To accurately predict the occurrence of ductile fracture in metal forming processes, the Gurson-Tvergaard （GT） porous material model with optimized adjustment parameters is adopted to analyze the macroscopic stresss...To accurately predict the occurrence of ductile fracture in metal forming processes, the Gurson-Tvergaard （GT） porous material model with optimized adjustment parameters is adopted to analyze the macroscopic stressstrain response, and a practical void nucleation law is proposed with a few material constants for engineering applications. Mechanical and metallographic analyses of uniaxial tension, torsion and upsetting experiments are performed. According to the character of the metal forming processes, the basic mechanisms of ductile fracture are divided into two modes： tension-type mode and shear-type mode. A unified fracture criterion is proposed for wide applicable range, and the comparison of experimental results with numerical analysis results confirms the validity of the newly proposed ductile fracture criterion based on the GT porous material model.展开更多
Homogeneous void nucleation in metals containing arbitrary vacancies and interstitials has been reexamined,with corrections made to the original work by Katz and Wiedersich.The void size distributions derived previous...Homogeneous void nucleation in metals containing arbitrary vacancies and interstitials has been reexamined,with corrections made to the original work by Katz and Wiedersich.The void size distributions derived previously missed an exponential modification function with void size as the exponent.As a result,void nucleation under a given vacancy supersaturation ratio is underestimated by orders of magnitude.The second improvement arises from the accuracy in calculating the vacancy arrival rate to a void.The present work proposes establishing a direct relationship between the vacancy arrival rate and the available self-diffusion coefficient.With these corrections and improvements,void nucleation in pure Fe is calculated as an example,and an analytic fitting formula is provided.The required vacancy supersaturation ratio and interstitial-to-vacancy flux ratio for void nucleation calculations can be easily obtained from an analytical solution of rate theory calculations,in which dislocation density and displacements per atom(dpa)rate are adjustable inputs.Alternatively,the nucleation rate calculation can be incorporated into rate theory calculations considering evolving dislocation densities,which leads to time-dependent void nucleation.展开更多
The void formation and plastic deformation micromechanisms of a cold-rolled DP600 steel during tensile loading were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The SEM obser...The void formation and plastic deformation micromechanisms of a cold-rolled DP600 steel during tensile loading were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The SEM observations revealed that the main void nucleation mechanism in the DP600 steel is decohesion at the ferrite-martensite interfaces.The voids were mostly observed between the closely spaced martensite islands situated at the boundaries of relatively finer ferrite grains.The EBSD results indicated a strain gradient developed from the ferrite-martensite and ferrite-ferrite interfaces into the interior of ferrite grains during the tensile deformation,which led to a stress concentration at these interfaces.Moreover,it was demonstrated that local misorientation inside the finer ferrite grains surrounded by martensite islands was higher than that for the coarser ferrite grains,which made the former more prone to void initiation.展开更多
Void nucleation within measured particle fields of an aluminum alloy is investigated to develop a continuum nucleation model which reflects nucleation at the individual particle scale. A nucleation model for heterogen...Void nucleation within measured particle fields of an aluminum alloy is investigated to develop a continuum nucleation model which reflects nucleation at the individual particle scale. A nucleation model for heterogeneous particle distributions is synchronized with the continuum model of Chu and Needleman using the average nucleation strain. The parameters in the continuum model are identified from the particle fields and are evaluated over the range of stress states observed in sheet metal forming. The synchronized continuum nucleation model achieves very good agreement with the nucleation trends for three measured particle fields in uniaxial tension, plane strain, and equal-biaxial tension.展开更多
Simulation of molecular dynamics using Embedded Atom Method(EAM) potentials is performed to investigate the mechanical properties of single crystal Al along various crystallographic orientations under tensile loading....Simulation of molecular dynamics using Embedded Atom Method(EAM) potentials is performed to investigate the mechanical properties of single crystal Al along various crystallographic orientations under tensile loading.The specimens are provided with one or two embedded circular voids to analyze the damage evolution by void growth and coalescence.The simulation result shows that the Young's modulus,yielding stress and ultimate stress decrease with the emergence of the voids.Besides,the simulations show that the single-crystal Al in different crystallographic orientations behaves differently in elongation deformations.The single-crystal Al with 100 crystallographic orientations has greater ductility than other orientated specimens.The incipient plastic deformation and the stress-strain curves are presented and discussed for further understanding of the mechanical properties of single-crystal Al.展开更多
An energy approach is proposed to describe electromigration induced void nucleation based on phase transformation theory.The chemical potential for an individual migrated atom is predicted by diffusion induced back st...An energy approach is proposed to describe electromigration induced void nucleation based on phase transformation theory.The chemical potential for an individual migrated atom is predicted by diffusion induced back stress equivalent principle.After determining the chemical potential for the dilfusing atoms,the Gibbs free energy controlling the void nucleation can be determined and the mass diffusion process is considered.The critical void radius and nucleation time are determined analytically when the Gibbs free energy approaches the extreme value.The theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental results from literatures and show good accuracy.The proposed model can also be applied to other diffusion induced damage processes such as thermomigration and stress migration.展开更多
采用嵌入原子势的分子动力学模拟方法,研究了5×10^9 s^–1应变率下,温度效应对单晶铁中孔洞成核与生长的影响,并对NAG(nucleation and growth)模型在单晶铁中的适用性进行了探讨.结果表明:随着温度的升高,单晶铁的抗拉强度峰值降低...采用嵌入原子势的分子动力学模拟方法,研究了5×10^9 s^–1应变率下,温度效应对单晶铁中孔洞成核与生长的影响,并对NAG(nucleation and growth)模型在单晶铁中的适用性进行了探讨.结果表明:随着温度的升高,单晶铁的抗拉强度峰值降低,1100K温度下单晶铁抗拉强度峰值比100 K温度下降低了35.9%.在100-700K温度下,拉应力时程曲线表现出双峰值特点,分析表明,第一峰值是由于拉应力升高引起内部结构发生相变而产生,第二峰值则是因发生孔洞成核与生长而产生;900-1100K温度下,拉应力时程曲线表现为单峰值,孔洞成核与生长是拉应力下降的主要原因.分析发现,孔洞在高温下更容易成核,高应变率下单晶铁中孔洞成核与生长和NAG模型有较好的符合度,单晶铁中孔洞成核阈值与生长阈值都远高于低碳钢,并且孔洞成核阈值与生长阈值随着温度的升高而逐渐降低.研究结果可为建立高应变率下金属材料动态损伤演化模型提供借鉴.展开更多
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50575143)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20040248005)
文摘To accurately predict the occurrence of ductile fracture in metal forming processes, the Gurson-Tvergaard （GT） porous material model with optimized adjustment parameters is adopted to analyze the macroscopic stressstrain response, and a practical void nucleation law is proposed with a few material constants for engineering applications. Mechanical and metallographic analyses of uniaxial tension, torsion and upsetting experiments are performed. According to the character of the metal forming processes, the basic mechanisms of ductile fracture are divided into two modes： tension-type mode and shear-type mode. A unified fracture criterion is proposed for wide applicable range, and the comparison of experimental results with numerical analysis results confirms the validity of the newly proposed ductile fracture criterion based on the GT porous material model.
基金The work was partially supported by Triad National Security,LLC,through award M2101345-01-47042-00001.
文摘Homogeneous void nucleation in metals containing arbitrary vacancies and interstitials has been reexamined,with corrections made to the original work by Katz and Wiedersich.The void size distributions derived previously missed an exponential modification function with void size as the exponent.As a result,void nucleation under a given vacancy supersaturation ratio is underestimated by orders of magnitude.The second improvement arises from the accuracy in calculating the vacancy arrival rate to a void.The present work proposes establishing a direct relationship between the vacancy arrival rate and the available self-diffusion coefficient.With these corrections and improvements,void nucleation in pure Fe is calculated as an example,and an analytic fitting formula is provided.The required vacancy supersaturation ratio and interstitial-to-vacancy flux ratio for void nucleation calculations can be easily obtained from an analytical solution of rate theory calculations,in which dislocation density and displacements per atom(dpa)rate are adjustable inputs.Alternatively,the nucleation rate calculation can be incorporated into rate theory calculations considering evolving dislocation densities,which leads to time-dependent void nucleation.
文摘The void formation and plastic deformation micromechanisms of a cold-rolled DP600 steel during tensile loading were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The SEM observations revealed that the main void nucleation mechanism in the DP600 steel is decohesion at the ferrite-martensite interfaces.The voids were mostly observed between the closely spaced martensite islands situated at the boundaries of relatively finer ferrite grains.The EBSD results indicated a strain gradient developed from the ferrite-martensite and ferrite-ferrite interfaces into the interior of ferrite grains during the tensile deformation,which led to a stress concentration at these interfaces.Moreover,it was demonstrated that local misorientation inside the finer ferrite grains surrounded by martensite islands was higher than that for the coarser ferrite grains,which made the former more prone to void initiation.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)the New Brunswick Innovation Foundation (NBIF)the Auto 21 Network of Centers of Excellence
文摘Void nucleation within measured particle fields of an aluminum alloy is investigated to develop a continuum nucleation model which reflects nucleation at the individual particle scale. A nucleation model for heterogeneous particle distributions is synchronized with the continuum model of Chu and Needleman using the average nucleation strain. The parameters in the continuum model are identified from the particle fields and are evaluated over the range of stress states observed in sheet metal forming. The synchronized continuum nucleation model achieves very good agreement with the nucleation trends for three measured particle fields in uniaxial tension, plane strain, and equal-biaxial tension.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11572259
文摘Simulation of molecular dynamics using Embedded Atom Method(EAM) potentials is performed to investigate the mechanical properties of single crystal Al along various crystallographic orientations under tensile loading.The specimens are provided with one or two embedded circular voids to analyze the damage evolution by void growth and coalescence.The simulation result shows that the Young's modulus,yielding stress and ultimate stress decrease with the emergence of the voids.Besides,the simulations show that the single-crystal Al in different crystallographic orientations behaves differently in elongation deformations.The single-crystal Al with 100 crystallographic orientations has greater ductility than other orientated specimens.The incipient plastic deformation and the stress-strain curves are presented and discussed for further understanding of the mechanical properties of single-crystal Al.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11772257)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Providence(Grant 2020JM-103)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant G2019KY05212).
文摘An energy approach is proposed to describe electromigration induced void nucleation based on phase transformation theory.The chemical potential for an individual migrated atom is predicted by diffusion induced back stress equivalent principle.After determining the chemical potential for the dilfusing atoms,the Gibbs free energy controlling the void nucleation can be determined and the mass diffusion process is considered.The critical void radius and nucleation time are determined analytically when the Gibbs free energy approaches the extreme value.The theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental results from literatures and show good accuracy.The proposed model can also be applied to other diffusion induced damage processes such as thermomigration and stress migration.
文摘采用嵌入原子势的分子动力学模拟方法,研究了5×10^9 s^–1应变率下,温度效应对单晶铁中孔洞成核与生长的影响,并对NAG(nucleation and growth)模型在单晶铁中的适用性进行了探讨.结果表明:随着温度的升高,单晶铁的抗拉强度峰值降低,1100K温度下单晶铁抗拉强度峰值比100 K温度下降低了35.9%.在100-700K温度下,拉应力时程曲线表现出双峰值特点,分析表明,第一峰值是由于拉应力升高引起内部结构发生相变而产生,第二峰值则是因发生孔洞成核与生长而产生;900-1100K温度下,拉应力时程曲线表现为单峰值,孔洞成核与生长是拉应力下降的主要原因.分析发现,孔洞在高温下更容易成核,高应变率下单晶铁中孔洞成核与生长和NAG模型有较好的符合度,单晶铁中孔洞成核阈值与生长阈值都远高于低碳钢,并且孔洞成核阈值与生长阈值随着温度的升高而逐渐降低.研究结果可为建立高应变率下金属材料动态损伤演化模型提供借鉴.
