There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESⅢ and B fac...There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESⅢ and B factories, and the observation of an intriguing proton-antiproton threshold enhancement and the possibly related X(1835) meson state at BESⅢ, as well as the threshold measurements of charm mesons and charm baryons. We present a detailed survey of the important topics in tau-charm physics and hadron physics that can be further explored at BESⅢ during the remaining operation period of BEPCⅡ. This survey will help in the optimization of the data-taking plan over the coming years, and provides physics motivation for the possible upgrade of BEPCⅡ to higher luminosity.展开更多
In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a n...In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly, it attracted the world’s attention but without treatment and control manual. For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia management, an evidence-based guideline urgently needs to be developed. Therefore, we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development;we also added the first-hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. This guideline includes the guideline methodology, epidemiological characteristics, disease screening and population prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control(including traditional Chinese Medicine), nosocomial infection prevention and control, and disease nursing of the 2019-nCoV. Moreover, we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections. This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses, managers of hospitals and healthcare sections, community residents, public health persons, relevant researchers, and all person who are interested in the 2019-nCoV.展开更多
Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce plant growth,productivity and quality.Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive these environmental challenges,transmit th...Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce plant growth,productivity and quality.Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive these environmental challenges,transmit the stress signals within cells as well as between cells and tissues,and make appropriate adjustments in their growth and development in order to survive and reproduce.In recent years,significant progress has been made on many fronts of the stress signaling research,particularly in understanding the downstream signaling events that culminate at the activation of stress-and nutrient limitation-responsive genes,cellular ion homeostasis,and growth adjustment.However,the revelation of the early events of stress signaling,particularly the identification of primary stress sensors,still lags behind.In this review,we summarize recent work on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of plant abiotic stress and nutrient limitation sensing and signaling and discuss new directions for future studies.展开更多
Based on the foundation laid by the h-index we introduce and study the R- and AR-indices. These new indices eliminate some of the disadvantages of the h-index, especially when they are used in combina-tion with the h-...Based on the foundation laid by the h-index we introduce and study the R- and AR-indices. These new indices eliminate some of the disadvantages of the h-index, especially when they are used in combina-tion with the h-index. The R-index measures the h-core’s citation intensity, while AR goes one step further and takes the age of publications into account. This allows for an index that can actually in-crease and decrease over time. We propose the pair (h, AR) as a meaningful indicator for research evaluation. We further prove a relation characterizing the h-index in the power law model.展开更多
Abscisic acid(ABA)is an important phytohormone regulating plant growth,development,and stress responses.It has an essential role in multiple physiological processes of plants,such as stomatal closure,cuticular wax acc...Abscisic acid(ABA)is an important phytohormone regulating plant growth,development,and stress responses.It has an essential role in multiple physiological processes of plants,such as stomatal closure,cuticular wax accumulation,leaf senescence,bud dormancy,seed germination,osmotic regulation,and growth inhibition among many others.Abscisic acid controls downstream responses to abiotic and biotic environmental changes through both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.During the past 20 years,ABA biosynthesis and many of its signaling pathways have been well characterized.Here we review the dynamics of ABA metabolic pools and signaling that affects many of its physiological functions.展开更多
Objective： To descript the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer among Chinese population in 2011, and provide valuable data for oral cancer prevention and research. Methods： Data from 177 population-based ca...Objective： To descript the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer among Chinese population in 2011, and provide valuable data for oral cancer prevention and research. Methods： Data from 177 population-based cancer registries distributed in 28 provinces were accepted for this study after evaluation based on quality control criteria, covering a total of 175,310,169 populations and accounting for 13.01% of the overall national population in 2011. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area, gender and age groups. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. The Chinese population in 2000 and World Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized rates. Results： The estimate of new cases diagnosed with oral cancer was 39,450 including 26,160 males and 13,290 females. The overall crude incidence rate for oral cancer was 2.93/100,000. The age-standardized rates by China （ASRcN） population and by World population （ASRwld） were 2.22/100,000 and 2.17/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative incidence rate was 0.25%. The estimated number of oral cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 16,933, including 11,794 males and 5,139 females. The overall crude mortality rate was 1.26/I00,000, accounting for 0.80% of all cancer deaths. The ASRcN and ASP^Id for mortality were 0.90/100,000 and 0.89/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 0.10%. The incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer were much higher in males and urban areas than in females and rural areas. In addition, the incidence and mortality rates were increased by the raising of ages. Conclusions： Results in the study may have important roles for oral cancer prevention and research. Although oral cancer burden of China is not high, we must pay attention to this malignancy as well. In addition, further researches need to be done for primary and secondary preventi展开更多
Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IF...Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IFN)alfa-2a.We assessed HBsAg loss with 48-and 96-week Peg-IFN alfa-2a in chronic hepatitis B patients with partial response to a previous NA.Methods:Hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive patients who achieved HBeAg loss and hepatitis B virus DNA<200 IU/mL with previous adefovir,lamivudine or entecavir treatment were randomized 1:1 to receive Peg-IFN alfa-2a for 48(n=153)or 96 weeks(n=150).The primary endpoint of this study was HBsAg loss at end of treatment.The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01464281.Results:At the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,14.4%(22/153)and 20.7%(31/150)of patients,respectively,who switched from NA to Peg-IFN alfa-2a cleared HBsAg.Rates were similar irrespective of prior NA or baseline HBeAg seroconversion.Among those who cleared HBsAg by the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,77.8%(14/18)and 71.4%(20/28),respectively,sustained HBsAg loss for a further 48 weeks.Baseline HBsAg<1500 IU/mL and week 24 HBsAg<200 IU/mL were associated with the highest rates of HBsAg loss at the end of both 48-and 96-week treatment(51.4%and 58.7%,respectively).Importantly,extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks enabled 48.3%(14/29)more patients to achieve HBsAg loss.Conclusions:Patients on long-term NA who are unlikely to meet therapeutic goals can achieve high rates of HBsAg loss by switching to Peg-IFN alfa-2a.HBsAg loss rates may be improved for some patients by extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks,although the differences in our study cohort were not statistically significant.Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg may predict HBsAg loss with Peg-IFN alfa-2a.展开更多
This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soi...This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soil fauna communities. Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamic ranges in space from tropical, subtropical to temperate regions, and in categories from forest, grassland, desert, wetland, farmland to urban ecosystems, the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments. Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire, grazing, farming, fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive （e.g. nematode） and rare groups and community indexes. The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction, environmental purification, litter decomposition and elements cycling. Interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of global change on soil fauna community in China were also included. Finally, the authors pointed out common interests in soil fauna eco-geographical studies, which include application of molecule biology into soil fauna taxa; function and mechanism of soil fauna community diversity; interaction between aboveground and belowground ecosystems; effects of disturbance, pollution, biological invasion, and global change on soil fauna community and function. The review is to provide a scientific basis for promoting soil fauna eco-geographical studies in China.展开更多
High-entropy ceramics (HECs) are solid solutions of inorganic compounds with one or more Wyckoff sites shared by equal or near-equal atomic ratios of multi-principal elements.Although in the infant stage,the emerging ...High-entropy ceramics (HECs) are solid solutions of inorganic compounds with one or more Wyckoff sites shared by equal or near-equal atomic ratios of multi-principal elements.Although in the infant stage,the emerging of this new family of materials has brought new opportunities for material design and property tailoring.Distinct from metals,the diversity in crystal structure and electronic structure of ceramics provides huge space for properties tuning through band structure engineering and phonon engineering.Aside from strengthening,hardening,and low thermal conductivity that have already been found in high-entropy alloys,new properties like colossal dielectric constant,super ionic conductivity,severe anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient,strong electromagnetic wave absorption,etc.,have been discovered in HECs.As a response to the rapid development in this nascent field,this article gives a comprehensive review on the structure features,theoretical methods for stability and property prediction,processing routes,novel properties,and prospective applications of HECs.The challenges on processing,characterization,and property predictions are also emphasized.Finally,future directions for new material exploration,novel processing,fundamental understanding,in-depth characterization,and database assessments are given.展开更多
A 15-year fertilization experiment with different applications of inorganic N,P and K fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)was conducted to study the yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization at Qiyang,Hunan P...A 15-year fertilization experiment with different applications of inorganic N,P and K fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)was conducted to study the yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization at Qiyang,Hunan Province,China. Average grain yields of wheat and corn(1 672 and 5 111 kg ha-1,respectively)for the treatment NPKM were significantly higher than those(405 and 310 kg ha-1)of the unfertilized control and single inorganic fertilizer treatments.Compared with the corresponding initial values of the experiment,all treatments showed a yield decline of 9 to 111 kg ha-1 year-1 in wheat and 35 to 260 kg ha-1 year-1 in corn,respectively,and a significant pH decline of 0.07 to 0.12 pH year?1,except for the treatments PK and NPKM.After long-term fertilization,the soil organic C,soil available P,exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+and available Cu2+and Zn2+contents were higher in the treatment NPKM than in the treatments applied with inorganic fertilizer only.Compared to the treatment NPK,the treatment NPKM,where manure partially replaced inorganic N,had a positive impact on arresting the decline of soil pH.This improved grain yields of wheat and corn, suggesting that application of NPK fertilizer in combination with farmyard manure is important to maintain soil fertility and buffering capacity in red soil.展开更多
Objective： Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. This article provides the most up-to-date overview of colorectal cancer burden i...Objective： Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. This article provides the most up-to-date overview of colorectal cancer burden in China. Methods： Totally 234 cancer registries submitted data of 2011 to the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR）. Qualified data from 177 registries was pooled and analyzed. The crude incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer were calculated by age, gender and geographic area. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. China census in 2000 and Segi＇s world population were applied for age standardized rates. Results： The estimate of new cases diagnosed with colorectal cancer of China in 2011 was 310,244 （178,404 for males and 131,840 for females, 195,117 in urban areas and 115,128 in rural areas）, accounting for 9.20% of overall new cancer cases. The crude incidence of colorectal cancer ranked fourth in all cancer sites with rate of 23.03/100,000 （25.83/100,000 for males and 20.08/100,000 for female, 28.25/100,000 in urban areas and 17.54/100,000 in rural areas）. The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population were 16.79/100,000 and 16.52/100,000, respectively. The estimated number of colorectal cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 149,722 （86,427 for males and 63,295 for females, 91,682 in urban areas and 58,040 in rural areas）, accounting for 7.09% of overall cancer deaths. The crude mortality rate for colorectal cancer ranked fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in all cancer sites with rate of 11.11/100,000 （12.51/100,000 for males and 9.64/100,000 for female, 13.27/100,000 in urban areas and 8.84/100,000 in rural areas）. The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population for mortality were 7.77/100,000 and 7.66/100,000, respectively. For both of incidence and mortality, the rates of colorectal cancer were展开更多
Since the official release of the stand-alone bioinformatics toolkit TBtools in 2020,its superior functionality in data analysis has been demonstrated by its widespread adoption by many thousands of users and referenc...Since the official release of the stand-alone bioinformatics toolkit TBtools in 2020,its superior functionality in data analysis has been demonstrated by its widespread adoption by many thousands of users and references in more than 5000 academic articles.Now,TBtools is a commonly used tool in biological laboratories.Over the past 3 years,thanks to invaluable feedback and suggestions from numerous users,we have optimized and expanded the functionality of the toolkit,leading to the development of an upgraded version—TBtools-II.In this upgrade,we have incorporated over 100 new features,such as those for comparative genomics analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and data visualization.Meanwhile,to better meet the increasing needs of personalized data analysis,we have launched the plugin mode,which enables users to develop their own plugins and manage their selection,installation,and removal according to individual needs.To date,the plugin store has amassed over 50 plugins,with more than half of them being independently developed and contributed by TBtools users.These plugins offer a range of data analysis options including co-expression network analysis,single-cell data analysis,and bulked segregant analysis sequencing data analysis.Overall,TBtools is now transforming from a stand-alone software to a comprehensive bioinformatics platform of a vibrant and cooperative community in which users are also developers and contributors.By promoting the theme“one for all,all for one”,we believe that TBtools-II will greatly benefit more biological researchers in this big-data era.展开更多
Since whole-genome sequencing of many crops has been achieved,crop functional genomics studies have stepped into the big-data and high-throughput era.However,acquisition of large-scale phenotypic data has become one o...Since whole-genome sequencing of many crops has been achieved,crop functional genomics studies have stepped into the big-data and high-throughput era.However,acquisition of large-scale phenotypic data has become one of the major bottlenecks hindering crop breeding and functional genomics studies.Nevertheless,recent technological advances provide us potential solutions to relieve this bottleneck and to explore advanced methods for large-scale phenotyping data acquisition and processing in the coming years.In this article,we review the major progress on high-throughput phenotyping in controlled environments and field conditions as well as its use for post-harvest yield and quality assessment in the past decades.We then discuss the latest multi-omics research combining high-throughput phenotyping with genetic studies.Finally,we propose some conceptual challenges and provide our perspectives on how to bridge the phenotype-genotype gap.It is no doubt that accurate high-throughput phenotyping will accelerate plant genetic improvements and promote the next green revolution in crop breeding.展开更多
From 2011 to 2014, the BESIII experiment collected about 5 fb^-1 data at center-of-mass energies around 4 GeV for the studies of the charmonium-like and higher excited charmonium states. By analyzing the di-muon proce...From 2011 to 2014, the BESIII experiment collected about 5 fb^-1 data at center-of-mass energies around 4 GeV for the studies of the charmonium-like and higher excited charmonium states. By analyzing the di-muon process e＋e- →yma/Fsμ^＋μ^-, the center-of-mass energies of the data samples are measured with a precision of 0.8 MeV. The center-of-mass energy is found to be stable for most of the time during data taking.展开更多
Locoregional spread of abdominopelvic malignant tumors frequently results in peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC). The prognosis of PC patients treated by conventional systemic chemotherapy is poor, with a median survival of...Locoregional spread of abdominopelvic malignant tumors frequently results in peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC). The prognosis of PC patients treated by conventional systemic chemotherapy is poor, with a median survival of < 6 mo. However, over the past three decades, an integrated treatment strategy of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) + hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) has been developed by the pioneering oncologists, with proved efficacy and safety in selected patients. Supported by several lines of clinical evidence from phases Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ clinical trials, CRS + HIPEC has been regarded as the standard treatment for selected patients with PC in many established cancer centers worldwide. In China, an expert consensus on CRS + HIPEC has been reached by the leading surgical and medical oncologists, under the framework of the China Anti-Cancer Association. This expert consensus has summarized the progress in PC clinical studies and systematically evaluated the CRS + HIPEC procedures in China as well as across the world, so as to lay the foundation for formulating PC treatment guidelines specific to the national conditions of China.展开更多
Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land plants. Guard cell movement is regulated by a com...Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land plants. Guard cell movement is regulated by a combination of environmental factors, including water status, light, CO2 levels and pathogen attack, as well as endogenous signals, such as abscisic acid and apoplastic reactive oxygen species （ROS）. Under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, extracellular ROS are mainly produced by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, whereas intracellular ROS are produced in multiple organelles. These ROS form a sophisticated cellular signaling network, with the accumulation of apoplastic ROS an early hallmark of stomatal movement. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the ROS signaling network, primarily during drought stress and pathogen attack. We summarize the roles of apoplastic ROS in regulating stomatal movement, ABA and CO2 signaling, and immunity responses. Finally, we discuss ROS accumulation and communication between organelles and cells. This information provides a conceptual framework for understanding how ROS signaling is integrated with various signaling pathways during plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress stimuli.展开更多
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)is a malignant epithelial tumor originating in the nasopharynx and has a high incidence in Southeast Asia and North Africa.To develop these comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and m...Nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)is a malignant epithelial tumor originating in the nasopharynx and has a high incidence in Southeast Asia and North Africa.To develop these comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and management of NPC,the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)arranged a multi-disciplinary team comprising of experts from all sub-specialties of NPC to write,discuss,and revise the guidelines.Based on the findings of evidencebased medicine in China and abroad,domestic experts have iteratively developed these guidelines to provide proper management of NPC.Overall,the guidelines describe the screening,clinical and pathological diagnosis,staging and risk assessment,therapies,and follow-up of NPC,which aim to improve the management of NPC.展开更多
Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin(CEGI)injection is a compound preparation formed by a combination of muscle extract from hea lthy rabbits and brain gangliosides from cattle,and it is generally used as a neuropr...Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin(CEGI)injection is a compound preparation formed by a combination of muscle extract from hea lthy rabbits and brain gangliosides from cattle,and it is generally used as a neuroprotectant in the treatment of central and peripheral nerve injuries.However,there is still a need for high-level clinical evidence from large samples to support the use of CEGI.We therefore carried out a prospective,multicenter,randomized,double-blind,parallel-group,placebo-controlled study in which we recruited 319 patients with acute cerebral infarction from 16 centers in China from October 2013 to May 2016.The patients were randomized at a 3:1 ratio into CEGI(n=239;155 male,84 female;61.2±9.2 years old)and placebo(n=80;46 male,34 female;63.2±8.28 years old)groups.All patients were given standard care once daily for 14 days,including a 200 mg aspirin enteric-coated tablet and 20 mg atorvastatin calcium,both taken orally,and intravenous infusion of 250–500 mL 0.9%sodium chloride containing 40 mg sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate.Based on conventional treatment,patients in the CEGI and placebo groups were given 12 mL CEGI or 12 mL sterile water,respectively,in an intravenous drip of 250 mL 0.9%sodium chloride(2 mL/min)once daily for 14 days.According to baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores,patients in the two groups were divided into mild and moderate subgroups.Based on the modified Rankin Scale results,the rate of patients with good outcomes in the CEGI group was higher than that in the placebo group,and the rate of disability in the CEGI group was lower than that in the placebo group on day 90 after treatment.In the CEGI group,neurological deficits were decreased on days 14 and 90 after treatment,as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the Barthel Index.Subgroup analysis revealed that CEGI led to more significant improvements in moderate stroke patients.No drug-related adverse events occurred in the CEGI or placebo groups.In conclusion,CEGI may be a 展开更多
Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on lo...Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology,climate,biodiversity,and food production[1,2].However,maps,that contain knowledge on the distribution,pattern and composition of various land use types in urban areas,are limited to city level.The mapping standard on data sources,methods,land use classification schemes varies from city to city,due to differences in financial input and skills of mapping personnel.To address various national and global environmental challenges caused by urbanization,it is important to have urban land uses at the national and global scales that are derived from the same or consistent data sources with the same or compatible classification systems and mapping methods.This is because,only with urban land use maps produced with similar criteria,consistent environmental policies can be made,and action efforts can be compared and assessed for large scale environmental administration.However,despite of the fact that a number of urban-extent maps exist at global scales[3,4],more detailed urban land use maps do not exist at the same scale.Even at big country or regional levels such as for the United States,China and European Union,consistent land use mapping efforts are rare[5,6](e.g.,https://sdi4apps.eu/open_land_use/).展开更多
基金Supported in part by National Key Basic Research Program of China (2015CB856700)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (11335008,11425524, 11625523, 11635010, 11735014, 11822506, 11935018)+18 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Large-Scale Scientific Facility Programthe CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP)Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS (U1532257, U1532258, U1732263)CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Science (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH003, QYZDJ-SSW-SLH040)100 Talents Program of CASCAS PIFIthe Thousand Talents Program of ChinaIN-PAC and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and CosmologyGerman Research Foundation DFG under Contracts NosCollaborative Research Center CRC 1044, FOR 2359Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, ItalyKoninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) (530-4CDP03)Ministry of Development of Turkey (DPT2006K-120470)National Science and Technology fundThe Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden) (2016.0157)The Swedish Research CouncilU. S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-05ER41374, DESC-0010118, DE-SC-0012069)University of Groningen (Ru G) and the Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung Gmb H (GSI), Darmstadtthe Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (14.W03.31.0026).
文摘There has recently been a dramatic renewal of interest in hadron spectroscopy and charm physics. This renaissance has been driven in part by the discovery of a plethora of charmonium-like XYZ states at BESⅢ and B factories, and the observation of an intriguing proton-antiproton threshold enhancement and the possibly related X(1835) meson state at BESⅢ, as well as the threshold measurements of charm mesons and charm baryons. We present a detailed survey of the important topics in tau-charm physics and hadron physics that can be further explored at BESⅢ during the remaining operation period of BEPCⅡ. This survey will help in the optimization of the data-taking plan over the coming years, and provides physics motivation for the possible upgrade of BEPCⅡ to higher luminosity.
基金supported(in part)by the Entrusted Project of National Center for Medical Service Administration,National Health and Family Planning Commission China(No.[2019]099)the First Level Funding of the Second Medical Leading Talent Project in Hubei Provincethe Special Project for Emergency of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2020YFC0841300)。
文摘In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly, it attracted the world’s attention but without treatment and control manual. For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia management, an evidence-based guideline urgently needs to be developed. Therefore, we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development;we also added the first-hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. This guideline includes the guideline methodology, epidemiological characteristics, disease screening and population prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control(including traditional Chinese Medicine), nosocomial infection prevention and control, and disease nursing of the 2019-nCoV. Moreover, we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections. This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses, managers of hospitals and healthcare sections, community residents, public health persons, relevant researchers, and all person who are interested in the 2019-nCoV.
文摘Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce plant growth,productivity and quality.Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive these environmental challenges,transmit the stress signals within cells as well as between cells and tissues,and make appropriate adjustments in their growth and development in order to survive and reproduce.In recent years,significant progress has been made on many fronts of the stress signaling research,particularly in understanding the downstream signaling events that culminate at the activation of stress-and nutrient limitation-responsive genes,cellular ion homeostasis,and growth adjustment.However,the revelation of the early events of stress signaling,particularly the identification of primary stress sensors,still lags behind.In this review,we summarize recent work on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of plant abiotic stress and nutrient limitation sensing and signaling and discuss new directions for future studies.
基金Supported by a Major State Basic Research Special Program China under grant (No. 2004CCC00400)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70376019)
文摘Based on the foundation laid by the h-index we introduce and study the R- and AR-indices. These new indices eliminate some of the disadvantages of the h-index, especially when they are used in combina-tion with the h-index. The R-index measures the h-core’s citation intensity, while AR goes one step further and takes the age of publications into account. This allows for an index that can actually in-crease and decrease over time. We propose the pair (h, AR) as a meaningful indicator for research evaluation. We further prove a relation characterizing the h-index in the power law model.
基金supported by the Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB27040107)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31970293)the Shanghai Pujiang Program (18PJ1410900)
文摘Abscisic acid(ABA)is an important phytohormone regulating plant growth,development,and stress responses.It has an essential role in multiple physiological processes of plants,such as stomatal closure,cuticular wax accumulation,leaf senescence,bud dormancy,seed germination,osmotic regulation,and growth inhibition among many others.Abscisic acid controls downstream responses to abiotic and biotic environmental changes through both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.During the past 20 years,ABA biosynthesis and many of its signaling pathways have been well characterized.Here we review the dynamics of ABA metabolic pools and signaling that affects many of its physiological functions.
文摘Objective： To descript the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer among Chinese population in 2011, and provide valuable data for oral cancer prevention and research. Methods： Data from 177 population-based cancer registries distributed in 28 provinces were accepted for this study after evaluation based on quality control criteria, covering a total of 175,310,169 populations and accounting for 13.01% of the overall national population in 2011. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area, gender and age groups. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. The Chinese population in 2000 and World Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized rates. Results： The estimate of new cases diagnosed with oral cancer was 39,450 including 26,160 males and 13,290 females. The overall crude incidence rate for oral cancer was 2.93/100,000. The age-standardized rates by China （ASRcN） population and by World population （ASRwld） were 2.22/100,000 and 2.17/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative incidence rate was 0.25%. The estimated number of oral cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 16,933, including 11,794 males and 5,139 females. The overall crude mortality rate was 1.26/I00,000, accounting for 0.80% of all cancer deaths. The ASRcN and ASP^Id for mortality were 0.90/100,000 and 0.89/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 0.10%. The incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer were much higher in males and urban areas than in females and rural areas. In addition, the incidence and mortality rates were increased by the raising of ages. Conclusions： Results in the study may have important roles for oral cancer prevention and research. Although oral cancer burden of China is not high, we must pay attention to this malignancy as well. In addition, further researches need to be done for primary and secondary preventi
基金The authors would like to thank the patients and their families for their contribution to this studyThis study was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2008ZX10002-006,2012ZX10002007001,2017ZX10202203-007,2017ZX10202203-008)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81171561,30972584)This study was also supported in part by Shanghai Roche Pharmaceuticals LtdWriting assistance was provided by Stefanie Chuah,from Mudskipper Business Ltd,funded by F Hoffmann-La Roche
文摘Background and Aims:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)loss is seldom achieved with nucleos(t)ide analog(NA)therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients but may be enhanced by switching to finite pegylated-interferon(Peg-IFN)alfa-2a.We assessed HBsAg loss with 48-and 96-week Peg-IFN alfa-2a in chronic hepatitis B patients with partial response to a previous NA.Methods:Hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)-positive patients who achieved HBeAg loss and hepatitis B virus DNA<200 IU/mL with previous adefovir,lamivudine or entecavir treatment were randomized 1:1 to receive Peg-IFN alfa-2a for 48(n=153)or 96 weeks(n=150).The primary endpoint of this study was HBsAg loss at end of treatment.The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01464281.Results:At the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,14.4%(22/153)and 20.7%(31/150)of patients,respectively,who switched from NA to Peg-IFN alfa-2a cleared HBsAg.Rates were similar irrespective of prior NA or baseline HBeAg seroconversion.Among those who cleared HBsAg by the end of 48 and 96 weeks'treatment,77.8%(14/18)and 71.4%(20/28),respectively,sustained HBsAg loss for a further 48 weeks.Baseline HBsAg<1500 IU/mL and week 24 HBsAg<200 IU/mL were associated with the highest rates of HBsAg loss at the end of both 48-and 96-week treatment(51.4%and 58.7%,respectively).Importantly,extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks enabled 48.3%(14/29)more patients to achieve HBsAg loss.Conclusions:Patients on long-term NA who are unlikely to meet therapeutic goals can achieve high rates of HBsAg loss by switching to Peg-IFN alfa-2a.HBsAg loss rates may be improved for some patients by extending treatment from 48 to 96 weeks,although the differences in our study cohort were not statistically significant.Baseline and on-treatment HBsAg may predict HBsAg loss with Peg-IFN alfa-2a.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40871120 National Key Technology Research and De- velopment Program, No.2007BAC06B03
文摘This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soil fauna communities. Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamic ranges in space from tropical, subtropical to temperate regions, and in categories from forest, grassland, desert, wetland, farmland to urban ecosystems, the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments. Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire, grazing, farming, fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive （e.g. nematode） and rare groups and community indexes. The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction, environmental purification, litter decomposition and elements cycling. Interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of global change on soil fauna community in China were also included. Finally, the authors pointed out common interests in soil fauna eco-geographical studies, which include application of molecule biology into soil fauna taxa; function and mechanism of soil fauna community diversity; interaction between aboveground and belowground ecosystems; effects of disturbance, pollution, biological invasion, and global change on soil fauna community and function. The review is to provide a scientific basis for promoting soil fauna eco-geographical studies in China.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51972089,51672064,and U1435206 are also acknowledged.
文摘High-entropy ceramics (HECs) are solid solutions of inorganic compounds with one or more Wyckoff sites shared by equal or near-equal atomic ratios of multi-principal elements.Although in the infant stage,the emerging of this new family of materials has brought new opportunities for material design and property tailoring.Distinct from metals,the diversity in crystal structure and electronic structure of ceramics provides huge space for properties tuning through band structure engineering and phonon engineering.Aside from strengthening,hardening,and low thermal conductivity that have already been found in high-entropy alloys,new properties like colossal dielectric constant,super ionic conductivity,severe anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient,strong electromagnetic wave absorption,etc.,have been discovered in HECs.As a response to the rapid development in this nascent field,this article gives a comprehensive review on the structure features,theoretical methods for stability and property prediction,processing routes,novel properties,and prospective applications of HECs.The challenges on processing,characterization,and property predictions are also emphasized.Finally,future directions for new material exploration,novel processing,fundamental understanding,in-depth characterization,and database assessments are given.
基金Project supported by the National"Tenth Five Years Plan"Key Project on Science and Technology of China(No.2004BA508B11)the National"Eleventh Five Years Plan"Key Project on Science and Technology of China(No.2006BAD05B09)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40871148)
文摘A 15-year fertilization experiment with different applications of inorganic N,P and K fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)was conducted to study the yield and soil responses to long-term fertilization at Qiyang,Hunan Province,China. Average grain yields of wheat and corn(1 672 and 5 111 kg ha-1,respectively)for the treatment NPKM were significantly higher than those(405 and 310 kg ha-1)of the unfertilized control and single inorganic fertilizer treatments.Compared with the corresponding initial values of the experiment,all treatments showed a yield decline of 9 to 111 kg ha-1 year-1 in wheat and 35 to 260 kg ha-1 year-1 in corn,respectively,and a significant pH decline of 0.07 to 0.12 pH year?1,except for the treatments PK and NPKM.After long-term fertilization,the soil organic C,soil available P,exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+and available Cu2+and Zn2+contents were higher in the treatment NPKM than in the treatments applied with inorganic fertilizer only.Compared to the treatment NPK,the treatment NPKM,where manure partially replaced inorganic N,had a positive impact on arresting the decline of soil pH.This improved grain yields of wheat and corn, suggesting that application of NPK fertilizer in combination with farmyard manure is important to maintain soil fertility and buffering capacity in red soil.
文摘Objective： Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. This article provides the most up-to-date overview of colorectal cancer burden in China. Methods： Totally 234 cancer registries submitted data of 2011 to the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR）. Qualified data from 177 registries was pooled and analyzed. The crude incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer were calculated by age, gender and geographic area. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. China census in 2000 and Segi＇s world population were applied for age standardized rates. Results： The estimate of new cases diagnosed with colorectal cancer of China in 2011 was 310,244 （178,404 for males and 131,840 for females, 195,117 in urban areas and 115,128 in rural areas）, accounting for 9.20% of overall new cancer cases. The crude incidence of colorectal cancer ranked fourth in all cancer sites with rate of 23.03/100,000 （25.83/100,000 for males and 20.08/100,000 for female, 28.25/100,000 in urban areas and 17.54/100,000 in rural areas）. The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population were 16.79/100,000 and 16.52/100,000, respectively. The estimated number of colorectal cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 149,722 （86,427 for males and 63,295 for females, 91,682 in urban areas and 58,040 in rural areas）, accounting for 7.09% of overall cancer deaths. The crude mortality rate for colorectal cancer ranked fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in all cancer sites with rate of 11.11/100,000 （12.51/100,000 for males and 9.64/100,000 for female, 13.27/100,000 in urban areas and 8.84/100,000 in rural areas）. The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population for mortality were 7.77/100,000 and 7.66/100,000, respectively. For both of incidence and mortality, the rates of colorectal cancer were
基金supported by the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2022B0202070003,and 2021B0707010004)supported by the National Science Foundation of China(#32072547,and#32102320)+5 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFF1000101,and 2019YFD1000500)the Special Support Program of Guangdong Province(2019TX05N193)the Scientific Research Foundation of the Hunan Provincial Education Department(20A261),)the open competition program of top ten critical priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province(2022SDZG05)C.C.is supported by the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project(2023A04J0113)J.F.is supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(323QN279).
文摘Since the official release of the stand-alone bioinformatics toolkit TBtools in 2020,its superior functionality in data analysis has been demonstrated by its widespread adoption by many thousands of users and references in more than 5000 academic articles.Now,TBtools is a commonly used tool in biological laboratories.Over the past 3 years,thanks to invaluable feedback and suggestions from numerous users,we have optimized and expanded the functionality of the toolkit,leading to the development of an upgraded version—TBtools-II.In this upgrade,we have incorporated over 100 new features,such as those for comparative genomics analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and data visualization.Meanwhile,to better meet the increasing needs of personalized data analysis,we have launched the plugin mode,which enables users to develop their own plugins and manage their selection,installation,and removal according to individual needs.To date,the plugin store has amassed over 50 plugins,with more than half of them being independently developed and contributed by TBtools users.These plugins offer a range of data analysis options including co-expression network analysis,single-cell data analysis,and bulked segregant analysis sequencing data analysis.Overall,TBtools is now transforming from a stand-alone software to a comprehensive bioinformatics platform of a vibrant and cooperative community in which users are also developers and contributors.By promoting the theme“one for all,all for one”,we believe that TBtools-II will greatly benefit more biological researchers in this big-data era.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100101-18,2016YFD0100103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770397,21800305)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662017PY058,2662017QD044)UK-China grant BBSRC(grant no.BB/R02118X/1)the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Hatch project(ALA014-1-16016).
文摘Since whole-genome sequencing of many crops has been achieved,crop functional genomics studies have stepped into the big-data and high-throughput era.However,acquisition of large-scale phenotypic data has become one of the major bottlenecks hindering crop breeding and functional genomics studies.Nevertheless,recent technological advances provide us potential solutions to relieve this bottleneck and to explore advanced methods for large-scale phenotyping data acquisition and processing in the coming years.In this article,we review the major progress on high-throughput phenotyping in controlled environments and field conditions as well as its use for post-harvest yield and quality assessment in the past decades.We then discuss the latest multi-omics research combining high-throughput phenotyping with genetic studies.Finally,we propose some conceptual challenges and provide our perspectives on how to bridge the phenotype-genotype gap.It is no doubt that accurate high-throughput phenotyping will accelerate plant genetic improvements and promote the next green revolution in crop breeding.
基金Supported by National Key Basic Research Program of China(2015CB856700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11125525,11235011.11322544,11335008,11425524,Y61137005C)+7 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Large-Scale Scientific Facility Program,CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics(CCEPP),Collaborative Innovation Center for Particles and Interactions(CICPI),Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of NSFC and CAS(11179007,U1232201,U1332201),CAS(KJCX2-YW-N29,KJCX2-YWN45),100 Talents Program of CASNational 1000 Talents Program of China,INPACShanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology,German Research Foundation DFG(Collaborative Research Center CRC-1044)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,Italy,Ministry of Development of Turkey(DPT2006K-120470)Russian Foundation for Basic Research(14-07-91152)Swedish Research Council,U.S.Department of Energy(DE-FG02-04ER41291,DE-FG02-05ER41374,DE-FG02-94ER40823,DESC0010118)U.S.National Science Foundation,University of Groningen(RuG)and Helniholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH(GSI),DarmstadtWCU Program of National Research Foundation of Korea(R32-2008-000-10155-0)
文摘From 2011 to 2014, the BESIII experiment collected about 5 fb^-1 data at center-of-mass energies around 4 GeV for the studies of the charmonium-like and higher excited charmonium states. By analyzing the di-muon process e＋e- →yma/Fsμ^＋μ^-, the center-of-mass energies of the data samples are measured with a precision of 0.8 MeV. The center-of-mass energy is found to be stable for most of the time during data taking.
基金Supported by Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81230031
文摘Locoregional spread of abdominopelvic malignant tumors frequently results in peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC). The prognosis of PC patients treated by conventional systemic chemotherapy is poor, with a median survival of < 6 mo. However, over the past three decades, an integrated treatment strategy of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) + hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) has been developed by the pioneering oncologists, with proved efficacy and safety in selected patients. Supported by several lines of clinical evidence from phases Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ clinical trials, CRS + HIPEC has been regarded as the standard treatment for selected patients with PC in many established cancer centers worldwide. In China, an expert consensus on CRS + HIPEC has been reached by the leading surgical and medical oncologists, under the framework of the China Anti-Cancer Association. This expert consensus has summarized the progress in PC clinical studies and systematically evaluated the CRS + HIPEC procedures in China as well as across the world, so as to lay the foundation for formulating PC treatment guidelines specific to the national conditions of China.
基金supported by the National Key Scientific Research Project(2011CB915400)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730007)
文摘Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land plants. Guard cell movement is regulated by a combination of environmental factors, including water status, light, CO2 levels and pathogen attack, as well as endogenous signals, such as abscisic acid and apoplastic reactive oxygen species （ROS）. Under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, extracellular ROS are mainly produced by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, whereas intracellular ROS are produced in multiple organelles. These ROS form a sophisticated cellular signaling network, with the accumulation of apoplastic ROS an early hallmark of stomatal movement. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the ROS signaling network, primarily during drought stress and pathogen attack. We summarize the roles of apoplastic ROS in regulating stomatal movement, ABA and CO2 signaling, and immunity responses. Finally, we discuss ROS accumulation and communication between organelles and cells. This information provides a conceptual framework for understanding how ROS signaling is integrated with various signaling pathways during plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress stimuli.
文摘Nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)is a malignant epithelial tumor originating in the nasopharynx and has a high incidence in Southeast Asia and North Africa.To develop these comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and management of NPC,the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)arranged a multi-disciplinary team comprising of experts from all sub-specialties of NPC to write,discuss,and revise the guidelines.Based on the findings of evidencebased medicine in China and abroad,domestic experts have iteratively developed these guidelines to provide proper management of NPC.Overall,the guidelines describe the screening,clinical and pathological diagnosis,staging and risk assessment,therapies,and follow-up of NPC,which aim to improve the management of NPC.
文摘Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin(CEGI)injection is a compound preparation formed by a combination of muscle extract from hea lthy rabbits and brain gangliosides from cattle,and it is generally used as a neuroprotectant in the treatment of central and peripheral nerve injuries.However,there is still a need for high-level clinical evidence from large samples to support the use of CEGI.We therefore carried out a prospective,multicenter,randomized,double-blind,parallel-group,placebo-controlled study in which we recruited 319 patients with acute cerebral infarction from 16 centers in China from October 2013 to May 2016.The patients were randomized at a 3:1 ratio into CEGI(n=239;155 male,84 female;61.2±9.2 years old)and placebo(n=80;46 male,34 female;63.2±8.28 years old)groups.All patients were given standard care once daily for 14 days,including a 200 mg aspirin enteric-coated tablet and 20 mg atorvastatin calcium,both taken orally,and intravenous infusion of 250–500 mL 0.9%sodium chloride containing 40 mg sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate.Based on conventional treatment,patients in the CEGI and placebo groups were given 12 mL CEGI or 12 mL sterile water,respectively,in an intravenous drip of 250 mL 0.9%sodium chloride(2 mL/min)once daily for 14 days.According to baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores,patients in the two groups were divided into mild and moderate subgroups.Based on the modified Rankin Scale results,the rate of patients with good outcomes in the CEGI group was higher than that in the placebo group,and the rate of disability in the CEGI group was lower than that in the placebo group on day 90 after treatment.In the CEGI group,neurological deficits were decreased on days 14 and 90 after treatment,as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the Barthel Index.Subgroup analysis revealed that CEGI led to more significant improvements in moderate stroke patients.No drug-related adverse events occurred in the CEGI or placebo groups.In conclusion,CEGI may be a
基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0600104)supported by donations made by Delos Living LLC,and the Cyrus Tang Foundation+2 种基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471419)Beijing Institute of Urban Planningsupported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CCNU19TD002).
文摘Land use reflects human activities on land.Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth,and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization.Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology,climate,biodiversity,and food production[1,2].However,maps,that contain knowledge on the distribution,pattern and composition of various land use types in urban areas,are limited to city level.The mapping standard on data sources,methods,land use classification schemes varies from city to city,due to differences in financial input and skills of mapping personnel.To address various national and global environmental challenges caused by urbanization,it is important to have urban land uses at the national and global scales that are derived from the same or consistent data sources with the same or compatible classification systems and mapping methods.This is because,only with urban land use maps produced with similar criteria,consistent environmental policies can be made,and action efforts can be compared and assessed for large scale environmental administration.However,despite of the fact that a number of urban-extent maps exist at global scales[3,4],more detailed urban land use maps do not exist at the same scale.Even at big country or regional levels such as for the United States,China and European Union,consistent land use mapping efforts are rare[5,6](e.g.,https://sdi4apps.eu/open_land_use/).
