【目的】随着人类活动引起大气活性氮排放的增加,大气氮沉降亦迅速增加,进而影响各区域生态系统。明确河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降的动态变化,可以为农田氮素资源综合管理提供科学依据,也为中国氮素沉降网络提供关键基础数据。【方...【目的】随着人类活动引起大气活性氮排放的增加,大气氮沉降亦迅速增加,进而影响各区域生态系统。明确河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降的动态变化,可以为农田氮素资源综合管理提供科学依据,也为中国氮素沉降网络提供关键基础数据。【方法】在河北省保定市河北农业大学实验教学基地进行了为期6年(2006—2011年)的湿/混合沉降监测试验以及1年(2011年)的干沉降监测试验。湿/混合沉降通过雨量器自动采集降水;干沉降中气态NH_3、HNO_3和颗粒态铵离子和硝酸根(_pNH_4^+和pNO_3^-)样品通过主动采样DELTA(DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric Sampling)系统采集,气态NO_2样品通过被动扩散管采集。【结果】河北保定地区多雨季节为6—9月,占全年(2006-2011年)降雨量的88.6%、81.5%、89.3%、88.9%、74.5%和83.1%;大气氮湿/混合沉降浓度冬、春季较高,夏季最低,冬春两季NH+4^+-N、NO_3^--N、TIN和TDN浓度分别占全年的74.5%、72.6%、74.1%和71.3%;氮湿/混合沉降量亦存在明显的季节性变化,夏季最大,冬季最小;各形态氮湿/混合沉降浓度高低表现为:TDN>TIN>NH+4^+-N>NO_3^--N,且与降雨量呈极显著负相关;监测区6年间平均湿/混合沉降总量为32.8 kg N·hm^(-2),其中2008年大气氮湿/混合沉降量最大,达40.4 kg N·hm^(-2),2010年大气氮湿/混合沉降量最小,为28.9 kg N·hm^(-2);大气氮湿/混合沉降中TIN占TDN沉降量75%以上,其中NH+4^+-N是TIN的主要组成部分,占其总量的56.6%—69.7%,平均为64.4%;各形态氮(NH+4^+-N、NO_3^--N、TIN和TDN)湿/混合沉降量与月降雨量、月降雨频次呈极显著正相关;大气氮干沉降中各无机氮(NH_3、NO_2、HNO_3、pNH_4^+、pNO_3^-)浓度有明显的季节性变化特征,且各形态氮的月沉降量变化趋势与氮浓度一致;总体来看,气态氮NH_3、HNO_3、NO_2及颗粒态氮pNH_4^+、pNO_3^-的年沉降量分别达到10.1、7.60、4.39、6.47及3.81 kg N·hm^(-2)。【结论�展开更多
The hypothesis that the product of discharge and concentration of nitrogen (N) in river water is equal to the atmospheric deposition was verified in the mountainous basin of the Tedori River in Japan. To verify this r...The hypothesis that the product of discharge and concentration of nitrogen (N) in river water is equal to the atmospheric deposition was verified in the mountainous basin of the Tedori River in Japan. To verify this relationship, long-term data?are required to eliminate the effect of short-term variation of the N components. The basin has very high mountains, including Mount Hakusan (2702 maltitude), which is covered with deep snow in winter. Therefore, limited data were used for the estimation of the deposition of the entire basin by assuming a linear relationship of altitude. As a result, it was found that the estimated N concentration coincided well with observed concentrations at six sites—the Shiramine and Kuwajima (upper stream), Nakajima (lower stream) and Dainichi dam, Tedori dam and Senami sites (middle stream). The seasonal variation of N concentrations was low in the snowmelt period and high in autumn through to winter. This was not due to the larger discharge in snowmelt season as it was also found that N deposition was high in winter and low in spring, which indicated a clear relationship between N concentration and monthly atmospheric deposition including N storage in snow pack.展开更多
Quantitative analysis of the rate of geochemical weathering of sulfur (S) from sedimentary rocks (GeoS) was conducted using concentration (Cs) and discharge (Qs) data from the Tedori River and atmospheric deposition (...Quantitative analysis of the rate of geochemical weathering of sulfur (S) from sedimentary rocks (GeoS) was conducted using concentration (Cs) and discharge (Qs) data from the Tedori River and atmospheric deposition (AtdepS) in the basin. First, S fluxes were calculated using 16 years of Cs and Qs data. The annual average discharge of S (TotalS) was estimated at 8597 ton·year-1 (117.3 kg·ha-1·year-1). Of this, 1331 ton·year-1 was AtdepS (18.2 kg·ha-1·year-1) and another 7266 ton·year-1 was GeoS (99.1 kg·ha-1·year-1). Monthly changes in TotalS were investigated, which showed that GeoS was highest in summer, because of the air temperature, while AtdepS peaked in winter because of seasonal wind. Using Qs and AtdepS corrected for altitude, TotalS, AtdepS and GeoS were estimated at six sites, and among these sites we found that the TotalS per unit area values were random, depending on the site characteristics. In particular, the discharge from the Kuwajima site was remarkably high suggesting that the sedimentary rocks at this site had higher pyrite content than at the other sites. Finally, we also assessed the relationship between the characteristics of sedimentary rocks and GeoS in a range of rivers in the Hokuriku Region, and found that there was a close relationship between concentrations of SO42- greater than 10 mg·l-1 and sedimentary rocks containing the pyrite group. In addition, we estimated that the influence of GeoS was present when the concentration of SO42- in river water was greater than 2 - 3 mg·l-1 in the Hokuriku region.展开更多
文摘【目的】随着人类活动引起大气活性氮排放的增加,大气氮沉降亦迅速增加,进而影响各区域生态系统。明确河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降的动态变化,可以为农田氮素资源综合管理提供科学依据,也为中国氮素沉降网络提供关键基础数据。【方法】在河北省保定市河北农业大学实验教学基地进行了为期6年(2006—2011年)的湿/混合沉降监测试验以及1年(2011年)的干沉降监测试验。湿/混合沉降通过雨量器自动采集降水;干沉降中气态NH_3、HNO_3和颗粒态铵离子和硝酸根(_pNH_4^+和pNO_3^-)样品通过主动采样DELTA(DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric Sampling)系统采集,气态NO_2样品通过被动扩散管采集。【结果】河北保定地区多雨季节为6—9月,占全年(2006-2011年)降雨量的88.6%、81.5%、89.3%、88.9%、74.5%和83.1%;大气氮湿/混合沉降浓度冬、春季较高,夏季最低,冬春两季NH+4^+-N、NO_3^--N、TIN和TDN浓度分别占全年的74.5%、72.6%、74.1%和71.3%;氮湿/混合沉降量亦存在明显的季节性变化,夏季最大,冬季最小;各形态氮湿/混合沉降浓度高低表现为:TDN>TIN>NH+4^+-N>NO_3^--N,且与降雨量呈极显著负相关;监测区6年间平均湿/混合沉降总量为32.8 kg N·hm^(-2),其中2008年大气氮湿/混合沉降量最大,达40.4 kg N·hm^(-2),2010年大气氮湿/混合沉降量最小,为28.9 kg N·hm^(-2);大气氮湿/混合沉降中TIN占TDN沉降量75%以上,其中NH+4^+-N是TIN的主要组成部分,占其总量的56.6%—69.7%,平均为64.4%;各形态氮(NH+4^+-N、NO_3^--N、TIN和TDN)湿/混合沉降量与月降雨量、月降雨频次呈极显著正相关;大气氮干沉降中各无机氮(NH_3、NO_2、HNO_3、pNH_4^+、pNO_3^-)浓度有明显的季节性变化特征,且各形态氮的月沉降量变化趋势与氮浓度一致;总体来看,气态氮NH_3、HNO_3、NO_2及颗粒态氮pNH_4^+、pNO_3^-的年沉降量分别达到10.1、7.60、4.39、6.47及3.81 kg N·hm^(-2)。【结论�
文摘The hypothesis that the product of discharge and concentration of nitrogen (N) in river water is equal to the atmospheric deposition was verified in the mountainous basin of the Tedori River in Japan. To verify this relationship, long-term data?are required to eliminate the effect of short-term variation of the N components. The basin has very high mountains, including Mount Hakusan (2702 maltitude), which is covered with deep snow in winter. Therefore, limited data were used for the estimation of the deposition of the entire basin by assuming a linear relationship of altitude. As a result, it was found that the estimated N concentration coincided well with observed concentrations at six sites—the Shiramine and Kuwajima (upper stream), Nakajima (lower stream) and Dainichi dam, Tedori dam and Senami sites (middle stream). The seasonal variation of N concentrations was low in the snowmelt period and high in autumn through to winter. This was not due to the larger discharge in snowmelt season as it was also found that N deposition was high in winter and low in spring, which indicated a clear relationship between N concentration and monthly atmospheric deposition including N storage in snow pack.
文摘Quantitative analysis of the rate of geochemical weathering of sulfur (S) from sedimentary rocks (GeoS) was conducted using concentration (Cs) and discharge (Qs) data from the Tedori River and atmospheric deposition (AtdepS) in the basin. First, S fluxes were calculated using 16 years of Cs and Qs data. The annual average discharge of S (TotalS) was estimated at 8597 ton·year-1 (117.3 kg·ha-1·year-1). Of this, 1331 ton·year-1 was AtdepS (18.2 kg·ha-1·year-1) and another 7266 ton·year-1 was GeoS (99.1 kg·ha-1·year-1). Monthly changes in TotalS were investigated, which showed that GeoS was highest in summer, because of the air temperature, while AtdepS peaked in winter because of seasonal wind. Using Qs and AtdepS corrected for altitude, TotalS, AtdepS and GeoS were estimated at six sites, and among these sites we found that the TotalS per unit area values were random, depending on the site characteristics. In particular, the discharge from the Kuwajima site was remarkably high suggesting that the sedimentary rocks at this site had higher pyrite content than at the other sites. Finally, we also assessed the relationship between the characteristics of sedimentary rocks and GeoS in a range of rivers in the Hokuriku Region, and found that there was a close relationship between concentrations of SO42- greater than 10 mg·l-1 and sedimentary rocks containing the pyrite group. In addition, we estimated that the influence of GeoS was present when the concentration of SO42- in river water was greater than 2 - 3 mg·l-1 in the Hokuriku region.
