Underground subway platforms are among the world’s busiest public transportation systems,but the airborne transmission mechanism of respiratory infections on these platforms has been rarely studied.Here,computational...Underground subway platforms are among the world’s busiest public transportation systems,but the airborne transmission mechanism of respiratory infections on these platforms has been rarely studied.Here,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modeling is used to investigate the airflow patterns and infection risks in an island platform under two common ventilation modes:Mode 1-both sides have air inlets and outlets;Mode 2-air inlets are present at the two sides and outlets are present in the middle.Under the investigated scenario,airflow structure is characterized by the ventilation jet and human thermal plumes.Their interaction with the infector’s breathing jet imposes the front passenger under the highest exposure risk by short-range airborne route,with intake fractions up to 2.57%(oral breathing)or 0.63%(nasal breathing)under Mode 1;oral breathing of the infector may impose higher risks for the front passenger compared with nasal breathing.Pathogen are efficiently diluted as they travel further,in particular to adjacent crowds.The maximum and median value of intake fractions of passengers in adjacent crowds are respectively 0.093%and 0.016%(oral breathing),and 0.073%and 0.014%(nasal breathing)under Mode 1.Compared with Mode 1,the 2nd mode minimizes the interaction of ventilation jet and breathing jet,where the maximum intake fraction is only 0.34%,and the median value in the same crowd and other crowds are reduced by 23–63%.Combining published quanta generation rate data of COVID-19 and influenza infectors,the predicted maximum and median infection risks for passengers in the same crowds are respectively 1.46%–40.23%and 0.038%–1.67%during the 3–10 min waiting period,which are more sensitive to ventilation rate and exposure time compared with return air.This study can provide practical guidance for the prevention of respiratory infections in subway platforms.展开更多
基于2015年全年多源遥感数据融合的Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis(OSTIA)海表温度数据,利用最大温度梯度法,对广东沿岸(20°—23°N,110°—118°E)海表温度锋面的季节变化及生消机制进行...基于2015年全年多源遥感数据融合的Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis(OSTIA)海表温度数据,利用最大温度梯度法,对广东沿岸(20°—23°N,110°—118°E)海表温度锋面的季节变化及生消机制进行了分析。广东沿岸温度锋面季节变化明显,冬季强,夏季弱;粤东温度锋面常年存在,粤西温度锋面夏季消失;珠江口区域温度锋面与珠江羽状流的扩散路径有关,即夏季锋面主轴往东北方向延伸,秋季往西南方向延伸。对比温度锋面与风速的关系,发现其形成及消失受季风的影响。通过简单的模型实验,发现季风通过影响锋面两侧的湍流热通量引起锋面强度的变化:西南(东北)季风带来的暖湿(干冷)空气减弱(增加)了近岸冷水的潜热释放,导致冷水区温度上升(下降)大于暖水区,引起锋面消失(生成)。展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2019A1515012121)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(Y20E080078)NIAID center of excellence for influenza research and surveillance(HHSN2722014000006C)。
文摘Underground subway platforms are among the world’s busiest public transportation systems,but the airborne transmission mechanism of respiratory infections on these platforms has been rarely studied.Here,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modeling is used to investigate the airflow patterns and infection risks in an island platform under two common ventilation modes:Mode 1-both sides have air inlets and outlets;Mode 2-air inlets are present at the two sides and outlets are present in the middle.Under the investigated scenario,airflow structure is characterized by the ventilation jet and human thermal plumes.Their interaction with the infector’s breathing jet imposes the front passenger under the highest exposure risk by short-range airborne route,with intake fractions up to 2.57%(oral breathing)or 0.63%(nasal breathing)under Mode 1;oral breathing of the infector may impose higher risks for the front passenger compared with nasal breathing.Pathogen are efficiently diluted as they travel further,in particular to adjacent crowds.The maximum and median value of intake fractions of passengers in adjacent crowds are respectively 0.093%and 0.016%(oral breathing),and 0.073%and 0.014%(nasal breathing)under Mode 1.Compared with Mode 1,the 2nd mode minimizes the interaction of ventilation jet and breathing jet,where the maximum intake fraction is only 0.34%,and the median value in the same crowd and other crowds are reduced by 23–63%.Combining published quanta generation rate data of COVID-19 and influenza infectors,the predicted maximum and median infection risks for passengers in the same crowds are respectively 1.46%–40.23%and 0.038%–1.67%during the 3–10 min waiting period,which are more sensitive to ventilation rate and exposure time compared with return air.This study can provide practical guidance for the prevention of respiratory infections in subway platforms.
文摘基于2015年全年多源遥感数据融合的Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis(OSTIA)海表温度数据,利用最大温度梯度法,对广东沿岸(20°—23°N,110°—118°E)海表温度锋面的季节变化及生消机制进行了分析。广东沿岸温度锋面季节变化明显,冬季强,夏季弱;粤东温度锋面常年存在,粤西温度锋面夏季消失;珠江口区域温度锋面与珠江羽状流的扩散路径有关,即夏季锋面主轴往东北方向延伸,秋季往西南方向延伸。对比温度锋面与风速的关系,发现其形成及消失受季风的影响。通过简单的模型实验,发现季风通过影响锋面两侧的湍流热通量引起锋面强度的变化:西南(东北)季风带来的暖湿(干冷)空气减弱(增加)了近岸冷水的潜热释放,导致冷水区温度上升(下降)大于暖水区,引起锋面消失(生成)。
