In the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring States periods,North China went through remarkable changes in material culture,economic type,social formation and ethnographic aspect and entered a period of great prosperity,which...In the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring States periods,North China went through remarkable changes in material culture,economic type,social formation and ethnographic aspect and entered a period of great prosperity,which brought about the North Chinese cultural zone with rather identical cultural character.Were the main ethnic groups in this cultural zone concerned with the "Rong," "Di" and "Hu" recorded in ancient Chinese documents? What difference existed between them? How was the replacement of the Rong and Di by the Hu reflected in material culture? The present paper trys to answer these questions through an integrated study of related archaeological data and literal evidence.On the basis of a typological and morphological examination of northern bronzes and related objects,the available cultural remains can be divided into two types.The first type is represented by the cultural remains of the Di people in Zhongshan Princedom,which include inner and outer stone coffins,gold-wire-coiled earrings,tiger plaques,ornamented-guard swords and knives,bronze fu cauldrons,and swing-chained pots with cord-net design.The royal mausoleums yielded standing-animal-shaped bronze vessels.These remains were discovered mainly in Yuanping,Hunyuan,the Sanggan River valley in northern Hebei,northern Shaanxi to the west of the Yellow River and the Guanzhong region,and show a tendency to constant eastward migration.The second type embraces the Eastern Zhou remains discovered in Inner Mongolia,Ningxia and Gansu.They are roughly the same in date and show still clearer identity:The tombs contain commonly animal victims and four classes of funeral objects,i.e.horse-and-chariot trappings,tools and weapons,personal ornaments and pottery vessels.Their temporal and spatial coverage suggests that their owners must have been members of the "Hu" mentioned in literal records.The two types of remains are varied chronologically and reflect distinct difference in material culture,ethnographic aspect and economic life.If we link their localities respe展开更多
In a series of changes brought about owing to great political transformations, the formation of a new material culture with stable structure generally lags behind the occurrence of political events themselves in terms...In a series of changes brought about owing to great political transformations, the formation of a new material culture with stable structure generally lags behind the occurrence of political events themselves in terms of time. Through a review of the formation processes and mechanisms of the early-Shang culture and Erlitou culture, it can be concluded that there was a period of cultural upheaval and reorganization before the formation of either culture. The causes in the depth must have been the migration and interaction of various groups of ancient peoples and the reconstruction of social order resulting from the large-scale alliances and annexations in those times. The Erlitou culture as the culture of the Xia-state-people in the Xia Dynasty and the early-Shang culture as the culture of the Shang-state-people in the early Shang Dynasty were undoubtedly formed later than the establishment of their respective dynasties.展开更多
Jinggouzi site lies in the northern bank of the upper Xilamulun River in Chifeng city Tombs in it can be divided into two groups,the western and the eastern In May 2002,31 tombs of the western group and a lot of buria...Jinggouzi site lies in the northern bank of the upper Xilamulun River in Chifeng city Tombs in it can be divided into two groups,the western and the eastern In May 2002,31 tombs of the western group and a lot of burial articles were discovered and also the custom of burring the hourse,cow and goat (or sheep)with the dead However,most of the discovered tombs had been disturbed The initial excavation shows that these tombs can date back to the period of the later Spring and Autumn and the early Warring States,which possibly represent a new archaeological展开更多
文摘In the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring States periods,North China went through remarkable changes in material culture,economic type,social formation and ethnographic aspect and entered a period of great prosperity,which brought about the North Chinese cultural zone with rather identical cultural character.Were the main ethnic groups in this cultural zone concerned with the "Rong," "Di" and "Hu" recorded in ancient Chinese documents? What difference existed between them? How was the replacement of the Rong and Di by the Hu reflected in material culture? The present paper trys to answer these questions through an integrated study of related archaeological data and literal evidence.On the basis of a typological and morphological examination of northern bronzes and related objects,the available cultural remains can be divided into two types.The first type is represented by the cultural remains of the Di people in Zhongshan Princedom,which include inner and outer stone coffins,gold-wire-coiled earrings,tiger plaques,ornamented-guard swords and knives,bronze fu cauldrons,and swing-chained pots with cord-net design.The royal mausoleums yielded standing-animal-shaped bronze vessels.These remains were discovered mainly in Yuanping,Hunyuan,the Sanggan River valley in northern Hebei,northern Shaanxi to the west of the Yellow River and the Guanzhong region,and show a tendency to constant eastward migration.The second type embraces the Eastern Zhou remains discovered in Inner Mongolia,Ningxia and Gansu.They are roughly the same in date and show still clearer identity:The tombs contain commonly animal victims and four classes of funeral objects,i.e.horse-and-chariot trappings,tools and weapons,personal ornaments and pottery vessels.Their temporal and spatial coverage suggests that their owners must have been members of the "Hu" mentioned in literal records.The two types of remains are varied chronologically and reflect distinct difference in material culture,ethnographic aspect and economic life.If we link their localities respe
文摘In a series of changes brought about owing to great political transformations, the formation of a new material culture with stable structure generally lags behind the occurrence of political events themselves in terms of time. Through a review of the formation processes and mechanisms of the early-Shang culture and Erlitou culture, it can be concluded that there was a period of cultural upheaval and reorganization before the formation of either culture. The causes in the depth must have been the migration and interaction of various groups of ancient peoples and the reconstruction of social order resulting from the large-scale alliances and annexations in those times. The Erlitou culture as the culture of the Xia-state-people in the Xia Dynasty and the early-Shang culture as the culture of the Shang-state-people in the early Shang Dynasty were undoubtedly formed later than the establishment of their respective dynasties.
文摘Jinggouzi site lies in the northern bank of the upper Xilamulun River in Chifeng city Tombs in it can be divided into two groups,the western and the eastern In May 2002,31 tombs of the western group and a lot of burial articles were discovered and also the custom of burring the hourse,cow and goat (or sheep)with the dead However,most of the discovered tombs had been disturbed The initial excavation shows that these tombs can date back to the period of the later Spring and Autumn and the early Warring States,which possibly represent a new archaeological
