Because of the complexity of social responses to climate change,as well as limitations of proxy data concerning interactions between climate change and human responses,the social impacts of past climate change and ass...Because of the complexity of social responses to climate change,as well as limitations of proxy data concerning interactions between climate change and human responses,the social impacts of past climate change and associated response mechanisms,thus,require further investigation.To shed light on the transmission of climate change impacts within historical Chinese society,we selected 30-year resolution sequences of temperature anomalies in eastern China and 10-year resolution sequences of grain harvest grades,famine indices,and frequencies of peasant uprisings in China over the past 2000 years.Using a food security perspective,we analyzed the impacts of temperature changes historically transmitted through Chinese production,population,and social subsystems,and differences in transmission characteristics between cold and warm units.Our results were as follows.(1)From 210 BC to 1910 AD,temperature changes in China were significantly positively correlated with grain harvest grades(correlation coefficient,0.338),and significantly negatively correlated with famine indices,and frequencies of peasant uprisings(correlation coefficients,-0.301 and-0.277,respectively).The correlation coefficients between famine indices and grain harvest grades or frequencies of peasant uprisings were very low.(2)There was a higher proportion of bumper or normal harvests(86.5%of the total decades),more moderate and mild famines(76%),and a lower proportion of peasant uprisings(33.3%)in the 30-year warm units.Conversely,there was a higher proportion of poor or normal harvests(70.7%),a greater proportion of moderate and severe famines(77.6%),and more peasant uprisings(51.7%)in the 30-year cold units.(3)Of the 23 main transmission pathways extending from temperature change to the social subsystem,13 occurred in cold units,of which 7 had an endpoint of peasant uprisings,and 10 occurred in warm units of which 3 had an endpoint of peasant uprisings.The main transmission pathways that were more likely to be associated with the impacts of temperature展开更多
In light of the unprecedented developments in the Middle East since the Arab uprisings that started at the end of 2010,Saudi Arabia’s international and regional role began to grow.Placing a clear emphasis on its East...In light of the unprecedented developments in the Middle East since the Arab uprisings that started at the end of 2010,Saudi Arabia’s international and regional role began to grow.Placing a clear emphasis on its East Asia policy,this Gulf country has improved its relations with Asian powers,particularly China,across a wide range of the interests on its agenda.What are the motivating factors that led the Saudi leadership to closer relations with Beijing?As this year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between two countries,it is worth examining the growing pace of Sino-Saudi relationship.This paper draws on the‘neoclassical realist approach’to explore the evolving nature of Saudi foreign policy towards China since the Arab uprisings to the present with a particular focus on the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman era.Upon examining the main determinants that could have had an impact on Saudi foreign policy strategy towards China,this review found that Riyadh’s growing attention to Beijing is mainly influenced by a variety of both internal and external factors related to Saudi leadership,regional patterns as well as the international context.While the combination of these factors pushes Saudi Arabia and China towards cooperation,this paper argues that there are other factors that can act as limiting forces on the Sino-Saudi relationship.展开更多
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41371201)the Strategic Project of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05080102)
文摘Because of the complexity of social responses to climate change,as well as limitations of proxy data concerning interactions between climate change and human responses,the social impacts of past climate change and associated response mechanisms,thus,require further investigation.To shed light on the transmission of climate change impacts within historical Chinese society,we selected 30-year resolution sequences of temperature anomalies in eastern China and 10-year resolution sequences of grain harvest grades,famine indices,and frequencies of peasant uprisings in China over the past 2000 years.Using a food security perspective,we analyzed the impacts of temperature changes historically transmitted through Chinese production,population,and social subsystems,and differences in transmission characteristics between cold and warm units.Our results were as follows.(1)From 210 BC to 1910 AD,temperature changes in China were significantly positively correlated with grain harvest grades(correlation coefficient,0.338),and significantly negatively correlated with famine indices,and frequencies of peasant uprisings(correlation coefficients,-0.301 and-0.277,respectively).The correlation coefficients between famine indices and grain harvest grades or frequencies of peasant uprisings were very low.(2)There was a higher proportion of bumper or normal harvests(86.5%of the total decades),more moderate and mild famines(76%),and a lower proportion of peasant uprisings(33.3%)in the 30-year warm units.Conversely,there was a higher proportion of poor or normal harvests(70.7%),a greater proportion of moderate and severe famines(77.6%),and more peasant uprisings(51.7%)in the 30-year cold units.(3)Of the 23 main transmission pathways extending from temperature change to the social subsystem,13 occurred in cold units,of which 7 had an endpoint of peasant uprisings,and 10 occurred in warm units of which 3 had an endpoint of peasant uprisings.The main transmission pathways that were more likely to be associated with the impacts of temperature
文摘In light of the unprecedented developments in the Middle East since the Arab uprisings that started at the end of 2010,Saudi Arabia’s international and regional role began to grow.Placing a clear emphasis on its East Asia policy,this Gulf country has improved its relations with Asian powers,particularly China,across a wide range of the interests on its agenda.What are the motivating factors that led the Saudi leadership to closer relations with Beijing?As this year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between two countries,it is worth examining the growing pace of Sino-Saudi relationship.This paper draws on the‘neoclassical realist approach’to explore the evolving nature of Saudi foreign policy towards China since the Arab uprisings to the present with a particular focus on the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman era.Upon examining the main determinants that could have had an impact on Saudi foreign policy strategy towards China,this review found that Riyadh’s growing attention to Beijing is mainly influenced by a variety of both internal and external factors related to Saudi leadership,regional patterns as well as the international context.While the combination of these factors pushes Saudi Arabia and China towards cooperation,this paper argues that there are other factors that can act as limiting forces on the Sino-Saudi relationship.
