Thermoelectric effect is the most efficient way to convert electric energy directly from the temperature gradient. Thermoelectric effect-based power generation, cooling and heating devices are solid-stated, environmen...Thermoelectric effect is the most efficient way to convert electric energy directly from the temperature gradient. Thermoelectric effect-based power generation, cooling and heating devices are solid-stated, environmentally friendly, reliable, long-lived, easily maintainable, and easy to achieve miniaturization and integration. So they have unparalleled advantages in the aerospace, vehicle industry, waste heat recovery, electronic cooling, etc. This paper reviews the progress in thermodynamic analyses and optimizations for single- and multiple-element, single- and multiple-stage, and combined thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric refrigerators and thermoelectric heat pumps, especially in the aspects of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and finite time thermodynamics. It also discusses the developing trends of thermoelectric devices, such as the heat sources of thermoelectric generators, multi-stage thermoelectric devices, combined thermoelectric devices, and heat transfer enhancement of thermoelectric devices.展开更多
In order to track the desired path as fast as possible,a novel autonomous vehicle path tracking based on model predictive control(MPC)and PID speed control was proposed for high-speed automated vehicles considering th...In order to track the desired path as fast as possible,a novel autonomous vehicle path tracking based on model predictive control(MPC)and PID speed control was proposed for high-speed automated vehicles considering the constraints of vehicle physical limits,in which a forward-backward integration scheme was introduced to generate a time-optimal speed profile subject to the tire-road friction limit.Moreover,this scheme was further extended along one moving prediction window.In the MPC controller,the prediction model was an 8-degree-of-freedom(DOF)vehicle model,while the plant was a 14-DOF vehicle model.For lateral control,a sequence of optimal wheel steering angles was generated from the MPC controller;for longitudinal control,the total wheel torque was generated from the PID speed controller embedded in the MPC framework.The proposed controller was implemented in MATLAB considering arbitrary curves of continuously varying curvature as the reference trajectory.The simulation test results show that the tracking errors are small for vehicle lateral and longitudinal positions and the tracking performances for trajectory and speed are good using the proposed controller.Additionally,the case of extended implementation in one moving prediction window requires shorter travel time than the case implemented along the entire path.展开更多
为探讨氮沉降在不同土壤水分状况下对林下土壤中参与土壤碳氮磷循环主要酶(β D 葡萄糖苷酶(β D glucosidase,βG)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,PER)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、β N 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(β N acetylglucosaminid...为探讨氮沉降在不同土壤水分状况下对林下土壤中参与土壤碳氮磷循环主要酶(β D 葡萄糖苷酶(β D glucosidase,βG)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,PER)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、β N 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(β N acetylglucosaminidase,NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(Acid phosphatase,AP))活性的动态影响,于2017年开展了盆栽模拟试验。试验以青杨扦插苗为植物材料,采用两因素(土壤水分和氮沉降)的随机区组设计,土壤水分含量分别为40%(W40)、60%(W60)和80%(W80)最大田间持水量,氮沉降水平分别为:0(N0)、4(N4)和8(N8)g N m^-2 a^-1。在土壤水分达到预定的水分含量后开始氮沉降处理,于氮沉降后的6 h、24 h和3、7、14、31、62 d采集土壤样品进行土壤酶活性的测定。结果表明:土壤含水量的降低显著降低了βG、NAG和PPO活性,且在W40时达到最低;对AP和PER活性无显著影响。氮沉降抑制了βG、NAG和AP活性,而且施氮浓度越大,抑制效应越强;对PER和PPO活性无显著影响。水氮交互作用对上述5种土壤酶活性均无显著影响。5种土壤酶活性在施氮7 d或14 d内变化较大,之后随处理时间的延长逐步平稳。两个月的实验期间,在不同水氮处理下,5种土壤酶活性基本都呈现升高 降低 升高 降低的双峰模式。该研究可为理解氮沉降对不同水分状况地区森林生态系统中土壤碳氮磷循环的生态学过程提供科学参考。展开更多
Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy(SR-SIM)is an outstanding method for visualizing the subcellular dynamics in living cells.To date,by using elaborately designed systems and algorithms,SR-SIM can achi...Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy(SR-SIM)is an outstanding method for visualizing the subcellular dynamics in living cells.To date,by using elaborately designed systems and algorithms,SR-SIM can achieve rapid,optically sectioned,SR observation with hundreds to thousands of time points.However,real-time observation is still out of reach for most SIM setups as conventional algorithms for image reconstruction involve a heavy computing burden.To address this limitation,an accelerated reconstruction algorithm was developed by implementing a simplified workflow for SR-SIM,termed joint space and frequency reconstruction.This algorithm results in an 80-fold improvement in reconstruction speed relative to the widely used Wiener-SIM.Critically,the increased processing speed does not come at the expense of spatial resolution or sectioning capability,as demonstrated by live imaging of microtubule dynamics and mitochondrial tubulation.展开更多
This paper proposes a new three-dimensional optimal guidance law for impact time control with seeker’s Field-of-View(FOV) constraint to intercept a stationary target. The proposed guidance law is devised in conjuncti...This paper proposes a new three-dimensional optimal guidance law for impact time control with seeker’s Field-of-View(FOV) constraint to intercept a stationary target. The proposed guidance law is devised in conjunction with the concept of biased Proportional Navigation Guidance(PNG). The guidance law developed leverages a nonlinear function to ensure the boundedness of velocity lead angle to cater to the seeker’s FOV limit. It is proven that the impact time error is nullified in a finite-time under the proposed method. Additionally, the optimality of the biased command is theoretically analyzed. Numerical simulations confirm the superiority of the proposed method and validate the analytic findings.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11305266&51576207)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2012CB720405)
文摘Thermoelectric effect is the most efficient way to convert electric energy directly from the temperature gradient. Thermoelectric effect-based power generation, cooling and heating devices are solid-stated, environmentally friendly, reliable, long-lived, easily maintainable, and easy to achieve miniaturization and integration. So they have unparalleled advantages in the aerospace, vehicle industry, waste heat recovery, electronic cooling, etc. This paper reviews the progress in thermodynamic analyses and optimizations for single- and multiple-element, single- and multiple-stage, and combined thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric refrigerators and thermoelectric heat pumps, especially in the aspects of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and finite time thermodynamics. It also discusses the developing trends of thermoelectric devices, such as the heat sources of thermoelectric generators, multi-stage thermoelectric devices, combined thermoelectric devices, and heat transfer enhancement of thermoelectric devices.
基金Project(20180608005600843855-19)supported by the International Graduate Exchange Program of Beijing Institute of Technology,China。
文摘In order to track the desired path as fast as possible,a novel autonomous vehicle path tracking based on model predictive control(MPC)and PID speed control was proposed for high-speed automated vehicles considering the constraints of vehicle physical limits,in which a forward-backward integration scheme was introduced to generate a time-optimal speed profile subject to the tire-road friction limit.Moreover,this scheme was further extended along one moving prediction window.In the MPC controller,the prediction model was an 8-degree-of-freedom(DOF)vehicle model,while the plant was a 14-DOF vehicle model.For lateral control,a sequence of optimal wheel steering angles was generated from the MPC controller;for longitudinal control,the total wheel torque was generated from the PID speed controller embedded in the MPC framework.The proposed controller was implemented in MATLAB considering arbitrary curves of continuously varying curvature as the reference trajectory.The simulation test results show that the tracking errors are small for vehicle lateral and longitudinal positions and the tracking performances for trajectory and speed are good using the proposed controller.Additionally,the case of extended implementation in one moving prediction window requires shorter travel time than the case implemented along the entire path.
文摘为探讨氮沉降在不同土壤水分状况下对林下土壤中参与土壤碳氮磷循环主要酶(β D 葡萄糖苷酶(β D glucosidase,βG)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,PER)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、β N 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(β N acetylglucosaminidase,NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(Acid phosphatase,AP))活性的动态影响,于2017年开展了盆栽模拟试验。试验以青杨扦插苗为植物材料,采用两因素(土壤水分和氮沉降)的随机区组设计,土壤水分含量分别为40%(W40)、60%(W60)和80%(W80)最大田间持水量,氮沉降水平分别为:0(N0)、4(N4)和8(N8)g N m^-2 a^-1。在土壤水分达到预定的水分含量后开始氮沉降处理,于氮沉降后的6 h、24 h和3、7、14、31、62 d采集土壤样品进行土壤酶活性的测定。结果表明:土壤含水量的降低显著降低了βG、NAG和PPO活性,且在W40时达到最低;对AP和PER活性无显著影响。氮沉降抑制了βG、NAG和AP活性,而且施氮浓度越大,抑制效应越强;对PER和PPO活性无显著影响。水氮交互作用对上述5种土壤酶活性均无显著影响。5种土壤酶活性在施氮7 d或14 d内变化较大,之后随处理时间的延长逐步平稳。两个月的实验期间,在不同水氮处理下,5种土壤酶活性基本都呈现升高 降低 升高 降低的双峰模式。该研究可为理解氮沉降对不同水分状况地区森林生态系统中土壤碳氮磷循环的生态学过程提供科学参考。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 62005208, 62135003, and 61905189)Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi (No. 2021TD-57)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2020M673365 and 2019M663656)National Institutes of Health Grant GM100156 to PRB
文摘Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy(SR-SIM)is an outstanding method for visualizing the subcellular dynamics in living cells.To date,by using elaborately designed systems and algorithms,SR-SIM can achieve rapid,optically sectioned,SR observation with hundreds to thousands of time points.However,real-time observation is still out of reach for most SIM setups as conventional algorithms for image reconstruction involve a heavy computing burden.To address this limitation,an accelerated reconstruction algorithm was developed by implementing a simplified workflow for SR-SIM,termed joint space and frequency reconstruction.This algorithm results in an 80-fold improvement in reconstruction speed relative to the widely used Wiener-SIM.Critically,the increased processing speed does not come at the expense of spatial resolution or sectioning capability,as demonstrated by live imaging of microtubule dynamics and mitochondrial tubulation.
文摘This paper proposes a new three-dimensional optimal guidance law for impact time control with seeker’s Field-of-View(FOV) constraint to intercept a stationary target. The proposed guidance law is devised in conjunction with the concept of biased Proportional Navigation Guidance(PNG). The guidance law developed leverages a nonlinear function to ensure the boundedness of velocity lead angle to cater to the seeker’s FOV limit. It is proven that the impact time error is nullified in a finite-time under the proposed method. Additionally, the optimality of the biased command is theoretically analyzed. Numerical simulations confirm the superiority of the proposed method and validate the analytic findings.
