This study conducts a systematic literature review(SLR)of blockchain consensus mechanisms,an essential protocols that maintain the integrity,reliability,and decentralization of distributed ledger networks.The aim is t...This study conducts a systematic literature review(SLR)of blockchain consensus mechanisms,an essential protocols that maintain the integrity,reliability,and decentralization of distributed ledger networks.The aim is to comprehensively investigate prominent mechanisms’security features and vulnerabilities,emphasizing their security considerations,applications,challenges,and future directions.The existing literature offers valuable insights into various consensus mechanisms’strengths,limitations,and security vulnerabilities and their real-world applications.However,there remains a gap in synthesizing and analyzing this knowledge systematically.Addressing this gap would facilitate a structured approach to understanding consensus mechanisms’security and vulnerabilities comprehensively.The study adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines and computer science standards and reviewed 3749 research papers from 2016 to 2024,excluding grey literature,resulting in 290 articles for descriptive analysis.The research highlights an increased focus on blockchain consensus security,energy efficiency,and hybrid mechanisms within 60%of research papers post-2019,identifying gaps in scalability,privacy,and interoperability for future exploration.By synthesizing the existing research and identifying the key trends,this SLR contributes to advancing the understanding of blockchain consensus mechanisms’security and guiding future research and structured innovation in blockchain systems and applications.展开更多
The alliance chain system is a distributed ledger system based on blockchain technology,which can realize data sharing and collaboration among multiple parties while ensuring data security and reliability.The Practica...The alliance chain system is a distributed ledger system based on blockchain technology,which can realize data sharing and collaboration among multiple parties while ensuring data security and reliability.The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance(PBFT)consensus algorithm is the most popular consensus protocol in the alliance chain,but the algorithm has problems such as high complexity and too simple election of the master node,which will make PBFT unable to be applied in scenarios with too many nodes.At the same time,there are certain security issues.In order to solve these problems,this paper proposes an improved Byzantine consensus algorithm,Polymerization Signature and Reputation Value PBFT(P-V PBFT).Firstly,the consistency protocol process is improved based on the aggregate signature technology.The simulation results show that the P-V PBFT algorithm can effectively reduce the overhead of network transmission,and the time complexity of the algorithm decreases exponentially,which improves the efficiency of the consensus process.Secondly,the node reputation election mechanism is introduced to elect the primary node,and the security analysis is carried out to verify the fairness and security of the primary node election of the P-V PBFT algorithm.Therefore,as a feasible improvement of the blockchain consensus protocol,the P-V PBFT algorithm can provide more efficient and secure guarantee for the blockchain system in practical application.展开更多
The communication complexity of the practical byzantine fault tolerance(PBFT)protocol is reduced with the threshold signature technique applied to the consensus process by phase voting PBFT(PV-PBFT).As most communicat...The communication complexity of the practical byzantine fault tolerance(PBFT)protocol is reduced with the threshold signature technique applied to the consensus process by phase voting PBFT(PV-PBFT).As most communication occurs between the primary node and replica nodes in PV-PVFT,consistency verification is accomplished through threshold signatures,multi-PV,and multiple consensus.The view replacement protocol introduces node weights to influence the election of a primary node,reducing the probability of the same node being elected primary multiple times.The experimental results of consensus algorithms show that compared to PBFT,the communication overhead of PV-PBFT decreases by approximately 90% with nearly one-time improvement in the throughput relative and approximately 2/3 consensus latency,lower than that of the scalable hierarchical byzantine fault tolerance.The communication complexity of the PBFT is O(N^(2)),whereas that of PV-PBFT is only O(N),which implies the significant improvement of the operational efficiency of the blockchain system.展开更多
Recent advances in wireless technology and embedded systems enable vehicles to share relevant traffic-related data to improve the transportation Quality-of-Service(QoS).However,due to the ubiquitousness of cyber-attac...Recent advances in wireless technology and embedded systems enable vehicles to share relevant traffic-related data to improve the transportation Quality-of-Service(QoS).However,due to the ubiquitousness of cyber-attacks,it is challenging to ensure the integrity of the data collected from cars.This paper proposes a novel architecture for road traffic events management in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks(VANETs)relying on a permissioned blockchain.It also introduces the concept of micro-transactions to minimize communication and storage overhead.Through simulations,a rigorous performance evaluation of the proposed approach was conducted,and the micro-transactions effectiveness was assessed.In addition,a comparison with close works in the literature was performed.The proposed scheme ensures road traffic records integrity and traceability,and simulation results on the considered scenarios showed good performance.展开更多
Nowadays,the data that users need to calculate and process increases sharply,however,ordinary users usually lack the required capability.Therefore,resorting to outsourcing computation,they can delegate computing tasks...Nowadays,the data that users need to calculate and process increases sharply,however,ordinary users usually lack the required capability.Therefore,resorting to outsourcing computation,they can delegate computing tasks to high-performance nodes over the network to meet their needs.In order to ensure the correctness of outsourcing computations,a verifiable computing scheme based on the blockchain smart contract is proposed,where the primary node and the replica nodes complete the task calculation and verification respectively,and reach a final consensus on the results.Moreover,the computing resources and energy consumption of each node to make the consensus are analyzed,based on which an optimization of resources allocation is proposed to maximize the transaction throughput.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme built on distributed consensus and also the throughput improvement by optimizing.展开更多
基金funded by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS and grants(YUTP-PRG:015PBC-011).
文摘This study conducts a systematic literature review(SLR)of blockchain consensus mechanisms,an essential protocols that maintain the integrity,reliability,and decentralization of distributed ledger networks.The aim is to comprehensively investigate prominent mechanisms’security features and vulnerabilities,emphasizing their security considerations,applications,challenges,and future directions.The existing literature offers valuable insights into various consensus mechanisms’strengths,limitations,and security vulnerabilities and their real-world applications.However,there remains a gap in synthesizing and analyzing this knowledge systematically.Addressing this gap would facilitate a structured approach to understanding consensus mechanisms’security and vulnerabilities comprehensively.The study adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines and computer science standards and reviewed 3749 research papers from 2016 to 2024,excluding grey literature,resulting in 290 articles for descriptive analysis.The research highlights an increased focus on blockchain consensus security,energy efficiency,and hybrid mechanisms within 60%of research papers post-2019,identifying gaps in scalability,privacy,and interoperability for future exploration.By synthesizing the existing research and identifying the key trends,this SLR contributes to advancing the understanding of blockchain consensus mechanisms’security and guiding future research and structured innovation in blockchain systems and applications.
基金supported by the Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61521003)Intergovernmental Special Programme of National Key Research and Development Programme(Nos.2016YFE0100300 and 2016YFE0100600)+1 种基金National Scientific Fund Programme for Young Scholar(No.61672470)Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(Nos.182102210617 and 202102210351).
文摘The alliance chain system is a distributed ledger system based on blockchain technology,which can realize data sharing and collaboration among multiple parties while ensuring data security and reliability.The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance(PBFT)consensus algorithm is the most popular consensus protocol in the alliance chain,but the algorithm has problems such as high complexity and too simple election of the master node,which will make PBFT unable to be applied in scenarios with too many nodes.At the same time,there are certain security issues.In order to solve these problems,this paper proposes an improved Byzantine consensus algorithm,Polymerization Signature and Reputation Value PBFT(P-V PBFT).Firstly,the consistency protocol process is improved based on the aggregate signature technology.The simulation results show that the P-V PBFT algorithm can effectively reduce the overhead of network transmission,and the time complexity of the algorithm decreases exponentially,which improves the efficiency of the consensus process.Secondly,the node reputation election mechanism is introduced to elect the primary node,and the security analysis is carried out to verify the fairness and security of the primary node election of the P-V PBFT algorithm.Therefore,as a feasible improvement of the blockchain consensus protocol,the P-V PBFT algorithm can provide more efficient and secure guarantee for the blockchain system in practical application.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFE0200600)。
文摘The communication complexity of the practical byzantine fault tolerance(PBFT)protocol is reduced with the threshold signature technique applied to the consensus process by phase voting PBFT(PV-PBFT).As most communication occurs between the primary node and replica nodes in PV-PVFT,consistency verification is accomplished through threshold signatures,multi-PV,and multiple consensus.The view replacement protocol introduces node weights to influence the election of a primary node,reducing the probability of the same node being elected primary multiple times.The experimental results of consensus algorithms show that compared to PBFT,the communication overhead of PV-PBFT decreases by approximately 90% with nearly one-time improvement in the throughput relative and approximately 2/3 consensus latency,lower than that of the scalable hierarchical byzantine fault tolerance.The communication complexity of the PBFT is O(N^(2)),whereas that of PV-PBFT is only O(N),which implies the significant improvement of the operational efficiency of the blockchain system.
文摘Recent advances in wireless technology and embedded systems enable vehicles to share relevant traffic-related data to improve the transportation Quality-of-Service(QoS).However,due to the ubiquitousness of cyber-attacks,it is challenging to ensure the integrity of the data collected from cars.This paper proposes a novel architecture for road traffic events management in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks(VANETs)relying on a permissioned blockchain.It also introduces the concept of micro-transactions to minimize communication and storage overhead.Through simulations,a rigorous performance evaluation of the proposed approach was conducted,and the micro-transactions effectiveness was assessed.In addition,a comparison with close works in the literature was performed.The proposed scheme ensures road traffic records integrity and traceability,and simulation results on the considered scenarios showed good performance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61671029)Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(No.KM202010005017)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No.2018M640032).
文摘Nowadays,the data that users need to calculate and process increases sharply,however,ordinary users usually lack the required capability.Therefore,resorting to outsourcing computation,they can delegate computing tasks to high-performance nodes over the network to meet their needs.In order to ensure the correctness of outsourcing computations,a verifiable computing scheme based on the blockchain smart contract is proposed,where the primary node and the replica nodes complete the task calculation and verification respectively,and reach a final consensus on the results.Moreover,the computing resources and energy consumption of each node to make the consensus are analyzed,based on which an optimization of resources allocation is proposed to maximize the transaction throughput.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme built on distributed consensus and also the throughput improvement by optimizing.
