth after infection.The difference between tolerance and susceptibility is often defined by the speed and intensity of a plant’s response to a pathogen,especially early defense responses.RNA-seq data were collected from three biological replicates of CLas-and mock-inoculated rough lemon and sweet orange at week 0 and 7 following infection.Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)indicated that genes involved in the mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway were highly upregulated in rough lemon.MAPK induces the transcription of WRKY and other transcription factors which potentially turn on multiple defense-related genes.A Subnetwork Enrichment Analysis further revealed different patterns of regulation of several functional categories,suggesting DEGs with different functions were subjected to reprogramming.In general,the amplitude of the expression of defense-related genes is much greater in rough lemon than in sweet orange.A quantitative disease resistance response may contribute to the durable tolerance level to HLB observed in rough lemon.展开更多
Concentrated flow erosion processes are distinguished from splash and sheetflow processes in their enhanced ability to mobilize and transport large amounts of soil,water and dissolved elements.On rangelands,soil,nutri...Concentrated flow erosion processes are distinguished from splash and sheetflow processes in their enhanced ability to mobilize and transport large amounts of soil,water and dissolved elements.On rangelands,soil,nutrients and water are scarce and only narrow margins of resource losses are tolerable before crossing the sustainability threshold.In these ecosystems,concentrated flow processes are perceived as indicators of degradation and often warrant the implementation of mitigation strategies.Nevertheless,this negative perception of concentrated flow processes may conflict with the need to improve understanding of the role of these transport vessels in redistributing water,soil and nutrients along the rangeland hillslope.Vegetation influences the development and erosion of concentrated flowpaths and has been the primary factor used to control and mitigate erosion on rangelands.At the ecohydrologic level,vegetation and concentrated flow pathways are engaged in a feedback relationship,the understanding of which might help improve rangeland management and restoration strategies.In this paper,we review published literature on experimental and conceptual research pertaining to concentrated flow processes on rangelands to:(1)present the fundamental science underpinning concentrated flow erosion modeling in these landscapes,(2)discuss the influence of vegetation on these erosion processes,(3)evaluate the contribution of concentrated flow erosion to overall sediment budget and(4)identify knowledge gaps.展开更多
Upon researching predictive models related toWest Nile virus disease,it is discovered that there are numerous parameters and extensive information in most models,thus contributing to unnecessary complexity.Another cha...Upon researching predictive models related toWest Nile virus disease,it is discovered that there are numerous parameters and extensive information in most models,thus contributing to unnecessary complexity.Another challenge frequently encountered is the lead time,which refers to the period for which predictions are made and often is too short.This paper addresses these issues by introducing a parsimonious method based on ICC curves,offering a logistic distribution model derived from the vector-borne SEIR model.Unlike existing models relying on diverse environmental data,our approach exclusively utilizes historical and present infected human cases(number of new cases).With a yearlong lead time,the predictions extend throughout the 12 months,gaining precision as new data emerge.Theoretical conditions are derived to minimize Bayesian loss,enhancing predictive precision.We construct a Bayesian forecasting probability density function using carefully selected prior distributions.Applying these functions,we predict monthspecific infections nationwide,rigorously evaluating accuracy with probabilistic metrics.Additionally,HPD credible intervals at 90%,95%,and 99%levels is performed.Precision assessment is conducted for HPD intervals,measuring the proportion of intervals that does not include actual reported cases for 2020e2022.展开更多
Some milk-associated proteins are known to be nutritionally valuable and form bioactive peptides that exhibit activity against hypertension and oxidative stress. Consumption of cheeses, such as the popular Hispanic-st...Some milk-associated proteins are known to be nutritionally valuable and form bioactive peptides that exhibit activity against hypertension and oxidative stress. Consumption of cheeses, such as the popular Hispanic-style cheese Queso Fresco (QF), may be a vehicle for delivery of these milk-associated peptides. This paper describes the effects of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the antioxidative activity (ORAC- FL value) of water-soluble proteins extracted from QF samples. QFs were manufactured according to a commercial-make procedure using pasteurized, homogenized milk, without added starter cultures. The cheese was cut into 45 × 45 × 150 mm3 blocks, double packaged in vacuum bags, and received the following HPP treatments: 200, 400, or 600 MPa for either 0, 5, 10, or 20 min, with warming to an internal temperature of either 22℃ or 40℃ prior to HPP treatment. Results show that the core temperature of the cheese during HPP directly affects the ORAC-FL value. The activities of the lower temperature cheeses are independent of time and pressure, and have a median ORAC-FL value of 27 trolox equivalents (TE). The higher temperature cheeses have higher ORAC-FL values ranging from 21.5 to 96.0 TE;the highest activity corresponded to the cheese held at 400 MPa for the longest time under pressure (20 min). The 600 MPa cheeses increase in activity with increasing time under pressure, but are less active than the control cheese. These results indicate that processing temperature and pressure are important factors in the antioxidative activity of these QF samples and further understanding of the roles of these variables may lead to the manufacture of healthier and more nutritious cheeses and dairy products.展开更多
The major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)are the central constituents responsible for the specific activities of royal jelly.Here MRJPs via oral administration daily for 45 consecutive days were evaluated the effects on t...The major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)are the central constituents responsible for the specific activities of royal jelly.Here MRJPs via oral administration daily for 45 consecutive days were evaluated the effects on the reproductive parameters in immature female mice(FM).Neonatal FM were divided into four groups fed MRJPs with doses of 0,125,250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight(M125,M250 and M500).The results in M125,M250 and M500 showed that the times of estrus were accelerated by 10.7%,15.5%and 10.7%,the secondary follicles number were increased by 50.7%,78.8%and 38.6%,the Graafian follicles were increased by 600.0%and 774.0%and 150.0%,respectively.M500 induced multi-oocyte follicles.The serum estradiol levels of the three groups were increased by 47.1%,64.9%and 31.1%,the action of MRJPs raising hormone secretion level is mainly via upregulating expression of ERˇgene.Antioxidant parameters of ovarian tissue showed that the malondialdehyde levels in M125 and M250 were decreased,the superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione peroxidase activities in M125 and M250 were increased.In conclusion,MRJPs may accelerate onset of puberty and promote follicular development in FM.Our findings would facilitate better understanding of the benefit effect of MRJPs as the key ingredient in royal jelly on promoting fertility performance.展开更多
Royal jelly (R J)from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement.The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs)have been identified as the functional component of RJ.However,the question of whether MRJPs h...Royal jelly (R J)from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement.The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs)have been identified as the functional component of RJ.However,the question of whether MRJPs have anti-senescence activity for human cells remains.Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HFL-I)cells were cultured in media containing no MRJPs (A),MRJPs at 0.1mg/ml (B),0.2mg/ml (C),or 0.3mg/ml (D),or bovine serum albumin (BSA)at 0.2mg/ml (E).The mean population doubling levels of cells in media B,C,D,and E were increased by 12.4%,31.2%,24.0%,and 10.4%,respectively,compared with that in medium A.The cells in medium C also exhibited the highest relative proliferation activity,the lowest senescence,and the longest telomeres.Moreover, MRJPs up-regulated the expression of superoxide dismutase-1(SOD1)and down-regulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR),catenin beta like-1(CTNNB1),and tumor protein p53(TP53).Raman spectra analysis showed that there were two unique bands related to DNA synthesis materials,amide carbonyl group vibrations and aromatic hydrogens.These results suggest that MRJPs possess anti-senescence activity for the HFL-I cell line,and provide new knowledge illustrating the molecular mechanism of MRJPs as anti-senescence factors.展开更多
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is of significant economic importance in several tropical countries but its yield potentials are low mainly because of poor soil fertility especially low levels of potassium (K). Cacao has a...Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is of significant economic importance in several tropical countries but its yield potentials are low mainly because of poor soil fertility especially low levels of potassium (K). Cacao has a high demand for K to maintain healthy growth and production. Knowledge of K use in cacao will help the development of suitable crop management practices and will aid breeding varieties adapted to environments with a limited soil K supply. Using a plant growth chamber, we investigated the growth and physiological traits among three cacao varieties at three levels of growth medium K (52, 156, and 469 mg·plant-1). Significant K effects were observed on growth traits including stem diameter, root length, chlorophyll b, and the ratio of chlorophyll a/b. Significant K effect was also found on carbohydrate metabolites, such as fructose, glucose, myo-inositol, raffinose and starch. However, no K effect was observed in other growth and physiological indicators, including biomass of seedling and net photosynthetic rate. There were significant genotype differences on seedling growth indicators, including stem diameter, stem height, total biomass, leaf biomass, leaf area, root length, chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids. Genotype difference was also found on all measured carbohydrate and starch metabolites, except maltose and raffinose. Results of this study indicate that although K plays a critical role in cacao tree growth and productivity, cacao may be less sensitive to K deficiency during the seedling stage. The present results improved our understanding about K and plants interaction in cacao seedlings, which is useful for crop management and germplasm utilization.展开更多
Apple replant disease(ARD)is a major limitation to the establishment of economically viable orchards on replant sites due to the buildup and long-term survival of pathogen inoculum.Several soilborne necrotrophic fungi...Apple replant disease(ARD)is a major limitation to the establishment of economically viable orchards on replant sites due to the buildup and long-term survival of pathogen inoculum.Several soilborne necrotrophic fungi and oomycetes are primarily responsible for ARD,and symptoms range from serious inhibition of growth to the death of young trees.Chemical fumigation has been the primary method used for control of ARD,and manipulating soil microbial ecology to reduce pathogen density and aggressiveness is being investigated.To date,innate resistance of apple rootstocks as a means to control this disease has not been carefully explored,partly due to the complex etiology and the difficulty in phenotyping the disease resistance.Molecular defense responses of plant roots to soilborne necrotrophic pathogens are largely elusive,although considerable progress has been achieved using foliar disease systems.Plant defense responses to necrotrophic pathogens consist of several interacting modules and operate as a network.Upon pathogen detection by plants,cellular signals such as the oscillation of Ca^(2+)concentration,reactive oxygen species(ROS)burst and protein kinase activity,lead to plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling.Jasmonic acid(JA)and ethylene(ET)are known to be fundamental to the induction and regulation of defense mechanisms toward invading necrotrophic pathogens.Complicated hormone crosstalk modulates the fine-tuning of transcriptional reprogramming and metabolic redirection,resulting in production of antimicrobial metabolites,enzyme inhibitors and cell wall refortification to restrict further pathogenesis.Transcriptome profiling of apple roots in response to inoculation with Pythium ultimum demonstrated that there is a high degree of conservation regarding the molecular framework of defense responses compared with those observed with foliar tissues.It is conceivable that the timing and intensity of genotype-specific defense responses may lead to different outcomes between rootstocks in response to invasion by 展开更多
The term‘‘micronaire”describes an important cotton fiber property by characterizing both the fiber maturity and fineness.In practice,micronaire is regularly measured in laboratories with the well established high v...The term‘‘micronaire”describes an important cotton fiber property by characterizing both the fiber maturity and fineness.In practice,micronaire is regularly measured in laboratories with the well established high volume instrumentation(HVITM)protocol.In most scenarios,cotton breeders/geneticists sent cotton breeding line field trial samples to laboratories equipped to use the HVI^TM systems available for fiber micronaire determination.Researchers have previously investigated the use of NIR as an alternative means of measuring micronaire either at breeding sites or in standard laboratories.As a proof-of-concept investigation,this study collected both near infrared(NIR)spectra and HVI^TM micronaire from a total of 381 cottons harvested in the 2011 and 2012 crop years.Partial least square(PLS)calibration model relating NIR spectral information to fiber HVITM micronaire was developed and then applied to both a validation sample set from identical crop years and an independent test sample set from the 2014 crop year.Results indicated an acceptable bias(or differences between HVI^TM measured and NIR predicted micronaire)and an over 97%correctly predicted micronaire(within±0.30 micronaire unit)in an independent test set.Therefore,the development of a robust and effective NIR model for rapid laboratory micronaire assessment that would be applicable to remote/breeding locations is feasible.展开更多
Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L., 2n = 2x = 14） is an economically important vegetable worldwide and has served as a model sys- tem for plant vascular biology and sex determination studies. We reported the draft genome ...Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L., 2n = 2x = 14） is an economically important vegetable worldwide and has served as a model sys- tem for plant vascular biology and sex determination studies. We reported the draft genome assembly of the North China type cucumber line 9930 in 2009 （Huang et al., 2009a） and constructed a single-base resolution map of cucumber genomic variation by resequencing of the genomes of 115 core germplasm lines （Qi et al., 2013）, which enabled genome-wide association studies of important traits in cucumber （Shang et al., 2014）.展开更多
Aroma, a complex mixture of volatile compounds, plays an important role in the perception and acceptability of tomato products by consumers. Numerous studies have reported volatile profiles in tomatoes based on measur...Aroma, a complex mixture of volatile compounds, plays an important role in the perception and acceptability of tomato products by consumers. Numerous studies have reported volatile profiles in tomatoes based on measurement of the whole fruit or pericarp tissue, however, little is understood regarding the volatile compositions in the inner tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in volatile profile between pericarp tissue and Iocular gel in tomato fruit. Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, totally 42 volatile compounds were detected in FL 47 and Tasti-Lee tomato fruits. Regardless of cultivars, a substantial higher concentration of total volatile compounds was observed in pericarp than that in/ocular gel, associated with higher levels of aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen compounds. Pericarp tissue possessed higher levels of cis-3-hexenal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, cymene, terpinolene, undecane, dodecane, 2-phenylethanol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-nitro-pentane, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, while the abundances of 2-methylpropanal, butanal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methylpropanol, 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutanol, and 2-butanone were higher in Iocular gel. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis using GC-MS and electronic nose （E-nose） data discriminated the two tissues.展开更多
Dear Editor Resistance （R） genes represent one of the most divergent gene families in plants. Novel resistance function might arise through point mutations or sequence exchanges between paralogues （Kuang et al., 20...Dear Editor Resistance （R） genes represent one of the most divergent gene families in plants. Novel resistance function might arise through point mutations or sequence exchanges between paralogues （Kuang et al., 2004; Luo et al., 2011, 2012）.展开更多
基金the United States citrus industry and various funding agencies for their commitment and continued support for HLB research
文摘Citrus huanglongbing（HLB） has become a major disease and limiting factor of production in citrus areas that have become infected. The destruction to the affected citrus industries has resulted in a tremendous increase to support research that in return has resulted in significant information on both applied and basic knowledge concerning this important disease to the global citrus industry. Recent research indicates the relationship between citrus and the causal agent of HLB is shaped by multiple elements, in which host defense responses may also play an important role. This review is intended to provide an overview of the importance of HLB to a wider audience of plant biologists. Recent advances on host-pathogen interactions, population genetics and vectoring of the causal agent are discussed.
文摘Bulked segregant analysis was employed to construct two mixed DNA pools to screen the RAPd marker linked with the fertilityrestoring gene（\%Rf\-i）\% of upland cotton. A total of 425 arbitrary 10mer oligonucleotide primers were screened on two DNA pools, bulked male fertile and sterile DNAs isolated from BC\-3 segregating population of （06132R×Simian No. 3）. Three primers produced repeatable polymorphisms between the paired bulks and their parents. DNA was extracted and amplified with these three primers for 92 plants of （Zhong 12A1×06132R）F\-2. Based on the male fertility scoring and RAPD amplification, it is found that one RAPD marker fragment designated OPV15 300 was linked with the fertilityrestoring gene （R f \-1） with a recombination value of 13.0±2.57%.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)to Y.Z.,the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant 2019YFA0906200)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202101)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(grant KQTD2016113010482651)the BMBF-funded de.
文摘Grapevine is one of the most economically important crops worldwide.However,the previous versions of the grapevine reference genome tipically consist of thousands of fragments with missing centromeres and telomeres,limiting the accessibility of the repetitive sequences,the centromeric and telomeric regions,and the study of inheritance of important agronomic traits in these regions.Here,we assembled a telomere-to-telomere(T2T)gap-free reference genome for the cultivar PN40024 using PacBio HiFi long reads.The T2T reference genome(PN_T2T)is 69 Mb longer with 9018 more genes identified than the 12X.v0 version.We annotated 67%repetitive sequences,19 centromeres and 36 telomeres,and incorporated gene annotations of previous versions into the PN_T2T assembly.We detected a total of 377 gene clusters,which showed associations with complex traits,such as aroma and disease resistance.Even though PN40024 derives from nine generations of selfing,we still found nine genomic hotspots of heterozygous sites associated with biological processes,such as the oxidation–reduction process and protein phosphorylation.The fully annotated complete reference genome therefore constitutes an important resource for grapevine genetic studies and breeding programs.
文摘Multisensor data fusion （MDF） is an emerging technology to fuse data from multiple sensors in order to make a more accurate estimation of the environment through measurement and detection. Applications of MDF cross a wide spectrum in military and civilian areas. With the rapid evolution of computers and the proliferation of micro-mechanical/electrical systems sensors, the utilization of MDF is being popularized in research and applications. This paper focuses on application of MDF for high quality data analysis and processing in measurement and instrumentation. A practical, general data fusion scheme was established on the basis of feature extraction and merge of data from multiple sensors. This scheme integrates artificial neural networks for high performance pattern recognition. A number of successful applications in areas of NDI （Non-Destructive Inspection） corrosion detection, food quality and safety characterization, and precision agriculture are described and discussed in order to motivate new applications in these or other areas. This paper gives an overall picture of using the MDF method to increase the accuracy of data analysis and processing in measurement and instrumentation in different areas of applications.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Citrus Research and Development Foundation Inc.(CRDF),on behalf of the Florida citrus industry.
文摘Huanglongbing(HLB)in citrus infected by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)has caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry.No resistant genotypes have been identified in citrus species or close relatives.Among citrus varieties,rough lemon(Citrus jambhiri)has been considered tolerant due to its ability to produce a healthy flush of new growth after infection.The difference between tolerance and susceptibility is often defined by the speed and intensity of a plant’s response to a pathogen,especially early defense responses.RNA-seq data were collected from three biological replicates of CLas-and mock-inoculated rough lemon and sweet orange at week 0 and 7 following infection.Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)indicated that genes involved in the mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway were highly upregulated in rough lemon.MAPK induces the transcription of WRKY and other transcription factors which potentially turn on multiple defense-related genes.A Subnetwork Enrichment Analysis further revealed different patterns of regulation of several functional categories,suggesting DEGs with different functions were subjected to reprogramming.In general,the amplitude of the expression of defense-related genes is much greater in rough lemon than in sweet orange.A quantitative disease resistance response may contribute to the durable tolerance level to HLB observed in rough lemon.
文摘Concentrated flow erosion processes are distinguished from splash and sheetflow processes in their enhanced ability to mobilize and transport large amounts of soil,water and dissolved elements.On rangelands,soil,nutrients and water are scarce and only narrow margins of resource losses are tolerable before crossing the sustainability threshold.In these ecosystems,concentrated flow processes are perceived as indicators of degradation and often warrant the implementation of mitigation strategies.Nevertheless,this negative perception of concentrated flow processes may conflict with the need to improve understanding of the role of these transport vessels in redistributing water,soil and nutrients along the rangeland hillslope.Vegetation influences the development and erosion of concentrated flowpaths and has been the primary factor used to control and mitigate erosion on rangelands.At the ecohydrologic level,vegetation and concentrated flow pathways are engaged in a feedback relationship,the understanding of which might help improve rangeland management and restoration strategies.In this paper,we review published literature on experimental and conceptual research pertaining to concentrated flow processes on rangelands to:(1)present the fundamental science underpinning concentrated flow erosion modeling in these landscapes,(2)discuss the influence of vegetation on these erosion processes,(3)evaluate the contribution of concentrated flow erosion to overall sediment budget and(4)identify knowledge gaps.
文摘Upon researching predictive models related toWest Nile virus disease,it is discovered that there are numerous parameters and extensive information in most models,thus contributing to unnecessary complexity.Another challenge frequently encountered is the lead time,which refers to the period for which predictions are made and often is too short.This paper addresses these issues by introducing a parsimonious method based on ICC curves,offering a logistic distribution model derived from the vector-borne SEIR model.Unlike existing models relying on diverse environmental data,our approach exclusively utilizes historical and present infected human cases(number of new cases).With a yearlong lead time,the predictions extend throughout the 12 months,gaining precision as new data emerge.Theoretical conditions are derived to minimize Bayesian loss,enhancing predictive precision.We construct a Bayesian forecasting probability density function using carefully selected prior distributions.Applying these functions,we predict monthspecific infections nationwide,rigorously evaluating accuracy with probabilistic metrics.Additionally,HPD credible intervals at 90%,95%,and 99%levels is performed.Precision assessment is conducted for HPD intervals,measuring the proportion of intervals that does not include actual reported cases for 2020e2022.
文摘Some milk-associated proteins are known to be nutritionally valuable and form bioactive peptides that exhibit activity against hypertension and oxidative stress. Consumption of cheeses, such as the popular Hispanic-style cheese Queso Fresco (QF), may be a vehicle for delivery of these milk-associated peptides. This paper describes the effects of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the antioxidative activity (ORAC- FL value) of water-soluble proteins extracted from QF samples. QFs were manufactured according to a commercial-make procedure using pasteurized, homogenized milk, without added starter cultures. The cheese was cut into 45 × 45 × 150 mm3 blocks, double packaged in vacuum bags, and received the following HPP treatments: 200, 400, or 600 MPa for either 0, 5, 10, or 20 min, with warming to an internal temperature of either 22℃ or 40℃ prior to HPP treatment. Results show that the core temperature of the cheese during HPP directly affects the ORAC-FL value. The activities of the lower temperature cheeses are independent of time and pressure, and have a median ORAC-FL value of 27 trolox equivalents (TE). The higher temperature cheeses have higher ORAC-FL values ranging from 21.5 to 96.0 TE;the highest activity corresponded to the cheese held at 400 MPa for the longest time under pressure (20 min). The 600 MPa cheeses increase in activity with increasing time under pressure, but are less active than the control cheese. These results indicate that processing temperature and pressure are important factors in the antioxidative activity of these QF samples and further understanding of the roles of these variables may lead to the manufacture of healthier and more nutritious cheeses and dairy products.
基金The authors are grateful to Dr.Quanwei Wei from Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing,China for his technical assistance.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31271848)。
文摘The major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)are the central constituents responsible for the specific activities of royal jelly.Here MRJPs via oral administration daily for 45 consecutive days were evaluated the effects on the reproductive parameters in immature female mice(FM).Neonatal FM were divided into four groups fed MRJPs with doses of 0,125,250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight(M125,M250 and M500).The results in M125,M250 and M500 showed that the times of estrus were accelerated by 10.7%,15.5%and 10.7%,the secondary follicles number were increased by 50.7%,78.8%and 38.6%,the Graafian follicles were increased by 600.0%and 774.0%and 150.0%,respectively.M500 induced multi-oocyte follicles.The serum estradiol levels of the three groups were increased by 47.1%,64.9%and 31.1%,the action of MRJPs raising hormone secretion level is mainly via upregulating expression of ERˇgene.Antioxidant parameters of ovarian tissue showed that the malondialdehyde levels in M125 and M250 were decreased,the superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione peroxidase activities in M125 and M250 were increased.In conclusion,MRJPs may accelerate onset of puberty and promote follicular development in FM.Our findings would facilitate better understanding of the benefit effect of MRJPs as the key ingredient in royal jelly on promoting fertility performance.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2017C32033)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.3127848)
文摘Royal jelly (R J)from honeybee has been widely used as a health promotion supplement.The major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs)have been identified as the functional component of RJ.However,the question of whether MRJPs have anti-senescence activity for human cells remains.Human embryonic lung fibroblast (HFL-I)cells were cultured in media containing no MRJPs (A),MRJPs at 0.1mg/ml (B),0.2mg/ml (C),or 0.3mg/ml (D),or bovine serum albumin (BSA)at 0.2mg/ml (E).The mean population doubling levels of cells in media B,C,D,and E were increased by 12.4%,31.2%,24.0%,and 10.4%,respectively,compared with that in medium A.The cells in medium C also exhibited the highest relative proliferation activity,the lowest senescence,and the longest telomeres.Moreover, MRJPs up-regulated the expression of superoxide dismutase-1(SOD1)and down-regulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR),catenin beta like-1(CTNNB1),and tumor protein p53(TP53).Raman spectra analysis showed that there were two unique bands related to DNA synthesis materials,amide carbonyl group vibrations and aromatic hydrogens.These results suggest that MRJPs possess anti-senescence activity for the HFL-I cell line,and provide new knowledge illustrating the molecular mechanism of MRJPs as anti-senescence factors.
文摘Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is of significant economic importance in several tropical countries but its yield potentials are low mainly because of poor soil fertility especially low levels of potassium (K). Cacao has a high demand for K to maintain healthy growth and production. Knowledge of K use in cacao will help the development of suitable crop management practices and will aid breeding varieties adapted to environments with a limited soil K supply. Using a plant growth chamber, we investigated the growth and physiological traits among three cacao varieties at three levels of growth medium K (52, 156, and 469 mg·plant-1). Significant K effects were observed on growth traits including stem diameter, root length, chlorophyll b, and the ratio of chlorophyll a/b. Significant K effect was also found on carbohydrate metabolites, such as fructose, glucose, myo-inositol, raffinose and starch. However, no K effect was observed in other growth and physiological indicators, including biomass of seedling and net photosynthetic rate. There were significant genotype differences on seedling growth indicators, including stem diameter, stem height, total biomass, leaf biomass, leaf area, root length, chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids. Genotype difference was also found on all measured carbohydrate and starch metabolites, except maltose and raffinose. Results of this study indicate that although K plays a critical role in cacao tree growth and productivity, cacao may be less sensitive to K deficiency during the seedling stage. The present results improved our understanding about K and plants interaction in cacao seedlings, which is useful for crop management and germplasm utilization.
文摘Apple replant disease(ARD)is a major limitation to the establishment of economically viable orchards on replant sites due to the buildup and long-term survival of pathogen inoculum.Several soilborne necrotrophic fungi and oomycetes are primarily responsible for ARD,and symptoms range from serious inhibition of growth to the death of young trees.Chemical fumigation has been the primary method used for control of ARD,and manipulating soil microbial ecology to reduce pathogen density and aggressiveness is being investigated.To date,innate resistance of apple rootstocks as a means to control this disease has not been carefully explored,partly due to the complex etiology and the difficulty in phenotyping the disease resistance.Molecular defense responses of plant roots to soilborne necrotrophic pathogens are largely elusive,although considerable progress has been achieved using foliar disease systems.Plant defense responses to necrotrophic pathogens consist of several interacting modules and operate as a network.Upon pathogen detection by plants,cellular signals such as the oscillation of Ca^(2+)concentration,reactive oxygen species(ROS)burst and protein kinase activity,lead to plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling.Jasmonic acid(JA)and ethylene(ET)are known to be fundamental to the induction and regulation of defense mechanisms toward invading necrotrophic pathogens.Complicated hormone crosstalk modulates the fine-tuning of transcriptional reprogramming and metabolic redirection,resulting in production of antimicrobial metabolites,enzyme inhibitors and cell wall refortification to restrict further pathogenesis.Transcriptome profiling of apple roots in response to inoculation with Pythium ultimum demonstrated that there is a high degree of conservation regarding the molecular framework of defense responses compared with those observed with foliar tissues.It is conceivable that the timing and intensity of genotype-specific defense responses may lead to different outcomes between rootstocks in response to invasion by
文摘The term‘‘micronaire”describes an important cotton fiber property by characterizing both the fiber maturity and fineness.In practice,micronaire is regularly measured in laboratories with the well established high volume instrumentation(HVITM)protocol.In most scenarios,cotton breeders/geneticists sent cotton breeding line field trial samples to laboratories equipped to use the HVI^TM systems available for fiber micronaire determination.Researchers have previously investigated the use of NIR as an alternative means of measuring micronaire either at breeding sites or in standard laboratories.As a proof-of-concept investigation,this study collected both near infrared(NIR)spectra and HVI^TM micronaire from a total of 381 cottons harvested in the 2011 and 2012 crop years.Partial least square(PLS)calibration model relating NIR spectral information to fiber HVITM micronaire was developed and then applied to both a validation sample set from identical crop years and an independent test sample set from the 2014 crop year.Results indicated an acceptable bias(or differences between HVI^TM measured and NIR predicted micronaire)and an over 97%correctly predicted micronaire(within±0.30 micronaire unit)in an independent test set.Therefore,the development of a robust and effective NIR model for rapid laboratory micronaire assessment that would be applicable to remote/breeding locations is feasible.
文摘Cucumber （Cucumis sativus L., 2n = 2x = 14） is an economically important vegetable worldwide and has served as a model sys- tem for plant vascular biology and sex determination studies. We reported the draft genome assembly of the North China type cucumber line 9930 in 2009 （Huang et al., 2009a） and constructed a single-base resolution map of cucumber genomic variation by resequencing of the genomes of 115 core germplasm lines （Qi et al., 2013）, which enabled genome-wide association studies of important traits in cucumber （Shang et al., 2014）.
基金financial support to this experiment from the Public Welfare Research Projects of the Ministry of Agriculture of China (2014030232)
文摘Aroma, a complex mixture of volatile compounds, plays an important role in the perception and acceptability of tomato products by consumers. Numerous studies have reported volatile profiles in tomatoes based on measurement of the whole fruit or pericarp tissue, however, little is understood regarding the volatile compositions in the inner tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in volatile profile between pericarp tissue and Iocular gel in tomato fruit. Based on HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, totally 42 volatile compounds were detected in FL 47 and Tasti-Lee tomato fruits. Regardless of cultivars, a substantial higher concentration of total volatile compounds was observed in pericarp than that in/ocular gel, associated with higher levels of aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen compounds. Pericarp tissue possessed higher levels of cis-3-hexenal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, cymene, terpinolene, undecane, dodecane, 2-phenylethanol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-nitro-pentane, and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, while the abundances of 2-methylpropanal, butanal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-methyl-2-butenal, 2-methylpropanol, 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutanol, and 2-butanone were higher in Iocular gel. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis using GC-MS and electronic nose （E-nose） data discriminated the two tissues.
文摘Dear Editor Resistance （R） genes represent one of the most divergent gene families in plants. Novel resistance function might arise through point mutations or sequence exchanges between paralogues （Kuang et al., 2004; Luo et al., 2011, 2012）.
