关于史前考古遗址出土的磨盘和磨棒的功能,一直众说纷纭.过去一直认为是一种加工谷物的农具,近年来虽有异议,但缺乏直接证据.本文利用淀粉粒分析对北京平谷上宅遗址(7500～7000 cal a BP)出土的一件磨盘和一件磨棒进行了研究.从石器表...关于史前考古遗址出土的磨盘和磨棒的功能,一直众说纷纭.过去一直认为是一种加工谷物的农具,近年来虽有异议,但缺乏直接证据.本文利用淀粉粒分析对北京平谷上宅遗址(7500～7000 cal a BP)出土的一件磨盘和一件磨棒进行了研究.从石器表面残留物上提取出的淀粉粒,可分为9类12种.在可鉴定的淀粉粒中,最多的是来自栎属(Quercus)果实(橡子)的淀粉粒;其次是来自粟(Setaria italica)的淀粉粒.栎属中包括蒙古栎(Q.mongolicus)、麻栎(Q.acuttssima)和槲树(Q.dentata)的淀粉粒,另有一定数量的黍(P.miliaceum)和小豆属(Vigna)淀粉粒,其余杂草类及可能为块茎类的淀粉粒无法更进一步鉴定归属.磨盘磨棒上植物种类的多样性表明这些器物不是只用来加工谷物,更不能作为农业出现的标志.这些石器被用于加工各种需要碾磨和脱粒的植物果实或者块茎.同时磨盘磨棒上的植物组合也反映了7000年前,北京平原上人类社会的经济方式以采集与农业并重,日常饮食包括了粟、黍、橡子以及一些块茎类和杂草类植物的种子和果实,当时的气候条件较今温暖湿润.展开更多
The welding technique was invented in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The three main welding techniques with different solders of tin/lead, copper and silver appeared in different times. This paper discusses more on th...The welding technique was invented in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The three main welding techniques with different solders of tin/lead, copper and silver appeared in different times. This paper discusses more on the welding technique in spite of the solde rs.展开更多
门头沟斋堂东胡林遗址是目前北京地区发现的最早且内涵最丰富的新石器早期遗址(9281±120～8270±60 a BP)。该遗址的黄土剖面清晰,包含了晚更新世及早全新世的黄土堆积、全新世早期的沉积间断及埋藏古土壤。在相对精确的^(14)...门头沟斋堂东胡林遗址是目前北京地区发现的最早且内涵最丰富的新石器早期遗址(9281±120～8270±60 a BP)。该遗址的黄土剖面清晰,包含了晚更新世及早全新世的黄土堆积、全新世早期的沉积间断及埋藏古土壤。在相对精确的^(14)C年龄时间框架下,本文对保存该遗址的黄土剖面的分层、黄土的粒度特征、矿物成分、化学成分、孢粉图谱及蜗牛的相对丰度进行了研究。分析表明本地区晚更新世气候比较干冷,气候的明显转暖应在全新世早期(早于9281±120 a BP),在约8500 a BP华北地区的年均温度可能已达到比现在高约2～3℃左右的状况。正是在这样的环境背景下,山顶洞人的后裔们,在清水河畔的阶地上开始了全新的生活。展开更多
In the pre-Qin Period, Mu墓 (Tomb or Grave) and Zhong冢 (Mound over grave) are two exclusively different concepts: Mu was burial place without mound over it, and a general term for the burials of common people and som...In the pre-Qin Period, Mu墓 (Tomb or Grave) and Zhong冢 (Mound over grave) are two exclusively different concepts: Mu was burial place without mound over it, and a general term for the burials of common people and some nobles; Zhong was large-scale burial with artificial mound over it, and the term specially used for the royal or high-ranked elite burials. The meanings of these two terms began to be mixed up since the Spring-and-Autumn Period, and referred to the same concept in the Qin-Han Period. In the pre-Qin Period, the Zhongji冢祭, which were sacrifice offering ceremonies on the sites of the mounded royal or high-ranked elite tombs, did unquestionably exist; but the Muji墓祭, which were sacrifice offering ceremonies held on the sites of the graves of common people or some nobles, was only one step in the procedure of funeral ceremonies and not held as a rule. The opinion of "in the ancient times, Muji was not held" by the scholars in the Han to Jin Dynasties was held just on this aspect.展开更多
文摘关于史前考古遗址出土的磨盘和磨棒的功能,一直众说纷纭.过去一直认为是一种加工谷物的农具,近年来虽有异议,但缺乏直接证据.本文利用淀粉粒分析对北京平谷上宅遗址(7500～7000 cal a BP)出土的一件磨盘和一件磨棒进行了研究.从石器表面残留物上提取出的淀粉粒,可分为9类12种.在可鉴定的淀粉粒中,最多的是来自栎属(Quercus)果实(橡子)的淀粉粒;其次是来自粟(Setaria italica)的淀粉粒.栎属中包括蒙古栎(Q.mongolicus)、麻栎(Q.acuttssima)和槲树(Q.dentata)的淀粉粒,另有一定数量的黍(P.miliaceum)和小豆属(Vigna)淀粉粒,其余杂草类及可能为块茎类的淀粉粒无法更进一步鉴定归属.磨盘磨棒上植物种类的多样性表明这些器物不是只用来加工谷物,更不能作为农业出现的标志.这些石器被用于加工各种需要碾磨和脱粒的植物果实或者块茎.同时磨盘磨棒上的植物组合也反映了7000年前,北京平原上人类社会的经济方式以采集与农业并重,日常饮食包括了粟、黍、橡子以及一些块茎类和杂草类植物的种子和果实,当时的气候条件较今温暖湿润.
文摘The welding technique was invented in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The three main welding techniques with different solders of tin/lead, copper and silver appeared in different times. This paper discusses more on the welding technique in spite of the solde rs.
文摘门头沟斋堂东胡林遗址是目前北京地区发现的最早且内涵最丰富的新石器早期遗址(9281±120～8270±60 a BP)。该遗址的黄土剖面清晰,包含了晚更新世及早全新世的黄土堆积、全新世早期的沉积间断及埋藏古土壤。在相对精确的^(14)C年龄时间框架下,本文对保存该遗址的黄土剖面的分层、黄土的粒度特征、矿物成分、化学成分、孢粉图谱及蜗牛的相对丰度进行了研究。分析表明本地区晚更新世气候比较干冷,气候的明显转暖应在全新世早期(早于9281±120 a BP),在约8500 a BP华北地区的年均温度可能已达到比现在高约2～3℃左右的状况。正是在这样的环境背景下,山顶洞人的后裔们,在清水河畔的阶地上开始了全新的生活。
文摘In the pre-Qin Period, Mu墓 (Tomb or Grave) and Zhong冢 (Mound over grave) are two exclusively different concepts: Mu was burial place without mound over it, and a general term for the burials of common people and some nobles; Zhong was large-scale burial with artificial mound over it, and the term specially used for the royal or high-ranked elite burials. The meanings of these two terms began to be mixed up since the Spring-and-Autumn Period, and referred to the same concept in the Qin-Han Period. In the pre-Qin Period, the Zhongji冢祭, which were sacrifice offering ceremonies on the sites of the mounded royal or high-ranked elite tombs, did unquestionably exist; but the Muji墓祭, which were sacrifice offering ceremonies held on the sites of the graves of common people or some nobles, was only one step in the procedure of funeral ceremonies and not held as a rule. The opinion of "in the ancient times, Muji was not held" by the scholars in the Han to Jin Dynasties was held just on this aspect.
