Purpose:Making policy makers,researcher,education leaders,and assessment developers aware that what matters in education assessment is a wicked problem that cannot be easily solved following traditional approaches.Des...Purpose:Making policy makers,researcher,education leaders,and assessment developers aware that what matters in education assessment is a wicked problem that cannot be easily solved following traditional approaches.Design/Approach/Methods:Starting from the questions that what matters in education assessment,this article presented such questions as a wicked problem because there is no consensus,not right or wrong answer,and certain solutions may lead to side effects on students and society.Therefore,a new approach of ecology should be involved,and different education outcomes or intended qualities of learners are presented in complex relationships.Findings:Deciding what matters in education assessment is a wicked question.It is not a tame or technology problem and can be resolved by any conventional approaches.What is pivotal now is to decipher what matters in education and then what should be measured and ultimately how to measure.The ecology and collaborate approach deliberated in this article could expedite such a process.Originality/Value:This article advocates paradigm change in understanding and resolving one of the most urgent problems in education.It provides an ecology explanation of the relationships that exist among the different education outcomes and students’qualities.By guiding through the dissecting of the problem step by step,this article has demonstrated a unique angle of understanding the wicked problem.展开更多
The Lady of Shalott is considered to be one of Alfred Lord Tennyson’s masterpieces.The poem conversely demonstrates art and life,the aesthetic and the political,are fully interwoven:the involvement in the social worl...The Lady of Shalott is considered to be one of Alfred Lord Tennyson’s masterpieces.The poem conversely demonstrates art and life,the aesthetic and the political,are fully interwoven:the involvement in the social world which is symbolically the destination of the Lady in the poem.The Lady who is the emblem of such an artwork can be ascribed qualities,for instance,self-containment,objectified otherness,removal from the fluidity of life,and participation in a higher order of existence,for which it is autonomy.Kermode points out that“the Romantic artwork often identifies itself with an emblematic image of autonomy and femininity”,inextricably interlinked.Her mirror shows her only“Shadows of the world”.The Lady’s web flies“Out”and floats“wide”when she“turns round”with“that desire of making an impression upon another mind”,when she seeks to address Lancelot.The mirror reconnects the Lady’s art to the real world beyond her window.Though the artist is unable to see it during the process of production,her artistic web,once out in a wider space than the tower and freed from the loom,is a true representation of outward things,the actions,and events of Camelot.This paper examines that the traditional referentiality of Tennyson’s‘The Lady of Shalott’can be better understood by supplementing the poet’s medieval sources,of little more than tangential relevance to the poem,with Homeric influences.The poem is similar to a fairytale,however,I have given an alternate reality of the Lady of Shallot in my version of a fairytale,where the characters remain the same but the fairytale takes a happy ending rather than a tragic death.My version is different from Tennyson’s since I believe the lady deserves to be jovial.Sir Lancelot was unaware of her fascination and feelings for him,as she could hardly express her feelings due to her imprisonment.She is so taken by him that she stops her work and looks at Camelot,though she risks the mysterious curse.The mirror breaks and her web magically floats ou展开更多
The"She-devils"or"wicked women"in Fay Weldon's fictions are frequently discussed among many readers and critics.Some pluralistic narrative strategies including parody,anti-genre and non-linear ...The"She-devils"or"wicked women"in Fay Weldon's fictions are frequently discussed among many readers and critics.Some pluralistic narrative strategies including parody,anti-genre and non-linear and so on are employed to refract her pluralistic feminist ideas.Her new novel Kehua!:A Ghost Story is a metaficiton which indeed breaks the traditional linear structure of a novel.She gives us ample room and encouragement in this novel as we contemplate the future of women,which surely can be of our own making.展开更多
The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite ...The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.展开更多
With the increase of social complexity and uncertainty,wicked problems have become the hot and difcult issues in the frontier research of public policy.The concept of wicked problems was proposed in the 1960s.Since th...With the increase of social complexity and uncertainty,wicked problems have become the hot and difcult issues in the frontier research of public policy.The concept of wicked problems was proposed in the 1960s.Since then,it has gradually spread to many disciplines,such as environment,urban planning,public policy,etc.A comprehensive understanding of the research progress of the transdisciplinary method is an important way to understand wicked problems.This paper uses Citespace5.5,based on bibliometrics and visual analysis techniques,to analyze 800 academic publications related to wicked problems and visually display the transdisciplinarity knowledge map and information panorama of wicked problems.Through a multi-level descriptive analysis of key literature,research origin,research hotspots and trend of the research on wicked problems,this paper fnds out the law of knowledge growth and internal evolution logic of the research on wicked problems,and concludes that the transdisciplinarity research of wicked problems is forming,which shows the rule from knowledge difusion(single discipline)to knowledge coherence(transdisciplinarity).The discipline of public policy has the potential to change the knowledge constraints of a single discipline and may ofer transdisciplinarity approaches to wicked problems.展开更多
The paper is a part of an ongoing study, labelled as ＂Designing out wicked problems＂ - a design science research （DSR） study with the purpose of developing, implementing, and evaluating a methodology framework for...The paper is a part of an ongoing study, labelled as ＂Designing out wicked problems＂ - a design science research （DSR） study with the purpose of developing, implementing, and evaluating a methodology framework for designing multi-stakeholder business models. The objective of the current paper is to evaluate the business model design framework within a DSR framework. The research is conducted as three-year case study at three sites： The Danish police, with a key player in the Danish energy sector, and the municipality of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. The research method is action research, with a structure of planning-action-evaluation process conducted with the case owners - as well as design science methodology, where an artifact （the multi-stakeholder business model design concept） is created, evaluated and altered to improve its functionality. The finding of this study is that the maturity of the application domain - the type of problem the concept is trying to solve - as well as of the concept itself, is low. The conclusion is thus that the knowledge contribution of the study is of a unique invention character which will lay the foundation for further evaluation and research.展开更多
In a world-shocking nuclear disaster occurred at Fukushima in 2011, multi-faceted consequences have manifested in not only direct and indirect but also tangible and intangible way in social, political, and economic do...In a world-shocking nuclear disaster occurred at Fukushima in 2011, multi-faceted consequences have manifested in not only direct and indirect but also tangible and intangible way in social, political, and economic domains. At present six year later, original risk issues, such as health, environmental, and financial risks, were complexly connected to each other, and have transformed to the wicked or complicated problems. This paper addresses the following four problems that we are faced with： prolonged evacuation and return to hometown, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings issues, nuclear regulatory issues, and nuclear energy policy and business. The authors discuss the reasons why above-noted situations arise from nuclear disaster in terms of endogenous factors embedded in socio-technical nuclear system in Japan and some common causes across the wicked problems. The wicked problems are also closely connected with each other, and become super-wicked problem. Among others, Japan＇s energy transition policy aiming at low carbon society tends to deviate politically and now at crossroad. Finally, the authors describe some perspectives and challenges required to govern interconnected events, as lessons learned from the Fukushima nuclear disaster.展开更多
The aim of the article was firstly to analyze a specific character of the food security＇s concept, and secondly to present a large variety of stakeholders＇ positions dealing with the issue and their impact on econom...The aim of the article was firstly to analyze a specific character of the food security＇s concept, and secondly to present a large variety of stakeholders＇ positions dealing with the issue and their impact on economic and political dimensions. For this purpose, a review in available studies and documents was made. The results show that a lack of the precise definition for the food security＇s concept creates different understandings, leading to various interpretations and divergent solutions. The reasons could be found in specifics of the food security＇s concept which is qualified as a wicked problem. Wicked problems refer to issues which are highly complex, have innumerable and undefined causes and are difficult to understand and frame. Therefore, caution is required when positions of stakeholders are estimating. Based on literature, it can be stated that the productionist （focusing on intensive food production） and environmental frames are dominant in the debate, resulting in potential conflicts and different claims about action to be taken. As a result, a clear political vision on the food security＇s concept is lacking. In conclusion, a return to the principle what food production is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable can reshape a public debate in order to actively form food security policies at the global and national levels in the future. However, better coping strategies like cooperative strategy should be developed to tame food security as a wicked problem by turning over to stakeholders for new definitions and solutions.展开更多
Rationality is the cornerstone of planning.In recent years,increasing frequency of public health crises and the powerlessness of planning in dealing with such crises have prompted us to rethink the role of planning ra...Rationality is the cornerstone of planning.In recent years,increasing frequency of public health crises and the powerlessness of planning in dealing with such crises have prompted us to rethink the role of planning rationality.This paper argues that both reason as a term specific in philosophy and rationality in decision science are finite,diverse,and complex,and should be understood and applied moderately.Those features also apply to planning rationality,which is based on both philosophical reasoning and decision rationality.In addition,frequent public health crises have greatly undermined the ideal thinking of optimization in a complex city and highlighted the importance of knowledge and methods,and communications and collaborations between professional and non-professional areas.Therefore,it is necessary to put the discussion of planning rationality in terms of its concept,categories,and evolution in the domain of public reason.This can be achieved through joint actions including communication and collaboration.展开更多
文摘Purpose:Making policy makers,researcher,education leaders,and assessment developers aware that what matters in education assessment is a wicked problem that cannot be easily solved following traditional approaches.Design/Approach/Methods:Starting from the questions that what matters in education assessment,this article presented such questions as a wicked problem because there is no consensus,not right or wrong answer,and certain solutions may lead to side effects on students and society.Therefore,a new approach of ecology should be involved,and different education outcomes or intended qualities of learners are presented in complex relationships.Findings:Deciding what matters in education assessment is a wicked question.It is not a tame or technology problem and can be resolved by any conventional approaches.What is pivotal now is to decipher what matters in education and then what should be measured and ultimately how to measure.The ecology and collaborate approach deliberated in this article could expedite such a process.Originality/Value:This article advocates paradigm change in understanding and resolving one of the most urgent problems in education.It provides an ecology explanation of the relationships that exist among the different education outcomes and students’qualities.By guiding through the dissecting of the problem step by step,this article has demonstrated a unique angle of understanding the wicked problem.
文摘The Lady of Shalott is considered to be one of Alfred Lord Tennyson’s masterpieces.The poem conversely demonstrates art and life,the aesthetic and the political,are fully interwoven:the involvement in the social world which is symbolically the destination of the Lady in the poem.The Lady who is the emblem of such an artwork can be ascribed qualities,for instance,self-containment,objectified otherness,removal from the fluidity of life,and participation in a higher order of existence,for which it is autonomy.Kermode points out that“the Romantic artwork often identifies itself with an emblematic image of autonomy and femininity”,inextricably interlinked.Her mirror shows her only“Shadows of the world”.The Lady’s web flies“Out”and floats“wide”when she“turns round”with“that desire of making an impression upon another mind”,when she seeks to address Lancelot.The mirror reconnects the Lady’s art to the real world beyond her window.Though the artist is unable to see it during the process of production,her artistic web,once out in a wider space than the tower and freed from the loom,is a true representation of outward things,the actions,and events of Camelot.This paper examines that the traditional referentiality of Tennyson’s‘The Lady of Shalott’can be better understood by supplementing the poet’s medieval sources,of little more than tangential relevance to the poem,with Homeric influences.The poem is similar to a fairytale,however,I have given an alternate reality of the Lady of Shallot in my version of a fairytale,where the characters remain the same but the fairytale takes a happy ending rather than a tragic death.My version is different from Tennyson’s since I believe the lady deserves to be jovial.Sir Lancelot was unaware of her fascination and feelings for him,as she could hardly express her feelings due to her imprisonment.She is so taken by him that she stops her work and looks at Camelot,though she risks the mysterious curse.The mirror breaks and her web magically floats ou
文摘The"She-devils"or"wicked women"in Fay Weldon's fictions are frequently discussed among many readers and critics.Some pluralistic narrative strategies including parody,anti-genre and non-linear and so on are employed to refract her pluralistic feminist ideas.Her new novel Kehua!:A Ghost Story is a metaficiton which indeed breaks the traditional linear structure of a novel.She gives us ample room and encouragement in this novel as we contemplate the future of women,which surely can be of our own making.
文摘The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.
文摘With the increase of social complexity and uncertainty,wicked problems have become the hot and difcult issues in the frontier research of public policy.The concept of wicked problems was proposed in the 1960s.Since then,it has gradually spread to many disciplines,such as environment,urban planning,public policy,etc.A comprehensive understanding of the research progress of the transdisciplinary method is an important way to understand wicked problems.This paper uses Citespace5.5,based on bibliometrics and visual analysis techniques,to analyze 800 academic publications related to wicked problems and visually display the transdisciplinarity knowledge map and information panorama of wicked problems.Through a multi-level descriptive analysis of key literature,research origin,research hotspots and trend of the research on wicked problems,this paper fnds out the law of knowledge growth and internal evolution logic of the research on wicked problems,and concludes that the transdisciplinarity research of wicked problems is forming,which shows the rule from knowledge difusion(single discipline)to knowledge coherence(transdisciplinarity).The discipline of public policy has the potential to change the knowledge constraints of a single discipline and may ofer transdisciplinarity approaches to wicked problems.
文摘The paper is a part of an ongoing study, labelled as ＂Designing out wicked problems＂ - a design science research （DSR） study with the purpose of developing, implementing, and evaluating a methodology framework for designing multi-stakeholder business models. The objective of the current paper is to evaluate the business model design framework within a DSR framework. The research is conducted as three-year case study at three sites： The Danish police, with a key player in the Danish energy sector, and the municipality of the Danish capital, Copenhagen. The research method is action research, with a structure of planning-action-evaluation process conducted with the case owners - as well as design science methodology, where an artifact （the multi-stakeholder business model design concept） is created, evaluated and altered to improve its functionality. The finding of this study is that the maturity of the application domain - the type of problem the concept is trying to solve - as well as of the concept itself, is low. The conclusion is thus that the knowledge contribution of the study is of a unique invention character which will lay the foundation for further evaluation and research.
文摘In a world-shocking nuclear disaster occurred at Fukushima in 2011, multi-faceted consequences have manifested in not only direct and indirect but also tangible and intangible way in social, political, and economic domains. At present six year later, original risk issues, such as health, environmental, and financial risks, were complexly connected to each other, and have transformed to the wicked or complicated problems. This paper addresses the following four problems that we are faced with： prolonged evacuation and return to hometown, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings issues, nuclear regulatory issues, and nuclear energy policy and business. The authors discuss the reasons why above-noted situations arise from nuclear disaster in terms of endogenous factors embedded in socio-technical nuclear system in Japan and some common causes across the wicked problems. The wicked problems are also closely connected with each other, and become super-wicked problem. Among others, Japan＇s energy transition policy aiming at low carbon society tends to deviate politically and now at crossroad. Finally, the authors describe some perspectives and challenges required to govern interconnected events, as lessons learned from the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
文摘The aim of the article was firstly to analyze a specific character of the food security＇s concept, and secondly to present a large variety of stakeholders＇ positions dealing with the issue and their impact on economic and political dimensions. For this purpose, a review in available studies and documents was made. The results show that a lack of the precise definition for the food security＇s concept creates different understandings, leading to various interpretations and divergent solutions. The reasons could be found in specifics of the food security＇s concept which is qualified as a wicked problem. Wicked problems refer to issues which are highly complex, have innumerable and undefined causes and are difficult to understand and frame. Therefore, caution is required when positions of stakeholders are estimating. Based on literature, it can be stated that the productionist （focusing on intensive food production） and environmental frames are dominant in the debate, resulting in potential conflicts and different claims about action to be taken. As a result, a clear political vision on the food security＇s concept is lacking. In conclusion, a return to the principle what food production is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable can reshape a public debate in order to actively form food security policies at the global and national levels in the future. However, better coping strategies like cooperative strategy should be developed to tame food security as a wicked problem by turning over to stakeholders for new definitions and solutions.
文摘Rationality is the cornerstone of planning.In recent years,increasing frequency of public health crises and the powerlessness of planning in dealing with such crises have prompted us to rethink the role of planning rationality.This paper argues that both reason as a term specific in philosophy and rationality in decision science are finite,diverse,and complex,and should be understood and applied moderately.Those features also apply to planning rationality,which is based on both philosophical reasoning and decision rationality.In addition,frequent public health crises have greatly undermined the ideal thinking of optimization in a complex city and highlighted the importance of knowledge and methods,and communications and collaborations between professional and non-professional areas.Therefore,it is necessary to put the discussion of planning rationality in terms of its concept,categories,and evolution in the domain of public reason.This can be achieved through joint actions including communication and collaboration.
