Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized bilayer vesicles that are shed or secreted by virtually every cell type.A variety of biomolecules,including proteins,lipids,coding and non-coding RNAs,and mitochondrial DNA,ca...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized bilayer vesicles that are shed or secreted by virtually every cell type.A variety of biomolecules,including proteins,lipids,coding and non-coding RNAs,and mitochondrial DNA,can be selectively encapsulated into EVs and delivered to nearby and distant recipient cells,leading to alterations in the recipient cells,suggesting that EVs play an important role in intercellular communication.EVs play effective roles in physiology and pathology and could be used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.At present,although the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion in donor cells are well understood,the molecular mechanism of EV recognition and uptake by recipient cells is still unclear.This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of EVs’biological journey in recipient cells,from recognition to uptake and cargo release.Furthermore,we highlight how EVs escape endolysosomal degradation after uptake and thus release cargo,which is crucial for studies applying EVs as drug-targeted delivery vehicles.Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EV uptake is important to shed light on the functions of EVs as well as on related clinical applications.展开更多
Carbon fiber nanoelectrode(tip diameter ca. 100 nm)-patch clamp was firstly applied to real-time monitoring dopamine release from single living vesicles of single Rat pheochromocytoma(PC12) cells with highly temporal ...Carbon fiber nanoelectrode(tip diameter ca. 100 nm)-patch clamp was firstly applied to real-time monitoring dopamine release from single living vesicles of single Rat pheochromocytoma(PC12) cells with highly temporal and spatial resolution. It is first demonstrated that there are continual vesicle releases of dopamine at the same site in the active release zone, which play a main role in the exocytosis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32070182)the Key Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health(No.ZD2021049)+3 种基金the Highlevel Talent Program at Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University(No.gccrc2022002)the Suzhou Municipal Science and Technology Development Plan(No.SKYD2023002)the Suzhou Municipal Key Discipline Construction Project(No.SZXK202124)the Talent Research Project of Suzhou Health Talent Plan(No.GSWS2023005),China.
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized bilayer vesicles that are shed or secreted by virtually every cell type.A variety of biomolecules,including proteins,lipids,coding and non-coding RNAs,and mitochondrial DNA,can be selectively encapsulated into EVs and delivered to nearby and distant recipient cells,leading to alterations in the recipient cells,suggesting that EVs play an important role in intercellular communication.EVs play effective roles in physiology and pathology and could be used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.At present,although the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion in donor cells are well understood,the molecular mechanism of EV recognition and uptake by recipient cells is still unclear.This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of EVs’biological journey in recipient cells,from recognition to uptake and cargo release.Furthermore,we highlight how EVs escape endolysosomal degradation after uptake and thus release cargo,which is crucial for studies applying EVs as drug-targeted delivery vehicles.Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EV uptake is important to shed light on the functions of EVs as well as on related clinical applications.
文摘Carbon fiber nanoelectrode(tip diameter ca. 100 nm)-patch clamp was firstly applied to real-time monitoring dopamine release from single living vesicles of single Rat pheochromocytoma(PC12) cells with highly temporal and spatial resolution. It is first demonstrated that there are continual vesicle releases of dopamine at the same site in the active release zone, which play a main role in the exocytosis.
