Information systems are one of the most rapidly changing and vulnerable systems, where security is a major issue. The number of security-breaking attempts originating inside organizations is increasing steadily. Attac...Information systems are one of the most rapidly changing and vulnerable systems, where security is a major issue. The number of security-breaking attempts originating inside organizations is increasing steadily. Attacks made in this way, usually done by ＂authorized＂ users of the system, cannot be immediately traced. Because the idea of filtering the traffic at the entrance door, by using firewalls and the like, is not completely successful, the use of intrusion detection systems should be considered to increase the defense capacity of an information system. An intrusion detection system （IDS） is usually working in a dynamically changing environment, which forces continuous tuning of the intrusion detection model, in order to maintain sufficient performance. The manual tuning process required by current IDS depends on the system operators in working out the tuning solution and in integrating it into the detection model. Furthermore, an extensive effort is required to tackle the newly evolving attacks and a deep study is necessary to categorize it into the respective classes. To reduce this dependence, an automatically evolving anomaly IDS using neuro-genetic algorithm is presented. The proposed system automatically tunes the detection model on the fly according to the feedback provided by the system operator when false predictions are encountered. The system has been evaluated using the Knowledge Discovery in Databases Conference （KDD 2009） intrusion detection dataset. Genetic paradigm is employed to choose the predominant features, which reveal the occurrence of intrusions. The neuro-genetic IDS （NGIDS） involves calculation of weightage value for each of the categorical attributes so that data of uniform representation can be processed by the neuro-genetic algorithm. In this system unauthorized invasion of a user are identified and newer types of attacks are sensed and classified respectively by the neuro-genetic algorithm. The experimental results obtained in this work show that the system achiev展开更多
Excessive growth of population and urbanization in the developing countries set an increasing demand of mobility services. To meet this demand, public transport plays a significant role by providing an easy and afford...Excessive growth of population and urbanization in the developing countries set an increasing demand of mobility services. To meet this demand, public transport plays a significant role by providing an easy and affordable mobility service. Public transport service is a process evolving over time nevertheless is not always directly responsive to the changing demand of the passengers. Recently in developing countries, the unpleasant experience in public transport services is seen as one of the main reasons behind increased passenger car share, which eventually lead to traffic congestion. However, the situation can be ameliorated if the features of the public transport are improved by addressing the users’ demand. In this study, the primary features desired and demanded by the passengers of a developing country are identified by three phase survey. These identified features are also categorized based on public responses. And finally, the required features in an appropriate public transport mode are prioritized by using a common Multi Criteria Decision Making approach (AHP—Analytic Hierarchy Process). The study suggests that residents of the developing city are not that much concern on the outlook and ambience of the service rather they are concerned about finishing their trips safely in time at an affordable rate. The findings of this research will help planners and decision makers to make the best use of the investment in public transport services and infrastructure to promote these modes over privately owned vehicle.展开更多
In Punjab(Pakistan),the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional groundwater resources.Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of the ...In Punjab(Pakistan),the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional groundwater resources.Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of the water table as well as its quality.Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources.This study proposes a methodology to delineate favorable groundwater potential recharge zones(FPRI)by integrating maps of groundwater potential recharge index(PRI)with the DRASTIC-based groundwater vulnerability index(VI).In order to evaluate both indexes,different thematic layers corresponding to each index were overlaid in ArcGIS.In the overlay analysis,the weights(for various thematic layers)and rating values(for sub-classes)were allocated based on a review of published literature.Both were then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process(AHP)and a frequency ratio model respectively.After evaluating PRI and FPRI,these maps were validated using the area under the curve(AUC)method.The PRI map indicates that 53%of the area assessed exists in very low to low recharge zones,22%in moderate,and 25%in high to excellent potential recharge zones.The VI map indicates that 38%of the area assessed exists in very low to low vulnerability,33%in moderate,and 29%in high to very high vulnerability zones.The FPRI map shows that the central region of Punjab is moderately-to-highly favorable for recharge due to its low vulnerability and high recharge potential.During the validation process,it was found that the AUC estimated with modified weights and rating values was 79%and 67%,for PRI and VI indexes,respectively.The AUC was less when evaluated using original weights and rating values taken from published literature.Maps of favorable groundwater potential recharge zones are helpful for planning and implementation of wells and hydraulic structures in this region.展开更多
The biomass and distribution of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides) in Vembanad, a tropical estuary located along the southwest coast of India varied significantly. Sampling was done in freshwater-dominated zone in the...The biomass and distribution of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides) in Vembanad, a tropical estuary located along the southwest coast of India varied significantly. Sampling was done in freshwater-dominated zone in the south (distal) and brackish water zone in the north (proximal), during pre and post monsoon seasons. Clam biomass was estimated from samples, collected from different stations during the study period. Water transparency and temperature were measured at the sample sites. Water samples were collected and analysed for salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and hardness. There was a significant difference in the clam biomass during the two seasons in the distal zone, and those collected from the distal and proximal zones during pre-monsoon season. The data were further analysed to determine the factors affecting the clam biomass distribution in the two zones and seasons. Factor analyses, comparing the distal zone during two seasons and zonal variations were similar to earlier observations. Step wise regression analyses found that dissolved oxygen (adjusted R2 = 0.3) is the only variable affecting clam survival during pre-monsoon period in the distal and proximal zones. A geographic map of the region obtained from the Indian satellite sensor LISS (Linear Image Self Scanner) was used along with in situ data to map the results using inverse distance weightage model.展开更多
Monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis is essential for use in the domestic,agricultural and industrial sectors.Further,it is even more important in rural areas where people make use of groundwater for d...Monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis is essential for use in the domestic,agricultural and industrial sectors.Further,it is even more important in rural areas where people make use of groundwater for domestic purposes without prior treatment.This study was carried out with the objective of assessing the groundwater quality based on electrical conductivity(EC),fluoride,nitrate and bromide in a part of Nalgonda district,Andhra Pradesh,southern India.Groundwater samples were collected from 45 locations in January 2010.They were analysed using an ion chromatograph for fluoride,bromide and nitrate concentration in groundwater.EC was measured in the field using a portable digital probe.The groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking and domestic use based on EC,fluoride,nitrate and bromide in 6.7,57,22 and 11%of the locations,respectively.Overall,31%of the locations had suitable groundwater quality.The north-eastern and south-eastern parts of this area had unsuitable groundwater.A total of 378.68 km2 had unsuitable groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes.The source for the increased concentration of these parameters is varied and hence it is essential to restore the groundwater quality in this area.Of the several techniques available,artificial recharge by rainwater harvesting will help to dilute the concentration of these ions and improve the groundwater quality.展开更多
At present,hundreds of cloud vendors in the global market provide various services based on a customer’s requirements.All cloud vendors are not the same in terms of the number of services,infrastructure availability,...At present,hundreds of cloud vendors in the global market provide various services based on a customer’s requirements.All cloud vendors are not the same in terms of the number of services,infrastructure availability,security strategies,cost per customer,and reputation in the market.Thus,software developers and organizations face a dilemma when choosing a suitable cloud vendor for their developmental activities.Thus,there is a need to evaluate various cloud service providers(CSPs)and platforms before choosing a suitable vendor.Already existing solutions are either based on simulation tools as per the requirements or evaluated concerning the quality of service attributes.However,they require more time to collect data,simulate and evaluate the vendor.The proposed work compares various CSPs in terms of major metrics,such as establishment,services,infrastructure,tools,pricing models,market share,etc.,based on the comparison,parameter ranking,and weightage allocated.Furthermore,the parameters are categorized depending on the priority level.The weighted average is calculated for each CSP,after which the values are sorted in descending order.The experimental results show the unbiased selection of CSPs based on the chosen parameters.The proposed parameter-ranking priority level weightage(PRPLW)algorithm simplifies the selection of the best-suited cloud vendor in accordance with the requirements of software development.展开更多
文摘Information systems are one of the most rapidly changing and vulnerable systems, where security is a major issue. The number of security-breaking attempts originating inside organizations is increasing steadily. Attacks made in this way, usually done by ＂authorized＂ users of the system, cannot be immediately traced. Because the idea of filtering the traffic at the entrance door, by using firewalls and the like, is not completely successful, the use of intrusion detection systems should be considered to increase the defense capacity of an information system. An intrusion detection system （IDS） is usually working in a dynamically changing environment, which forces continuous tuning of the intrusion detection model, in order to maintain sufficient performance. The manual tuning process required by current IDS depends on the system operators in working out the tuning solution and in integrating it into the detection model. Furthermore, an extensive effort is required to tackle the newly evolving attacks and a deep study is necessary to categorize it into the respective classes. To reduce this dependence, an automatically evolving anomaly IDS using neuro-genetic algorithm is presented. The proposed system automatically tunes the detection model on the fly according to the feedback provided by the system operator when false predictions are encountered. The system has been evaluated using the Knowledge Discovery in Databases Conference （KDD 2009） intrusion detection dataset. Genetic paradigm is employed to choose the predominant features, which reveal the occurrence of intrusions. The neuro-genetic IDS （NGIDS） involves calculation of weightage value for each of the categorical attributes so that data of uniform representation can be processed by the neuro-genetic algorithm. In this system unauthorized invasion of a user are identified and newer types of attacks are sensed and classified respectively by the neuro-genetic algorithm. The experimental results obtained in this work show that the system achiev
文摘Excessive growth of population and urbanization in the developing countries set an increasing demand of mobility services. To meet this demand, public transport plays a significant role by providing an easy and affordable mobility service. Public transport service is a process evolving over time nevertheless is not always directly responsive to the changing demand of the passengers. Recently in developing countries, the unpleasant experience in public transport services is seen as one of the main reasons behind increased passenger car share, which eventually lead to traffic congestion. However, the situation can be ameliorated if the features of the public transport are improved by addressing the users’ demand. In this study, the primary features desired and demanded by the passengers of a developing country are identified by three phase survey. These identified features are also categorized based on public responses. And finally, the required features in an appropriate public transport mode are prioritized by using a common Multi Criteria Decision Making approach (AHP—Analytic Hierarchy Process). The study suggests that residents of the developing city are not that much concern on the outlook and ambience of the service rather they are concerned about finishing their trips safely in time at an affordable rate. The findings of this research will help planners and decision makers to make the best use of the investment in public transport services and infrastructure to promote these modes over privately owned vehicle.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFA0602302 and 2016YFB0502502)。
文摘In Punjab(Pakistan),the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional groundwater resources.Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of the water table as well as its quality.Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources.This study proposes a methodology to delineate favorable groundwater potential recharge zones(FPRI)by integrating maps of groundwater potential recharge index(PRI)with the DRASTIC-based groundwater vulnerability index(VI).In order to evaluate both indexes,different thematic layers corresponding to each index were overlaid in ArcGIS.In the overlay analysis,the weights(for various thematic layers)and rating values(for sub-classes)were allocated based on a review of published literature.Both were then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process(AHP)and a frequency ratio model respectively.After evaluating PRI and FPRI,these maps were validated using the area under the curve(AUC)method.The PRI map indicates that 53%of the area assessed exists in very low to low recharge zones,22%in moderate,and 25%in high to excellent potential recharge zones.The VI map indicates that 38%of the area assessed exists in very low to low vulnerability,33%in moderate,and 29%in high to very high vulnerability zones.The FPRI map shows that the central region of Punjab is moderately-to-highly favorable for recharge due to its low vulnerability and high recharge potential.During the validation process,it was found that the AUC estimated with modified weights and rating values was 79%and 67%,for PRI and VI indexes,respectively.The AUC was less when evaluated using original weights and rating values taken from published literature.Maps of favorable groundwater potential recharge zones are helpful for planning and implementation of wells and hydraulic structures in this region.
文摘The biomass and distribution of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides) in Vembanad, a tropical estuary located along the southwest coast of India varied significantly. Sampling was done in freshwater-dominated zone in the south (distal) and brackish water zone in the north (proximal), during pre and post monsoon seasons. Clam biomass was estimated from samples, collected from different stations during the study period. Water transparency and temperature were measured at the sample sites. Water samples were collected and analysed for salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and hardness. There was a significant difference in the clam biomass during the two seasons in the distal zone, and those collected from the distal and proximal zones during pre-monsoon season. The data were further analysed to determine the factors affecting the clam biomass distribution in the two zones and seasons. Factor analyses, comparing the distal zone during two seasons and zonal variations were similar to earlier observations. Step wise regression analyses found that dissolved oxygen (adjusted R2 = 0.3) is the only variable affecting clam survival during pre-monsoon period in the distal and proximal zones. A geographic map of the region obtained from the Indian satellite sensor LISS (Linear Image Self Scanner) was used along with in situ data to map the results using inverse distance weightage model.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences,Department of Atomic Energy and government of India for funding this work(Grant No.2007)Authors also like to thank the Department of Science and Technology’s Funds for Improvement in Science and Technology scheme(Grant No.SR/FST/ESI-106/2010)University Grants Commission’s Special Assistance Programme(Grant No.UGC DRS II F.550/10/DRS/2007(SAP-1))for their support in creating laboratory facilities,which helped in carrying out part of this work.
文摘Monitoring of groundwater quality on a regular basis is essential for use in the domestic,agricultural and industrial sectors.Further,it is even more important in rural areas where people make use of groundwater for domestic purposes without prior treatment.This study was carried out with the objective of assessing the groundwater quality based on electrical conductivity(EC),fluoride,nitrate and bromide in a part of Nalgonda district,Andhra Pradesh,southern India.Groundwater samples were collected from 45 locations in January 2010.They were analysed using an ion chromatograph for fluoride,bromide and nitrate concentration in groundwater.EC was measured in the field using a portable digital probe.The groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking and domestic use based on EC,fluoride,nitrate and bromide in 6.7,57,22 and 11%of the locations,respectively.Overall,31%of the locations had suitable groundwater quality.The north-eastern and south-eastern parts of this area had unsuitable groundwater.A total of 378.68 km2 had unsuitable groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes.The source for the increased concentration of these parameters is varied and hence it is essential to restore the groundwater quality in this area.Of the several techniques available,artificial recharge by rainwater harvesting will help to dilute the concentration of these ions and improve the groundwater quality.
文摘At present,hundreds of cloud vendors in the global market provide various services based on a customer’s requirements.All cloud vendors are not the same in terms of the number of services,infrastructure availability,security strategies,cost per customer,and reputation in the market.Thus,software developers and organizations face a dilemma when choosing a suitable cloud vendor for their developmental activities.Thus,there is a need to evaluate various cloud service providers(CSPs)and platforms before choosing a suitable vendor.Already existing solutions are either based on simulation tools as per the requirements or evaluated concerning the quality of service attributes.However,they require more time to collect data,simulate and evaluate the vendor.The proposed work compares various CSPs in terms of major metrics,such as establishment,services,infrastructure,tools,pricing models,market share,etc.,based on the comparison,parameter ranking,and weightage allocated.Furthermore,the parameters are categorized depending on the priority level.The weighted average is calculated for each CSP,after which the values are sorted in descending order.The experimental results show the unbiased selection of CSPs based on the chosen parameters.The proposed parameter-ranking priority level weightage(PRPLW)algorithm simplifies the selection of the best-suited cloud vendor in accordance with the requirements of software development.
