The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In th...The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In this study,we evaluate the current known resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi.A total of 1662 taxa are summarized,and all species names and their authorities have been checked and corrected according to authentic mycological databases.Among the 1662 taxa,1020,692,and 480 are considered to be edible,medicinal and poisonous mushrooms,respectively.A few of edible macrofungi in China are commonly used for commercial production.All known medicinal functions are labeled for medicinal species.The most common medicinal functions possessed by Chinese macrofungi are antitumor or anticancer,followed by antioxidant and antimicrobial.A total of 277 Chinese macrofungi are edible simultaneously with certain medicinal functions and without known toxicity.These species could be treated as“Gold Mushrooms”.Contrarily,193 edible and/or medicinal species are also recognized as poisonous mushrooms.To avoid poisoning caused by these species,ingestion either in a proper way or in small amounts is important.However,the mycotoxins metabolized by these poisonous species could be a huge wealth of natural products yet to be explored.How to utilize these Chinese macrofungal resources is a critical to benefit humans worldwide.展开更多
This paper gives definitions of urban forest and describes the research contents about this comprehensive subject.It provides an overview of the past and current research on urban forest from three aspects:the analysi...This paper gives definitions of urban forest and describes the research contents about this comprehensive subject.It provides an overview of the past and current research on urban forest from three aspects:the analysis about the structure of urban forest,the ecological values,and the planning and management of urban forest.This paper also holds a discussion about the development on this important subject.It includes urban forest and hydrology,urban forest and global climate change,analysis of urban rural ecotone interface,and the application of modern information technology in urban forest.展开更多
A total of 1400 soil samples from the plow layer （0-20 cm） at an approximate interval of 5 km were collected in the autumn of 2002 over the entire black soil arable crops region to determine the spatial variability ...A total of 1400 soil samples from the plow layer （0-20 cm） at an approximate interval of 5 km were collected in the autumn of 2002 over the entire black soil arable crops region to determine the spatial variability of seven variables, such as total organic matter content （OMC）, total N, total P, total K, alkali-dissolvable N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK）, with classical statistics and geostatistical analysis across the entire black soil area in Northeast China. In nonsampled areas ordinary kriging was utilized for interpolation of estimated nutrient determinations. Classical statistics revealed highly significant （P ≤ 0.01） correlations with all seven of the soil properties, except for OMC with AP and total K with AK. In addition, using coefficients of variation, all soil properties, except for total K, were moderately variable. A geostatistical analysis indicated that structural factors, such as parent material, terrain, and water table, were the main causes of the spatial correlations. Strong spatial correlations were noted with OMC, total N, total P, AN, and AP, while they were moderate for total K and AK. The effective spatial autocorrelation of OMC, total N, total P, and AN ranged from 1 037 to 1353 km, whereas the ranges of total K, AP, and AK were only from 6 to 138 km. The fit of the experimental scmi-variograms to the theoretical models indicated that except for AN, kriging could successfully interpolate other six variables. Thns, the geostatistical method used on a large scale could accurately evaluate the spatial variability of most black soil nutrient properties in Northeast China.展开更多
SARS-CoV-2 has caused tens of thousands of infections and more than one thousand deaths.There are currently no registered therapies for treating coronavirus infections.Because of time consuming process of new drug dev...SARS-CoV-2 has caused tens of thousands of infections and more than one thousand deaths.There are currently no registered therapies for treating coronavirus infections.Because of time consuming process of new drug development,drug repositioning may be the only solution to the epidemic of sudden infectious diseases.We systematically analyzed all the proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2 genes,compared them with proteins from other coronavirnses,predicted their structures,and built 19 structures that could be done by homology modeling.By performing target-based virtual ligand screening,a total of21 targets(including two human targets)were screened against compound libraries including ZINC drug database and our own database of natural products.Structure and screening results of important targets such as 3-chymotrypsin-like protease(3 CLpro),Spike,RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp),and papain like protease(PLpro)were discussed in detail.In addition,a database of 78 commonly used antiviral drugs including those currently on the market and undergoing clinical trials for SARS-CoV-2 was constructed.Possible targets of these compounds and potential drugs acting on a certain target were predicted.This study will provide new lead compounds and targets for further in vitro and in vivo studies of SARS-CoV-2,new insights for those drugs currently ongoing clinical studies,and also possible new strategies for drug repositioning to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.展开更多
Carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic （UHTC） composites, consisting of carbon fibers embedded in a UHTC-matrix or a C-SiC-UHTC-matrix, are deemed as the most viable class of materials that can overc...Carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic （UHTC） composites, consisting of carbon fibers embedded in a UHTC-matrix or a C-SiC-UHTC-matrix, are deemed as the most viable class of materials that can overcome the poor fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of monolithic UHTC ma- terials, and also improve the oxidation resistance and ablation resistance of C/C and C/SiC composites at ultra-high temperatures. In this review, we summarize the different processing routes of the compos- ites based on the UHTC introducing methods, including chemical vapor infiltration/deposition （CVI/D）, precursor infiltration and pyrolysis （PIP）, reactive melt infiltration （RMI）, slurry infiltration （SI）. in-sito reaction, hot pressing （HP）, etc; and the advantages and drawbacks of each method are briefly dis- cussed. The carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites can be highly tailorable materials in terms of fiber. interface, and matrix. From the perspective of service environmental applications for engine propul- sions anti hypersonic vehicles, the material designs （mainly focusing on the composition, quantity, structure of matrix, as well as the architecture of carbon fibers, UHTCs and pores）, their relevant processing routes and properties （emphasizing on the mechanical and ablation properties） are discussed in this paper. In addition, we propose a material architecture to realize the multi-function through changing the distri- bution of carbon fibers, UHTCs and pores, which will be an important issue for future development of carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites.展开更多
Thick and ultra-thick coal seams are main coal seams for high production rate and high efficiency in Chinese coal mines, which accounts for 44 % of the total minable coal reserve. A fully mechanized top-coal caving mi...Thick and ultra-thick coal seams are main coal seams for high production rate and high efficiency in Chinese coal mines, which accounts for 44 % of the total minable coal reserve. A fully mechanized top-coal caving mining method is a main underground coal extraction method for ultra-thick coal seams. The coal extraction technologies for coal seams less than 14 m thick were extensively used in China. However, for coal seams with thickness greater than 14 m, there have been no reported cases in the world for underground mechanical extraction with safe performance, high efficiency and high coal recovery ratio. To deal with this case, China Coal Technology ＆ Engineering Group, Datong Coal Mine Group, and other 15 organizations in China launched a fundamental and big project to develop coal mining technologies and equipment for coal seams with thicknesses greater than 14 m. After the completion of the project, a coal extraction method was developed for top-coal caving with a large mining height, as well as a ground control theory for ultra-thick coal seams. In addition, the mining technology for top-coal caving with a large mining height, the ground support technology for roadway in coal seams with a large cross-section, and the prevention and control technology for gas and fire hazards were developed and applied. Furthermore, a hydraulic support with a mining height of 5.2 m, a shearer with high reliability, and auxiliary equipment were developed and manufactured. Practical implication on the technologies and equipment developed was successfully completed at the No. 8105 coal face in the Tashan coal mine, Datong, China. The major achievements of the project are summarized as follows： 1. A top-coal caving method for ultra-thick coal seams is proposed with a cutting height of 5 m and a top-coal caving height of 15 m. A structural mechanical model of overlying strata called cantilever beam-articulated rock beam is established. Based on the model, the load resistance of the hydraulic support with a large mining heigh展开更多
Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on lo...Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology,climate,biodiversity,and food production[1,2].However,maps,that contain knowledge on the distribution,pattern and composition of various land use types in urban areas,are limited to city level.The mapping standard on data sources,methods,land use classification schemes varies from city to city,due to differences in financial input and skills of mapping personnel.To address various national and global environmental challenges caused by urbanization,it is important to have urban land uses at the national and global scales that are derived from the same or consistent data sources with the same or compatible classification systems and mapping methods.This is because,only with urban land use maps produced with similar criteria,consistent environmental policies can be made,and action efforts can be compared and assessed for large scale environmental administration.However,despite of the fact that a number of urban-extent maps exist at global scales[3,4],more detailed urban land use maps do not exist at the same scale.Even at big country or regional levels such as for the United States,China and European Union,consistent land use mapping efforts are rare[5,6](e.g.,https://sdi4apps.eu/open_land_use/).展开更多
China has been developed into one of the most active regions in terms of both fundamental and applied research on magnesium （Mg） and its alloys in the world from a solid base laid by its prominent metallurgist and m...China has been developed into one of the most active regions in terms of both fundamental and applied research on magnesium （Mg） and its alloys in the world from a solid base laid by its prominent metallurgist and materials scientists over the past decades. Nowadays, a large number of young-generation researchers have been inspired by their predecessors and become the key participants in the fields of Mg alloys, which consequently led to the establishment of China Youth Scholar Society for Magnesium Alloys Research in 2015. Since then, the first two China Youth Scholars Symposiums on Mg Alloys Research had been held at Harbin （2015） and Chongqing （2016） China, respectively. A number of crucial research inter- ests related to fundamental and applied Mg research were discussed at the conferences and summarized in this short perspective, aiming to boost far-reaching initiatives for development of new Mg-based materials to satisfy the requirements for a broad range of industrial employments. Herein, four main aspects are included as follows： i） Plastic deformation mechanism and strengthening strategy, ii） Design and development of new Mg-based materials, iii） Key service properties, and iv） New processing technologies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.U1802231&31701978)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0503)+2 种基金The Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(2019HJ2096001006)LWZ and ZLY thanks to the financial supports by Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2017240)the Yunling scholars funds of Yunnan Provincial Government,respectively.
文摘The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In this study,we evaluate the current known resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi.A total of 1662 taxa are summarized,and all species names and their authorities have been checked and corrected according to authentic mycological databases.Among the 1662 taxa,1020,692,and 480 are considered to be edible,medicinal and poisonous mushrooms,respectively.A few of edible macrofungi in China are commonly used for commercial production.All known medicinal functions are labeled for medicinal species.The most common medicinal functions possessed by Chinese macrofungi are antitumor or anticancer,followed by antioxidant and antimicrobial.A total of 277 Chinese macrofungi are edible simultaneously with certain medicinal functions and without known toxicity.These species could be treated as“Gold Mushrooms”.Contrarily,193 edible and/or medicinal species are also recognized as poisonous mushrooms.To avoid poisoning caused by these species,ingestion either in a proper way or in small amounts is important.However,the mycotoxins metabolized by these poisonous species could be a huge wealth of natural products yet to be explored.How to utilize these Chinese macrofungal resources is a critical to benefit humans worldwide.
文摘This paper gives definitions of urban forest and describes the research contents about this comprehensive subject.It provides an overview of the past and current research on urban forest from three aspects:the analysis about the structure of urban forest,the ecological values,and the planning and management of urban forest.This paper also holds a discussion about the development on this important subject.It includes urban forest and hydrology,urban forest and global climate change,analysis of urban rural ecotone interface,and the application of modern information technology in urban forest.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2005CB121108) the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. C2004-25).
文摘A total of 1400 soil samples from the plow layer （0-20 cm） at an approximate interval of 5 km were collected in the autumn of 2002 over the entire black soil arable crops region to determine the spatial variability of seven variables, such as total organic matter content （OMC）, total N, total P, total K, alkali-dissolvable N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK）, with classical statistics and geostatistical analysis across the entire black soil area in Northeast China. In nonsampled areas ordinary kriging was utilized for interpolation of estimated nutrient determinations. Classical statistics revealed highly significant （P ≤ 0.01） correlations with all seven of the soil properties, except for OMC with AP and total K with AK. In addition, using coefficients of variation, all soil properties, except for total K, were moderately variable. A geostatistical analysis indicated that structural factors, such as parent material, terrain, and water table, were the main causes of the spatial correlations. Strong spatial correlations were noted with OMC, total N, total P, AN, and AP, while they were moderate for total K and AK. The effective spatial autocorrelation of OMC, total N, total P, and AN ranged from 1 037 to 1353 km, whereas the ranges of total K, AP, and AK were only from 6 to 138 km. The fit of the experimental scmi-variograms to the theoretical models indicated that except for AN, kriging could successfully interpolate other six variables. Thns, the geostatistical method used on a large scale could accurately evaluate the spatial variability of most black soil nutrient properties in Northeast China.
基金support from National Mega-project for Innovative Drugs(grant number 2019ZX09721001-004-007,China)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,grant numbers U1803122,81773637,81773594,and U1703111)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(HUST COVID-19 Rapid Response Call,No.2020kfyXGYJ037,China)
文摘SARS-CoV-2 has caused tens of thousands of infections and more than one thousand deaths.There are currently no registered therapies for treating coronavirus infections.Because of time consuming process of new drug development,drug repositioning may be the only solution to the epidemic of sudden infectious diseases.We systematically analyzed all the proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2 genes,compared them with proteins from other coronavirnses,predicted their structures,and built 19 structures that could be done by homology modeling.By performing target-based virtual ligand screening,a total of21 targets(including two human targets)were screened against compound libraries including ZINC drug database and our own database of natural products.Structure and screening results of important targets such as 3-chymotrypsin-like protease(3 CLpro),Spike,RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp),and papain like protease(PLpro)were discussed in detail.In addition,a database of 78 commonly used antiviral drugs including those currently on the market and undergoing clinical trials for SARS-CoV-2 was constructed.Possible targets of these compounds and potential drugs acting on a certain target were predicted.This study will provide new lead compounds and targets for further in vitro and in vivo studies of SARS-CoV-2,new insights for those drugs currently ongoing clinical studies,and also possible new strategies for drug repositioning to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
基金supported by the Major Program of Aerospace Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Foundation NSFC and CASC, China (Grant No. U1537204)the Research Fund of Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS, China (Grant No. 2014171)
文摘Carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic （UHTC） composites, consisting of carbon fibers embedded in a UHTC-matrix or a C-SiC-UHTC-matrix, are deemed as the most viable class of materials that can overcome the poor fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance of monolithic UHTC ma- terials, and also improve the oxidation resistance and ablation resistance of C/C and C/SiC composites at ultra-high temperatures. In this review, we summarize the different processing routes of the compos- ites based on the UHTC introducing methods, including chemical vapor infiltration/deposition （CVI/D）, precursor infiltration and pyrolysis （PIP）, reactive melt infiltration （RMI）, slurry infiltration （SI）. in-sito reaction, hot pressing （HP）, etc; and the advantages and drawbacks of each method are briefly dis- cussed. The carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites can be highly tailorable materials in terms of fiber. interface, and matrix. From the perspective of service environmental applications for engine propul- sions anti hypersonic vehicles, the material designs （mainly focusing on the composition, quantity, structure of matrix, as well as the architecture of carbon fibers, UHTCs and pores）, their relevant processing routes and properties （emphasizing on the mechanical and ablation properties） are discussed in this paper. In addition, we propose a material architecture to realize the multi-function through changing the distri- bution of carbon fibers, UHTCs and pores, which will be an important issue for future development of carbon fiber reinforced UHTC composites.
文摘Thick and ultra-thick coal seams are main coal seams for high production rate and high efficiency in Chinese coal mines, which accounts for 44 % of the total minable coal reserve. A fully mechanized top-coal caving mining method is a main underground coal extraction method for ultra-thick coal seams. The coal extraction technologies for coal seams less than 14 m thick were extensively used in China. However, for coal seams with thickness greater than 14 m, there have been no reported cases in the world for underground mechanical extraction with safe performance, high efficiency and high coal recovery ratio. To deal with this case, China Coal Technology ＆ Engineering Group, Datong Coal Mine Group, and other 15 organizations in China launched a fundamental and big project to develop coal mining technologies and equipment for coal seams with thicknesses greater than 14 m. After the completion of the project, a coal extraction method was developed for top-coal caving with a large mining height, as well as a ground control theory for ultra-thick coal seams. In addition, the mining technology for top-coal caving with a large mining height, the ground support technology for roadway in coal seams with a large cross-section, and the prevention and control technology for gas and fire hazards were developed and applied. Furthermore, a hydraulic support with a mining height of 5.2 m, a shearer with high reliability, and auxiliary equipment were developed and manufactured. Practical implication on the technologies and equipment developed was successfully completed at the No. 8105 coal face in the Tashan coal mine, Datong, China. The major achievements of the project are summarized as follows： 1. A top-coal caving method for ultra-thick coal seams is proposed with a cutting height of 5 m and a top-coal caving height of 15 m. A structural mechanical model of overlying strata called cantilever beam-articulated rock beam is established. Based on the model, the load resistance of the hydraulic support with a large mining heigh
基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600104)supported by donations made by Delos Living LLC,and the Cyrus Tang Foundation+2 种基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471419)Beijing Institute of Urban Planningsupported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CCNU19TD002).
文摘Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology,climate,biodiversity,and food production[1,2].However,maps,that contain knowledge on the distribution,pattern and composition of various land use types in urban areas,are limited to city level.The mapping standard on data sources,methods,land use classification schemes varies from city to city,due to differences in financial input and skills of mapping personnel.To address various national and global environmental challenges caused by urbanization,it is important to have urban land uses at the national and global scales that are derived from the same or consistent data sources with the same or compatible classification systems and mapping methods.This is because,only with urban land use maps produced with similar criteria,consistent environmental policies can be made,and action efforts can be compared and assessed for large scale environmental administration.However,despite of the fact that a number of urban-extent maps exist at global scales[3,4],more detailed urban land use maps do not exist at the same scale.Even at big country or regional levels such as for the United States,China and European Union,consistent land use mapping efforts are rare[5,6](e.g.,https://sdi4apps.eu/open_land_use/).
基金support from Chinese Committee for Magnesium and its Application
文摘China has been developed into one of the most active regions in terms of both fundamental and applied research on magnesium （Mg） and its alloys in the world from a solid base laid by its prominent metallurgist and materials scientists over the past decades. Nowadays, a large number of young-generation researchers have been inspired by their predecessors and become the key participants in the fields of Mg alloys, which consequently led to the establishment of China Youth Scholar Society for Magnesium Alloys Research in 2015. Since then, the first two China Youth Scholars Symposiums on Mg Alloys Research had been held at Harbin （2015） and Chongqing （2016） China, respectively. A number of crucial research inter- ests related to fundamental and applied Mg research were discussed at the conferences and summarized in this short perspective, aiming to boost far-reaching initiatives for development of new Mg-based materials to satisfy the requirements for a broad range of industrial employments. Herein, four main aspects are included as follows： i） Plastic deformation mechanism and strengthening strategy, ii） Design and development of new Mg-based materials, iii） Key service properties, and iv） New processing technologies.
