In order to address the optimal distance toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing incorporating the issue of equity,this paper presents a toll user equilibrium( TUE) model based on a transformed network...In order to address the optimal distance toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing incorporating the issue of equity,this paper presents a toll user equilibrium( TUE) model based on a transformed network with elastic demand,to evaluate any given toll charge function. A bi-level programming model is developed for determining the optimal toll levels,with the TUE being represented at the lower level.The upper level optimizes the total equity level over the transport network,represented by the Gini coefficient,where a constraint is imposed to the total travel impedance of each OD pair after the levy. A genetic algorithm( GA) is implemented to solve the bi-level model,which is verified by a numerical example.展开更多
In this article, we consider the multiclass network equilibrium problems. A so called strongly valid toll can support any multiclass user equilibrium flow pattern as a system minimum when the system objective function...In this article, we consider the multiclass network equilibrium problems. A so called strongly valid toll can support any multiclass user equilibrium flow pattern as a system minimum when the system objective function is measured by total emission. Using Hoffman lemma and exact penalization method, we provide the existence of strongly valid tolls for multiclass network equilibrium problems.展开更多
This study discusses the optimal link toll,which maximizes social surplus under a user equilibrium condition,with imperfect substitution assumption for route choice in a transportation network with many nodes and link...This study discusses the optimal link toll,which maximizes social surplus under a user equilibrium condition,with imperfect substitution assumption for route choice in a transportation network with many nodes and links,as well as taking into account the welfare cost of funds procurement.In contrast to previous studies,this study formulates optimal link tolls,taking into account the marginal cost of public funds(MCF),which is the marginal welfare loss of taxpayers due to a marginal tax raise.The formula for optimal tolls on links is derived from the following conditions.One is MCF classified into two,not taking into account funding(MCF equal to-1)and pricing for funding(MCF does not equal-1).Another is tolls classified into two,pricing on all links(full link pricing),and pricing on a specific link(partial link pricing).Following the above conditions,this study succeeds in deriving the formula for optimal tolls on a full network with many links and nodes.Furthermore,this study indicates two calculation methods:one is to solve analytically or numerically for when the functional form of link flow demand is known.When the functional form is unknown,such as a perfect substitution case,it is necessary to carry out iteration until convergence:with the traffic assignment given the price level and with a change in price level based on the traffic assignment.展开更多
INTRODUCTION English, like any other languages, is characterized by contain-ing many varieties, such as the variety of conversation, variety ofreligious language, variety of legal documents, variety of newspaperreport...INTRODUCTION English, like any other languages, is characterized by contain-ing many varieties, such as the variety of conversation, variety ofreligious language, variety of legal documents, variety of newspaperreporting, and so on. But the most complicated and the hardest toanalyse among the varieties is that of literature, which may involvemany other varieties and show many mixed linguistic features.展开更多
As war no longer visits us and our economics grow steadily, Corporate Social Compliance has already become a common law in international world.When the enterprises are working hard on more profits and being responsibl...As war no longer visits us and our economics grow steadily, Corporate Social Compliance has already become a common law in international world.When the enterprises are working hard on more profits and being responsible for share holders,they also need to be responsible for the consumers, employees,districts and the environments.The Chinese textile industry is not only a trade that concerns people’s daily life and also a highly internationalized trade.The application of Corporate Social Compliance is the inevitable way for all Chinese textile industry. That’s why many leaders of the trade got together on 17th, April,2007 in the city of Wuxi, taking part in the China Textile Round-Table Forum(CTRT), Corporate Social Compliance: Practice,Experience and Challenge.展开更多
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61374195 and 71501038)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2242015R30036)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province in China(Grant No.BK20150603)
文摘In order to address the optimal distance toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing incorporating the issue of equity,this paper presents a toll user equilibrium( TUE) model based on a transformed network with elastic demand,to evaluate any given toll charge function. A bi-level programming model is developed for determining the optimal toll levels,with the TUE being represented at the lower level.The upper level optimizes the total equity level over the transport network,represented by the Gini coefficient,where a constraint is imposed to the total travel impedance of each OD pair after the levy. A genetic algorithm( GA) is implemented to solve the bi-level model,which is verified by a numerical example.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC:71071035
文摘In this article, we consider the multiclass network equilibrium problems. A so called strongly valid toll can support any multiclass user equilibrium flow pattern as a system minimum when the system objective function is measured by total emission. Using Hoffman lemma and exact penalization method, we provide the existence of strongly valid tolls for multiclass network equilibrium problems.
文摘This study discusses the optimal link toll,which maximizes social surplus under a user equilibrium condition,with imperfect substitution assumption for route choice in a transportation network with many nodes and links,as well as taking into account the welfare cost of funds procurement.In contrast to previous studies,this study formulates optimal link tolls,taking into account the marginal cost of public funds(MCF),which is the marginal welfare loss of taxpayers due to a marginal tax raise.The formula for optimal tolls on links is derived from the following conditions.One is MCF classified into two,not taking into account funding(MCF equal to-1)and pricing for funding(MCF does not equal-1).Another is tolls classified into two,pricing on all links(full link pricing),and pricing on a specific link(partial link pricing).Following the above conditions,this study succeeds in deriving the formula for optimal tolls on a full network with many links and nodes.Furthermore,this study indicates two calculation methods:one is to solve analytically or numerically for when the functional form of link flow demand is known.When the functional form is unknown,such as a perfect substitution case,it is necessary to carry out iteration until convergence:with the traffic assignment given the price level and with a change in price level based on the traffic assignment.
文摘INTRODUCTION English, like any other languages, is characterized by contain-ing many varieties, such as the variety of conversation, variety ofreligious language, variety of legal documents, variety of newspaperreporting, and so on. But the most complicated and the hardest toanalyse among the varieties is that of literature, which may involvemany other varieties and show many mixed linguistic features.
文摘As war no longer visits us and our economics grow steadily, Corporate Social Compliance has already become a common law in international world.When the enterprises are working hard on more profits and being responsible for share holders,they also need to be responsible for the consumers, employees,districts and the environments.The Chinese textile industry is not only a trade that concerns people’s daily life and also a highly internationalized trade.The application of Corporate Social Compliance is the inevitable way for all Chinese textile industry. That’s why many leaders of the trade got together on 17th, April,2007 in the city of Wuxi, taking part in the China Textile Round-Table Forum(CTRT), Corporate Social Compliance: Practice,Experience and Challenge.
