The current work is devoted to the investigation of oxygen impact on the structure and properties of titanium. For this purpose, oxygen was introduced into titanium during chamber electro-slag remelting by three diffe...The current work is devoted to the investigation of oxygen impact on the structure and properties of titanium. For this purpose, oxygen was introduced into titanium during chamber electro-slag remelting by three different methods: alloying by oxygen-rich residues from the Kroll process to final values between 0.053 wt.-% and 0.40 wt.-%, by reaction with the gas phase to 0.27 wt.-% and by introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles to 0.73 wt.-%. The influence of oxygen on microstructure of titanium during crystallization, heat treatment and deformation is determined as well as the effect of oxygen on the hardness and the mechanical properties of the material in different structural states. Furthermore, control methods of the structure formation process by thermal effects are proposed. Results show that the chamber electroslag remelting allows obtaining a homogeneous structure of the ingot in the investigated range of oxygen content in titanium. The hardness does not vary by more than 10 percent in longitudinal or radial direction in any of the remelted ingots.展开更多
The evidence here provided shows that the thermodynamics of the second law, as currently understood, originated in a correction of the flaws affecting Clausius original work on this matter. The body of knowledge emerg...The evidence here provided shows that the thermodynamics of the second law, as currently understood, originated in a correction of the flaws affecting Clausius original work on this matter. The body of knowledge emerging from this correction has been here called post-Clausius’ thermodynamics. The said corrections, carried on with the intended goal of preserving the validity of Clausius’ main result, namely the law of increasing entropy, made use of a number of counterintuitive or logically at fault notions. A joint revision of Clausius’ and post-Clausius’ work on the second law, carried on retaining some of Clausius original notions, and disregarding others introduced by post-Clausius thermodynamics, led this author to results in direct contradiction to the law of increasing entropy. Among the key results coming out of this work we find the one stating that the total-entropy change for spontaneous thermodynamic processes is the result of the summation of the opposite-sign contributions coming from the entropic (energy degrading) and negentropic (energy upgrading) changes subsumed by any such process. These results also show, via the total-entropy change for a non-reversible heat engine, that negentropic thermodynamics subsumes post-Clausius thermodynamics as a special case.展开更多
文摘The current work is devoted to the investigation of oxygen impact on the structure and properties of titanium. For this purpose, oxygen was introduced into titanium during chamber electro-slag remelting by three different methods: alloying by oxygen-rich residues from the Kroll process to final values between 0.053 wt.-% and 0.40 wt.-%, by reaction with the gas phase to 0.27 wt.-% and by introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles to 0.73 wt.-%. The influence of oxygen on microstructure of titanium during crystallization, heat treatment and deformation is determined as well as the effect of oxygen on the hardness and the mechanical properties of the material in different structural states. Furthermore, control methods of the structure formation process by thermal effects are proposed. Results show that the chamber electroslag remelting allows obtaining a homogeneous structure of the ingot in the investigated range of oxygen content in titanium. The hardness does not vary by more than 10 percent in longitudinal or radial direction in any of the remelted ingots.
文摘The evidence here provided shows that the thermodynamics of the second law, as currently understood, originated in a correction of the flaws affecting Clausius original work on this matter. The body of knowledge emerging from this correction has been here called post-Clausius’ thermodynamics. The said corrections, carried on with the intended goal of preserving the validity of Clausius’ main result, namely the law of increasing entropy, made use of a number of counterintuitive or logically at fault notions. A joint revision of Clausius’ and post-Clausius’ work on the second law, carried on retaining some of Clausius original notions, and disregarding others introduced by post-Clausius thermodynamics, led this author to results in direct contradiction to the law of increasing entropy. Among the key results coming out of this work we find the one stating that the total-entropy change for spontaneous thermodynamic processes is the result of the summation of the opposite-sign contributions coming from the entropic (energy degrading) and negentropic (energy upgrading) changes subsumed by any such process. These results also show, via the total-entropy change for a non-reversible heat engine, that negentropic thermodynamics subsumes post-Clausius thermodynamics as a special case.
