Objective:To calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households in rural areas of central and western China,and then to classify these samples,lastly to decompose their influencing factors.Methods:...Objective:To calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households in rural areas of central and western China,and then to classify these samples,lastly to decompose their influencing factors.Methods:First,based on survey data in 2018,the three-stage feasible generalized least squares was used to calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households,and then combined with whether the household income was below the poverty line and whether the family was healthy poverty vulnerability,the sample households were divided into four categories,and then used multiple unordered logistic regression to analyze various types of influencing factors,and finally used the Shapley index to decompose the contribution of each influencing factor.Results:The average vulnerability of health poverty was 0.5979±0.25199,with 1169 households greater than or equal to 0.5,accounting for 63.26%;the number of households stuck in poverty,temporary poverty,potential poverty,and escaped from poverty were 489,300,680,and 379 households,accounting for 26.46%,16.23%,36.80%,and 20.51%of the total sample;compared with escaped from poverty families,the three variables of marital status,the number of chronically ill patients,and the number of annual hospitalizations were the common influencing factors of other three types families;The Shapley decomposition showed that the interviewees’education level and family members engaged in non-agricultural work have contributed significantly to the three types,however two indicators:time required to visit a medical institution and self-assessment of health status of the main interviewees showed great differences in different types of families.Conclusion:Rural elderly households have a high level of vulnerability to health poverty;potential poverty households and persistent poverty households account for a large proportion,and continuous intervention should be carried out;it is necessary to unify the implementation of basic poverty alleviation work,but also to enhance ref展开更多
Vulnerability means the degree to which that a system is susceptible to suffer damage. This paper focuses on the economic vulnerability to risk of energy import by employing ratio of net energy import to GDP as indica...Vulnerability means the degree to which that a system is susceptible to suffer damage. This paper focuses on the economic vulnerability to risk of energy import by employing ratio of net energy import to GDP as indicator, and decomposes the vulnerability change into effects of energy import, structure and intensity in order to find out key factors that influence economic security to energy import. Decomposition analysis on China indicates that effect of rising energy import takes more than 90 percent of total vulnerability change during the last 10 years, along with insignificant effect of structural change and intensity decline. International analysis on cross- section data of net energy importers also presents the positive relationship between external energy dependence and economic vulnerability. However, results of America show that long-term effect of energy intensity is much larger than China from 1954 to 2007, which is 70.8% of its total vulnerability change. Experience from developed countries confirms the necessary and validity of improving energy efficiency on depressing economic vulnerability to energy import, which provides lessons for the energy development of China.展开更多
This paper provides a framework that reduces the computational complexity of the discrete logarithm problem. The paper describes how to decompose the initial DLP onto several DLPs of smaller dimensions. Decomposabilit...This paper provides a framework that reduces the computational complexity of the discrete logarithm problem. The paper describes how to decompose the initial DLP onto several DLPs of smaller dimensions. Decomposability of the DLP is an indicator of potential vulnerability of encrypted messages transmitted via open channels of the Internet or within corporate networks. Several numerical examples illustrate the frame- work and show its computational efficiency.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72074086&No.71673093)Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education Planning Fund of China(No.16YJA840013).
文摘Objective:To calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households in rural areas of central and western China,and then to classify these samples,lastly to decompose their influencing factors.Methods:First,based on survey data in 2018,the three-stage feasible generalized least squares was used to calculate the health poverty vulnerability index of elderly households,and then combined with whether the household income was below the poverty line and whether the family was healthy poverty vulnerability,the sample households were divided into four categories,and then used multiple unordered logistic regression to analyze various types of influencing factors,and finally used the Shapley index to decompose the contribution of each influencing factor.Results:The average vulnerability of health poverty was 0.5979±0.25199,with 1169 households greater than or equal to 0.5,accounting for 63.26%;the number of households stuck in poverty,temporary poverty,potential poverty,and escaped from poverty were 489,300,680,and 379 households,accounting for 26.46%,16.23%,36.80%,and 20.51%of the total sample;compared with escaped from poverty families,the three variables of marital status,the number of chronically ill patients,and the number of annual hospitalizations were the common influencing factors of other three types families;The Shapley decomposition showed that the interviewees’education level and family members engaged in non-agricultural work have contributed significantly to the three types,however two indicators:time required to visit a medical institution and self-assessment of health status of the main interviewees showed great differences in different types of families.Conclusion:Rural elderly households have a high level of vulnerability to health poverty;potential poverty households and persistent poverty households account for a large proportion,and continuous intervention should be carried out;it is necessary to unify the implementation of basic poverty alleviation work,but also to enhance ref
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（70733005 70701032） the National Key Projects from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （2006-BAB08B01）
文摘Vulnerability means the degree to which that a system is susceptible to suffer damage. This paper focuses on the economic vulnerability to risk of energy import by employing ratio of net energy import to GDP as indicator, and decomposes the vulnerability change into effects of energy import, structure and intensity in order to find out key factors that influence economic security to energy import. Decomposition analysis on China indicates that effect of rising energy import takes more than 90 percent of total vulnerability change during the last 10 years, along with insignificant effect of structural change and intensity decline. International analysis on cross- section data of net energy importers also presents the positive relationship between external energy dependence and economic vulnerability. However, results of America show that long-term effect of energy intensity is much larger than China from 1954 to 2007, which is 70.8% of its total vulnerability change. Experience from developed countries confirms the necessary and validity of improving energy efficiency on depressing economic vulnerability to energy import, which provides lessons for the energy development of China.
文摘This paper provides a framework that reduces the computational complexity of the discrete logarithm problem. The paper describes how to decompose the initial DLP onto several DLPs of smaller dimensions. Decomposability of the DLP is an indicator of potential vulnerability of encrypted messages transmitted via open channels of the Internet or within corporate networks. Several numerical examples illustrate the frame- work and show its computational efficiency.
