The characteristics of the winter temperature changes in eight regions south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huai River in China during the last 500 years, based on the winter temperature indices or severe winter seq...The characteristics of the winter temperature changes in eight regions south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huai River in China during the last 500 years, based on the winter temperature indices or severe winter sequences, have been discussed in this paper.展开更多
In 1886,Senn stated that removing necrotic pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue would benefit patients with severe acute pancreatitis.Since then,necrosectomy has been a mainstay of surgical procedures for infected nec...In 1886,Senn stated that removing necrotic pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue would benefit patients with severe acute pancreatitis.Since then,necrosectomy has been a mainstay of surgical procedures for infected necrotizing pancreatitis(NP).No published report has successfully questioned the role of necrosectomy.Recently,however,increasing evidence shows good outcomes when treating walled-off necrotizing pancreatitis without a necrosectomy.The literature concerning NP published primarily after 2000 was reviewed;it demonstrates the feasibility of a paradigm shift.The majority(75%)of minimally invasive necrosectomies show higher completion rates:between 80%and 100%.Transluminal endoscopic necrosectomy has shown remarkable results when combined with percutaneous drainage or a metallic stent.Related morbidities range from 40%to 92%.Single-digit mortality rates have been achieved with transluminal endoscopic necrosectomy,but not with video-assisted retroperitoneal necrosectomy series.Drainage procedures without necrosectomy have evolved from percutaneous drainage to transluminal endoscopic drainage with or without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy access for laparoscopic instruments.Most series have reached higher success rates of 79%-93%,and even 100%,using transcystic multiple drainage methods.It is becoming evident that transluminal endoscopic drainage treatment of walledoff NP without a necrosectomy is feasible.With further refinement of the drainage procedures,a paradigm shift from necrosectomy to drainage is inevitable.展开更多
Background:In March 2020,the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic,and Tunisia implemented a containment and targeted screening strategy.The country’s public health policy has since focused on managing hospital beds.Me...Background:In March 2020,the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic,and Tunisia implemented a containment and targeted screening strategy.The country’s public health policy has since focused on managing hospital beds.Methods:The study analyzed the bed occupancy rates in public hospitals in Tunisia during the pandemic.The evolution of daily cases and nonpharmaceutical interventions(NPI)actions undertaken by the Tunisian Government were also analyzed.The study used 3 indices to assess bed flexibility:Ramp duration until the peak,ramp growth until the peak,and ramp rate until the peak.The study also calculated the time shift at the start and peak of each wave to evaluate the government’s response efficacy.Results:The study found that the evolution of the epidemic in Tunisia had 2 phases.The first phase saw the pandemic being controlled due to strong NPI actions,while the second phase saw a relaxation of measures and an increase in wave intensity.ICU bed availability followed the demand for beds,but ICU bed occupancy remained high,with a maximum of 97%.The government’s response in terms of bed distribution and reallocation was slow.The study found that the most deadly wave by ICU occupied bed was the third wave due to a historical variant,while the fifth wave due to the delta variant was the most deadly in terms of cumulative death.Conclusions:The study concluded that decision-makers could use its findings to assess their response capabilities in the current pandemic and future ones.The study highlighted the importance of flexible and responsive healthcare systems in managing pandemics.展开更多
During the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa,there was a special team as part of an international effort working in field.This was the Chinese aid team deployed to West Africa as a multidisciplinary group compo...During the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa,there was a special team as part of an international effort working in field.This was the Chinese aid team deployed to West Africa as a multidisciplinary group composed of experienced virologists,epidemiologists and physicians.展开更多
Location:Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯),King Fahd's Fountain is named after King Fahd bin Abdulaziz,the ruler of Saudi Arabia from 1982 until 2005.It's 30 years old and a much-loved Jeddah landmark(地标)in the middl...Location:Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯),King Fahd's Fountain is named after King Fahd bin Abdulaziz,the ruler of Saudi Arabia from 1982 until 2005.It's 30 years old and a much-loved Jeddah landmark(地标)in the middle of the Red Sea.The fountain shoots water up into the sky,reaching a height of 312metres!展开更多
A classical model of E1 Nio describes the, evolution of sea surface temperature (SST) variation in the tropical Pacific as follows: The anomalous warm water appears first in the area off the coast of South America and...A classical model of E1 Nio describes the, evolution of sea surface temperature (SST) variation in the tropical Pacific as follows: The anomalous warm water appears first in the area off the coast of South America and then spreads out westward until it occupies almost the entire eastern and central Pacific, but usually does not go beyond the dateline.展开更多
1For centuries, the main way to Galicia,Spain 's north-western corner, was on foot. Poor roads meant that, until a decade or two ago, the drive from Madrid took nine hours. Recent improvements have cut the trip to...1For centuries, the main way to Galicia,Spain 's north-western corner, was on foot. Poor roads meant that, until a decade or two ago, the drive from Madrid took nine hours. Recent improvements have cut the trip to the closest Galician city, Ourense, to about five.展开更多
Database plays a critical role throughout the history of the development of bioinformatics and omics.In 1980s,a number of databases such as GenBank（NCBI Resource Coordinators,2017）,European Nucleotide Archive（ENA）...Database plays a critical role throughout the history of the development of bioinformatics and omics.In 1980s,a number of databases such as GenBank（NCBI Resource Coordinators,2017）,European Nucleotide Archive（ENA）（Toribio et al,2017）,and DNA Data Bank of Japan（DDBJ）（Mashima et al.,2017）were established and have still acted as major data resources for maintaining nucleotide sequences and other types of biological data until today.展开更多
Chloroplast is one of the organelles which possesses the function of energy convertion specific for green cells and replication, transcription and translation system of its own DNA. It plays an important role in the l...Chloroplast is one of the organelles which possesses the function of energy convertion specific for green cells and replication, transcription and translation system of its own DNA. It plays an important role in the life of green plants. Cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) is one of the forms of extranuclear inheritance.The genetic mechanism of the CMS has been explained by the hypotheses of 'Cytoplasmic genes' or 'Plastons' for a long time. So that the cause of CMS formation remains unknown until now.展开更多
Last year I embarked on a new project for which I still don’t have a satisfactory title.It started out being the Beijing Hutong Sound Project,then the Beijing Sound History Project,and now the Beijing Sonic Reenactme...Last year I embarked on a new project for which I still don’t have a satisfactory title.It started out being the Beijing Hutong Sound Project,then the Beijing Sound History Project,and now the Beijing Sonic Reenactment Project.The lineage of titles reflects the project’s conceptualization from last summer,when it first began,up until the moment earlier this year when I started realizing its potential展开更多
My Uncle John was a farmer, and his place wasfour miles from my home in Florida, Missouri. Ispent part of every year at the farm until I was 12or 13 years old. The life which I led there with myeight cousins was full ...My Uncle John was a farmer, and his place wasfour miles from my home in Florida, Missouri. Ispent part of every year at the farm until I was 12or 13 years old. The life which I led there with myeight cousins was full of charm(?), and so is thememory of it.展开更多
Axonal tracing is useful for detecting optic nerve injury and regeneration,but many commonly used methods cannot be used to observe axoplasmic flow and synaptic transmission in vivo.Manganese（Mn^2＋）-enhanced magnet...Axonal tracing is useful for detecting optic nerve injury and regeneration,but many commonly used methods cannot be used to observe axoplasmic flow and synaptic transmission in vivo.Manganese（Mn^2＋）-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging（MEMRI） can be used for in vivo longitudinal tracing of the visual pathway.Here,we explored the dose response and time course of an intravitreal injection of Mn Cl2 for tracing the visual pathway in rabbits in vivo using MEMRI.We found that 2 m M Mn Cl2 enhanced images of the optic nerve but not the lateral geniculate body or superior colliculus,whereas at all other doses tested（5–40 m M）,images of the visual pathway from the retina to the contralateral superior colliculus were significantly enhanced.The images were brightest at 24 hours,and then decreased in brightness until the end of the experiment（7 days）.No signal enhancement was observed in the visual cortex at any concentration of Mn Cl2.These results suggest that MEMRI is a viable method for temporospatial tracing of the visual pathway in vivo.Signal enhancement in MEMRI depends on the dose of Mn Cl2,and the strongest signals appear 24 hours after intravitreal injection.展开更多
In the dual risk model, the surplus process of a company is a L′evy process with sample paths that are skip-free downwards. In this paper, the authors assume that the surplus process is the sum of a compound Poisson ...In the dual risk model, the surplus process of a company is a L′evy process with sample paths that are skip-free downwards. In this paper, the authors assume that the surplus process is the sum of a compound Poisson process and an independent Wiener process. The dual of the jump-diffusion risk model under a threshold dividend strategy is discussed. The authors derive a set of two integro-differential equations satisfied by the expected total discounted dividend until ruin. The cases where profits follow an exponential or mixtures of exponential distributions are solved. Applying the key method of the Laplace transform, the authors show how the integro-differential equations are solved. The authors also discuss the conditions for optimality and show how an optimal dividend threshold can be calculated as well.展开更多
A cheese roll may seem simple:it's basically a slice of bread with cheese-based filling,rolled up and toasted until slightly crispy.Yet these snacks hold a special place in the hearts of many people at the bottom ...A cheese roll may seem simple:it's basically a slice of bread with cheese-based filling,rolled up and toasted until slightly crispy.Yet these snacks hold a special place in the hearts of many people at the bottom of the South Island.展开更多
The time after the Civil War until the end of the First WorldWar was an important period in American history.During this periodAmerica witnessed not only the great development in industry andagriculture but also the w...The time after the Civil War until the end of the First WorldWar was an important period in American history.During this periodAmerica witnessed not only the great development in industry andagriculture but also the world war.The forces that have made Americaan affluent one materially have been working toward the disruptionof the family,and especially the disillusionment against the展开更多
Today’s topic,"Chinese-English dictionary",is totally new for me;and I call it"new"not onlybecause this is the first time for me to discuss itwith you here,but also because I’m really anewcomer t...Today’s topic,"Chinese-English dictionary",is totally new for me;and I call it"new"not onlybecause this is the first time for me to discuss itwith you here,but also because I’m really anewcomer to the field of lexicography.Before the year 2000 I was merely adictionary user. Never had I dreamed of editing orrevising a dictionary myself until that year when Iwas asked by the FLTRP(Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press)to revise展开更多
Reproductive rate of a marine planktonic copepod Labidocera euchaeta Giesbrecht in Xiamen Harbor was studied during the period from April 1986 to August 1987. Results showed that rate of egg production (F, eggs/(,d)) ...Reproductive rate of a marine planktonic copepod Labidocera euchaeta Giesbrecht in Xiamen Harbor was studied during the period from April 1986 to August 1987. Results showed that rate of egg production (F, eggs/(,d)) was positively correlated with temperature (T,℃) ) and body weight of spawning female (We,ugC ) as: F=0.0637 (T-7)0.7445Wc. Each month a maximum rate of egg production occurred at one of the five experimental temperatures (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30℃) near the monthly mean field temperature. The available food density (P, ugC/ml) had significant effect on specific rate of egg production (Fc, %C/d) as :Fc=0.1732(P-0.0179)/P. The gross efficiency of egg production of ca 62% in carbon was independent of food density snd ingestion rate. Observations on in situ egg production and hatching rate demonstrated that this species reproduces continuously all the year round, with summer as its high reproductive season and winter a low one. Ten generations a year is also suggested based on the展开更多
文摘The characteristics of the winter temperature changes in eight regions south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huai River in China during the last 500 years, based on the winter temperature indices or severe winter sequences, have been discussed in this paper.
文摘In 1886,Senn stated that removing necrotic pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue would benefit patients with severe acute pancreatitis.Since then,necrosectomy has been a mainstay of surgical procedures for infected necrotizing pancreatitis(NP).No published report has successfully questioned the role of necrosectomy.Recently,however,increasing evidence shows good outcomes when treating walled-off necrotizing pancreatitis without a necrosectomy.The literature concerning NP published primarily after 2000 was reviewed;it demonstrates the feasibility of a paradigm shift.The majority(75%)of minimally invasive necrosectomies show higher completion rates:between 80%and 100%.Transluminal endoscopic necrosectomy has shown remarkable results when combined with percutaneous drainage or a metallic stent.Related morbidities range from 40%to 92%.Single-digit mortality rates have been achieved with transluminal endoscopic necrosectomy,but not with video-assisted retroperitoneal necrosectomy series.Drainage procedures without necrosectomy have evolved from percutaneous drainage to transluminal endoscopic drainage with or without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy access for laparoscopic instruments.Most series have reached higher success rates of 79%-93%,and even 100%,using transcystic multiple drainage methods.It is becoming evident that transluminal endoscopic drainage treatment of walledoff NP without a necrosectomy is feasible.With further refinement of the drainage procedures,a paradigm shift from necrosectomy to drainage is inevitable.
基金funded in a part by the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs via the project REPAIR COVID-19 Africa coordinated by the Pasteur International Network association.The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the founders.AK and SBM are part of the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium.
文摘Background:In March 2020,the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic,and Tunisia implemented a containment and targeted screening strategy.The country’s public health policy has since focused on managing hospital beds.Methods:The study analyzed the bed occupancy rates in public hospitals in Tunisia during the pandemic.The evolution of daily cases and nonpharmaceutical interventions(NPI)actions undertaken by the Tunisian Government were also analyzed.The study used 3 indices to assess bed flexibility:Ramp duration until the peak,ramp growth until the peak,and ramp rate until the peak.The study also calculated the time shift at the start and peak of each wave to evaluate the government’s response efficacy.Results:The study found that the evolution of the epidemic in Tunisia had 2 phases.The first phase saw the pandemic being controlled due to strong NPI actions,while the second phase saw a relaxation of measures and an increase in wave intensity.ICU bed availability followed the demand for beds,but ICU bed occupancy remained high,with a maximum of 97%.The government’s response in terms of bed distribution and reallocation was slow.The study found that the most deadly wave by ICU occupied bed was the third wave due to a historical variant,while the fifth wave due to the delta variant was the most deadly in terms of cumulative death.Conclusions:The study concluded that decision-makers could use its findings to assess their response capabilities in the current pandemic and future ones.The study highlighted the importance of flexible and responsive healthcare systems in managing pandemics.
基金supported by Major Special Projects for Infectious Disease Research of China (2016ZX10004222-003)National Natural Science Foundation of China (81401312, 81373141)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81321063 to George F. Gao)
文摘During the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa,there was a special team as part of an international effort working in field.This was the Chinese aid team deployed to West Africa as a multidisciplinary group composed of experienced virologists,epidemiologists and physicians.
文摘Location:Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯),King Fahd's Fountain is named after King Fahd bin Abdulaziz,the ruler of Saudi Arabia from 1982 until 2005.It's 30 years old and a much-loved Jeddah landmark(地标)in the middle of the Red Sea.The fountain shoots water up into the sky,reaching a height of 312metres!
文摘A classical model of E1 Nio describes the, evolution of sea surface temperature (SST) variation in the tropical Pacific as follows: The anomalous warm water appears first in the area off the coast of South America and then spreads out westward until it occupies almost the entire eastern and central Pacific, but usually does not go beyond the dateline.
文摘1For centuries, the main way to Galicia,Spain 's north-western corner, was on foot. Poor roads meant that, until a decade or two ago, the drive from Madrid took nine hours. Recent improvements have cut the trip to the closest Galician city, Ourense, to about five.
文摘Database plays a critical role throughout the history of the development of bioinformatics and omics.In 1980s,a number of databases such as GenBank（NCBI Resource Coordinators,2017）,European Nucleotide Archive（ENA）（Toribio et al,2017）,and DNA Data Bank of Japan（DDBJ）（Mashima et al.,2017）were established and have still acted as major data resources for maintaining nucleotide sequences and other types of biological data until today.
文摘Chloroplast is one of the organelles which possesses the function of energy convertion specific for green cells and replication, transcription and translation system of its own DNA. It plays an important role in the life of green plants. Cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) is one of the forms of extranuclear inheritance.The genetic mechanism of the CMS has been explained by the hypotheses of 'Cytoplasmic genes' or 'Plastons' for a long time. So that the cause of CMS formation remains unknown until now.
文摘Last year I embarked on a new project for which I still don’t have a satisfactory title.It started out being the Beijing Hutong Sound Project,then the Beijing Sound History Project,and now the Beijing Sonic Reenactment Project.The lineage of titles reflects the project’s conceptualization from last summer,when it first began,up until the moment earlier this year when I started realizing its potential
文摘My Uncle John was a farmer, and his place wasfour miles from my home in Florida, Missouri. Ispent part of every year at the farm until I was 12or 13 years old. The life which I led there with myeight cousins was full of charm(?), and so is thememory of it.
基金supported by a grant from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)No.2011CB707506+1 种基金the Seed Fund from the Peking University Third Hospital of China,No.YZZ08-9-13the Linghu Fund from the Peking University Third Hospital of China,No.64508-01
文摘Axonal tracing is useful for detecting optic nerve injury and regeneration,but many commonly used methods cannot be used to observe axoplasmic flow and synaptic transmission in vivo.Manganese（Mn^2＋）-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging（MEMRI） can be used for in vivo longitudinal tracing of the visual pathway.Here,we explored the dose response and time course of an intravitreal injection of Mn Cl2 for tracing the visual pathway in rabbits in vivo using MEMRI.We found that 2 m M Mn Cl2 enhanced images of the optic nerve but not the lateral geniculate body or superior colliculus,whereas at all other doses tested（5–40 m M）,images of the visual pathway from the retina to the contralateral superior colliculus were significantly enhanced.The images were brightest at 24 hours,and then decreased in brightness until the end of the experiment（7 days）.No signal enhancement was observed in the visual cortex at any concentration of Mn Cl2.These results suggest that MEMRI is a viable method for temporospatial tracing of the visual pathway in vivo.Signal enhancement in MEMRI depends on the dose of Mn Cl2,and the strongest signals appear 24 hours after intravitreal injection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11426151)
文摘In the dual risk model, the surplus process of a company is a L′evy process with sample paths that are skip-free downwards. In this paper, the authors assume that the surplus process is the sum of a compound Poisson process and an independent Wiener process. The dual of the jump-diffusion risk model under a threshold dividend strategy is discussed. The authors derive a set of two integro-differential equations satisfied by the expected total discounted dividend until ruin. The cases where profits follow an exponential or mixtures of exponential distributions are solved. Applying the key method of the Laplace transform, the authors show how the integro-differential equations are solved. The authors also discuss the conditions for optimality and show how an optimal dividend threshold can be calculated as well.
文摘A cheese roll may seem simple:it's basically a slice of bread with cheese-based filling,rolled up and toasted until slightly crispy.Yet these snacks hold a special place in the hearts of many people at the bottom of the South Island.
文摘The time after the Civil War until the end of the First WorldWar was an important period in American history.During this periodAmerica witnessed not only the great development in industry andagriculture but also the world war.The forces that have made Americaan affluent one materially have been working toward the disruptionof the family,and especially the disillusionment against the
文摘Today’s topic,"Chinese-English dictionary",is totally new for me;and I call it"new"not onlybecause this is the first time for me to discuss itwith you here,but also because I’m really anewcomer to the field of lexicography.Before the year 2000 I was merely adictionary user. Never had I dreamed of editing orrevising a dictionary myself until that year when Iwas asked by the FLTRP(Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press)to revise
文摘Reproductive rate of a marine planktonic copepod Labidocera euchaeta Giesbrecht in Xiamen Harbor was studied during the period from April 1986 to August 1987. Results showed that rate of egg production (F, eggs/(,d)) was positively correlated with temperature (T,℃) ) and body weight of spawning female (We,ugC ) as: F=0.0637 (T-7)0.7445Wc. Each month a maximum rate of egg production occurred at one of the five experimental temperatures (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30℃) near the monthly mean field temperature. The available food density (P, ugC/ml) had significant effect on specific rate of egg production (Fc, %C/d) as :Fc=0.1732(P-0.0179)/P. The gross efficiency of egg production of ca 62% in carbon was independent of food density snd ingestion rate. Observations on in situ egg production and hatching rate demonstrated that this species reproduces continuously all the year round, with summer as its high reproductive season and winter a low one. Ten generations a year is also suggested based on the
