【目的】定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。【方法】利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台(1991—2016年),比较长期不施磷肥(CK、N、NK)、施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、...【目的】定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。【方法】利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台(1991—2016年),比较长期不施磷肥(CK、N、NK)、施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、NPK)、化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)和化肥配施有机肥及有机肥(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量变化,分析土壤磷素对磷盈亏量的响应,采用不同模型拟合作物产量对有效磷的响应曲线,计算土壤有效磷农学阈值。【结果】长期施用磷肥显著提高了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,提升了土壤磷素活化系数(PAC)。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)的PAC高于化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)和施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、NPK)。红壤地区土壤全磷和有效磷变化量与土壤磷盈亏量呈正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤Olsen-P含量上升3.00—5.22 mg·kg-1,全磷上升0.02—0.06 g·kg-1。土壤每累积亏缺磷100 kg P·hm-2,不施磷肥处理(CK、N、NK)土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg-1。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)的小麦和玉米产量显著高于化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)以及施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、NPK),显著高于不施磷肥(CK、NK、N)。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)的产量可持续指数也高于其他处理。3种模型(线性-线性模型、线性-平台模型和米切里西方程)均能较好地拟合作物产量与红壤有效磷含量的响应关系(P<0.01)。在红壤地区推荐使用拟合度较好的线性-线性模型,其计算出小麦和玉米的土壤Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.5和23.4 mg·kg-1。【结论】在南方红壤地区,化肥配施有机肥更有利于磷素累积和提升磷素有效性。化肥配施有机肥作物产量显著高于其他处理,且稳产性好。线性-线性模型可用于计算红壤地区有效磷的农学阈值�展开更多
From 1990,over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity,soil organic carbon（SOC）,and total N to long-term NPK fertilizat...From 1990,over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity,soil organic carbon（SOC）,and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments.The field trials included NPK（N,P,K fertilizer）,NPKRS（NPK combined with rice straw）,NPK2RS（NPK combined with double amount of rice straw）,NPKPM（NPK combined with pig manure） and NPKGM（NPK combined with green manure） and the cropping system was rice-rice（Oryza sativa L.） rotation.Annual rice yield,straw biomass,and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments.Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments.Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK.Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1,respectively,in 2006.Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK.There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field.Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement,cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study.SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China.Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.展开更多
按照江苏省中药材种植基地的平均施肥水平,选用当地常用的猪粪、鸡粪、菜籽饼、无机肥为供试肥料,进行菊花盆栽试验,研究不同肥料对菊花(Chrysanthemum m orifoliumRam at.)产量及有效成分含量的影响。结果表明:施肥可改善菊花的植物学...按照江苏省中药材种植基地的平均施肥水平,选用当地常用的猪粪、鸡粪、菜籽饼、无机肥为供试肥料,进行菊花盆栽试验,研究不同肥料对菊花(Chrysanthemum m orifoliumRam at.)产量及有效成分含量的影响。结果表明:施肥可改善菊花的植物学性状,使菊花生物量显著增加;施用猪粪、鸡粪、菜籽饼等有机肥能显著提高菊花的总黄酮含量和绿原酸含量,有效改善菊花品质,其中以菜籽饼的效果最好,猪粪次之。展开更多
Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most widely used bioinsecticides, and cry gene is the major insecticidal gene.Because Cry1 Ac protein shows strong toxicity against many lepidopteran species, it has been applied w...Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most widely used bioinsecticides, and cry gene is the major insecticidal gene.Because Cry1 Ac protein shows strong toxicity against many lepidopteran species, it has been applied widely in spraying products and transgenic Bt-crops.The preparation of Cry protoxin is the first step in the very important processes of understanding the insecticidal mechanism, resistance screening, and biosafety assessments.The media for crystal production and the method for Cry protoxin preparation were varied, however, it was not clear which was better for preparing a larger amount of Cry protoxin.In this paper, three media for crystal production and the method for Cry1 Ac protoxin preparation from HD73 strain were compared to find an efficacious way to prepare a large number of Cry1 Ac protoxin.The results showed that the 1/2 LB（Luria-Bertani） medium was the ideal medium for crystal production, because the total yield of Cry1 Ac protoxin in 300 m L 1/2 LB medium was（112.38±5.64） mg, the highest one among three media; the repeated crystal solubilization method was better for the preparation of the Cry protoxin comparing with the continuous crystal solubilization method.It will be a reference for other Cry protoxin preparation, especially for larger number.展开更多
文摘【目的】定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。【方法】利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台(1991—2016年),比较长期不施磷肥(CK、N、NK)、施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、NPK)、化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)和化肥配施有机肥及有机肥(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量变化,分析土壤磷素对磷盈亏量的响应,采用不同模型拟合作物产量对有效磷的响应曲线,计算土壤有效磷农学阈值。【结果】长期施用磷肥显著提高了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,提升了土壤磷素活化系数(PAC)。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)的PAC高于化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)和施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、NPK)。红壤地区土壤全磷和有效磷变化量与土壤磷盈亏量呈正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤Olsen-P含量上升3.00—5.22 mg·kg-1,全磷上升0.02—0.06 g·kg-1。土壤每累积亏缺磷100 kg P·hm-2,不施磷肥处理(CK、N、NK)土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg-1。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)的小麦和玉米产量显著高于化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)以及施用化学磷肥(PK、NP、NPK),显著高于不施磷肥(CK、NK、N)。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理(1.5NPKM、NPKM、M)的产量可持续指数也高于其他处理。3种模型(线性-线性模型、线性-平台模型和米切里西方程)均能较好地拟合作物产量与红壤有效磷含量的响应关系(P<0.01)。在红壤地区推荐使用拟合度较好的线性-线性模型,其计算出小麦和玉米的土壤Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.5和23.4 mg·kg-1。【结论】在南方红壤地区,化肥配施有机肥更有利于磷素累积和提升磷素有效性。化肥配施有机肥作物产量显著高于其他处理,且稳产性好。线性-线性模型可用于计算红壤地区有效磷的农学阈值�
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB109301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40871122) the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2009BADC6B03)
文摘From 1990,over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity,soil organic carbon（SOC）,and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments.The field trials included NPK（N,P,K fertilizer）,NPKRS（NPK combined with rice straw）,NPK2RS（NPK combined with double amount of rice straw）,NPKPM（NPK combined with pig manure） and NPKGM（NPK combined with green manure） and the cropping system was rice-rice（Oryza sativa L.） rotation.Annual rice yield,straw biomass,and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments.Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments.Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK.Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1,respectively,in 2006.Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK.There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field.Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement,cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study.SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China.Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.
文摘按照江苏省中药材种植基地的平均施肥水平,选用当地常用的猪粪、鸡粪、菜籽饼、无机肥为供试肥料,进行菊花盆栽试验,研究不同肥料对菊花(Chrysanthemum m orifoliumRam at.)产量及有效成分含量的影响。结果表明:施肥可改善菊花的植物学性状,使菊花生物量显著增加;施用猪粪、鸡粪、菜籽饼等有机肥能显著提高菊花的总黄酮含量和绿原酸含量,有效改善菊花品质,其中以菜籽饼的效果最好,猪粪次之。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272115)the National High-Tech R&D Program(863 Program 2011AA10A203)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2014M560487)
文摘Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most widely used bioinsecticides, and cry gene is the major insecticidal gene.Because Cry1 Ac protein shows strong toxicity against many lepidopteran species, it has been applied widely in spraying products and transgenic Bt-crops.The preparation of Cry protoxin is the first step in the very important processes of understanding the insecticidal mechanism, resistance screening, and biosafety assessments.The media for crystal production and the method for Cry protoxin preparation were varied, however, it was not clear which was better for preparing a larger amount of Cry protoxin.In this paper, three media for crystal production and the method for Cry1 Ac protoxin preparation from HD73 strain were compared to find an efficacious way to prepare a large number of Cry1 Ac protoxin.The results showed that the 1/2 LB（Luria-Bertani） medium was the ideal medium for crystal production, because the total yield of Cry1 Ac protoxin in 300 m L 1/2 LB medium was（112.38±5.64） mg, the highest one among three media; the repeated crystal solubilization method was better for the preparation of the Cry protoxin comparing with the continuous crystal solubilization method.It will be a reference for other Cry protoxin preparation, especially for larger number.
