At present, the Topographic Index Model （TOPMODEL） has been recommended for integration in Land Surface Models （LSMs）. But, the applicable scope of the original TOPMODEL （OTOP） is limited because the OTOP deriva...At present, the Topographic Index Model （TOPMODEL） has been recommended for integration in Land Surface Models （LSMs）. But, the applicable scope of the original TOPMODEL （OTOP） is limited because the OTOP derivation relies on three fundamental but unrealistic assumptions. In this paper, several versions of a generalized TOPMODEL （GTOP）, which relax some unrealistic assumptions involved in OTOP, are presented, and the theoretical derivationsn to obtain these modifications are demonstrated in detail. Specifically, the extension for the OTOP applicability comes down to following three basic cases： （1） Give up the assumption of spatially uniform recharge rate to the groundwater and let the rate be spatially varying, （2） Keep same original exponential distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity used in OTOP but change the saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective soil depth from spatial constants in OTOP to spatially variable quantities; and （3） Extend the original exponential distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity to more general power law distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity together with spatially variable saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective soil depth. Finally, a brief numerical sensitivity study based on one version of GTOP using an exponential distribution profile for soil hydraulic conductivity is conducted. This shows the heterogeneous effects of the effective soil depth, saturated hydraulic conductivity, at ground surface and groundwater recharge rate on hydrological processes and serves as an example application of GTOP to a heterogeneous catchment.展开更多
This is the first part of a series of two articles.In this paper we enumerate and classify the left braces of size p^(2)q,where p and q are distinct prime numbers,by the classification of regular subgroups of the holo...This is the first part of a series of two articles.In this paper we enumerate and classify the left braces of size p^(2)q,where p and q are distinct prime numbers,by the classification of regular subgroups of the holomorph of the abelian groups of the same order.We also provide the formulas that define the constructed braces.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40235043 and 40605024)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. Q2005E01)
文摘At present, the Topographic Index Model （TOPMODEL） has been recommended for integration in Land Surface Models （LSMs）. But, the applicable scope of the original TOPMODEL （OTOP） is limited because the OTOP derivation relies on three fundamental but unrealistic assumptions. In this paper, several versions of a generalized TOPMODEL （GTOP）, which relax some unrealistic assumptions involved in OTOP, are presented, and the theoretical derivationsn to obtain these modifications are demonstrated in detail. Specifically, the extension for the OTOP applicability comes down to following three basic cases： （1） Give up the assumption of spatially uniform recharge rate to the groundwater and let the rate be spatially varying, （2） Keep same original exponential distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity used in OTOP but change the saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective soil depth from spatial constants in OTOP to spatially variable quantities; and （3） Extend the original exponential distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity to more general power law distribution profile of hydraulic conductivity together with spatially variable saturated hydraulic conductivity and effective soil depth. Finally, a brief numerical sensitivity study based on one version of GTOP using an exponential distribution profile for soil hydraulic conductivity is conducted. This shows the heterogeneous effects of the effective soil depth, saturated hydraulic conductivity, at ground surface and groundwater recharge rate on hydrological processes and serves as an example application of GTOP to a heterogeneous catchment.
基金supported by UBACyT 20020171000256BA and PICT 2016-2481.
文摘This is the first part of a series of two articles.In this paper we enumerate and classify the left braces of size p^(2)q,where p and q are distinct prime numbers,by the classification of regular subgroups of the holomorph of the abelian groups of the same order.We also provide the formulas that define the constructed braces.
