Adaptive fuzzy controllers by means of variable universe are proposed based on interpolation forms of fuzzy control. First, monotonicity of control rules is defined, and it is proved that the monotonicity of interpola...Adaptive fuzzy controllers by means of variable universe are proposed based on interpolation forms of fuzzy control. First, monotonicity of control rules is defined, and it is proved that the monotonicity of interpolation functions of fuzzy control is equivalent to the monotonicity of control rules. This means that there is not any contradiction among the control rules under the condition for the control rules being monotonic. Then structure of the contraction-expansion factor is discussed. At last, three models of adaptive fuzzy control based on variable universe are given which are adaptive fuzzy control model with potential heredity, adaptive fuzzy control model with obvious heredity and adaptive fuzzy control model with successively obvious heredity.展开更多
This paper focuses on the control problem of the quadruple inverted pendulum by variable universe adaptive fuzzy control.First,the mathematical model on the quadruple inverted pendulum is described and its controllabi...This paper focuses on the control problem of the quadruple inverted pendulum by variable universe adaptive fuzzy control.First,the mathematical model on the quadruple inverted pendulum is described and its controllability is versified.Then,an efficient controller on the quadruple inverted pendulum is designed by using variable universe adaptive fuzzy control theory.Finally the simulation of the quadruple inverted pendulum is shown in detail.Besides,the experimental results on the hardware systems,i.e.real object systems,on a single inverted pendulum,a double inverted pendulum and a triple inverted pendulum are briefly introduced.展开更多
A kind of stable adaptive fuzzy control of nonlinear system is implemented using variable universe method. First of all, the basic structure of variable universe adaptive fuzzy controllers is briefly introduced. Then ...A kind of stable adaptive fuzzy control of nonlinear system is implemented using variable universe method. First of all, the basic structure of variable universe adaptive fuzzy controllers is briefly introduced. Then the contraction-expansion factor that is a key tool of variable universe method is defined by means of integral regulation idea, and a kind of adaptive fuzzy controllers is designed by using such a contraction-expansion factor. The simulation on first order nonlinear system is done. Secondly, it is proved that the variable universe adaptive fuzzy control is asymptotically stable by use of Lyapunov theory. The simulation on the second order nonlinear system shows that its simulation effect is also quite good. Finally a useful tool, called symbolic factor, is proposed, which may be of universal significance. It can greatly reduce the settling time and enhance the robustness of the system.展开更多
In order to avoid the overcharge and overdischarge damages, and to improve the lifetime of the lithium-ion batteries, it is essential to keep the cell voltages in a battery pack at the same level,i.e., battery equaliz...In order to avoid the overcharge and overdischarge damages, and to improve the lifetime of the lithium-ion batteries, it is essential to keep the cell voltages in a battery pack at the same level,i.e., battery equalization. Based on the bi-directional modified Cuk converter, variable universe fuzzy controllers are proposed to adaptively maintain equalizing currents between cells of a serially connected battery pack in varying conditions. The inputs to the fuzzy controller are the voltage differences and the average voltages of adjacent cell pairs. A large voltage difference requires large equalizing current while adjacent cells both with low/high voltages can only stand small discharge/charge currents. Compared with the conventional fuzzy control method, the proposed method differs in that the universe can shrink or expand as the effects of the input changes. This is important as the input may change in a small range. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed variable universe fuzzy control method has fast equalization speed and good adaptiveness for varying conditions.展开更多
Extremely low background experiments to measure key nuclear reaction cross sections of astrophysical interest are conducted at the world’s deepest underground laboratory,the Jingping Underground laboratory for Nuclea...Extremely low background experiments to measure key nuclear reaction cross sections of astrophysical interest are conducted at the world’s deepest underground laboratory,the Jingping Underground laboratory for Nuclear Astrophysics(JUNA).High precision measurements provide reliable information to understand nucleosynthetic processes in celestial objects and resolve mysteries on the origin of atomic nuclei discovered in the first generations of Pop.III stars in the universe and meteoritic SiC grains in the solar system.展开更多
Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used ...Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.展开更多
This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This per...This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.展开更多
We explore the ultimate fate of the Universe by using a divergence-free parametrization for dark energy w（z）=w0＋wa, [In（2 ＋ z） / （1 ＋ z） - In 2] . Unlike the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization, this p...We explore the ultimate fate of the Universe by using a divergence-free parametrization for dark energy w（z）=w0＋wa, [In（2 ＋ z） / （1 ＋ z） - In 2] . Unlike the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization, this parametrization has well behaved, bounded behavior for both high redshifts and negative redshifts, and thus can genuinely cover many theoretical dark energy models. Alter constraining the parameter space of this parametrization by using the current cosmological observations, we find that, at the 95.4% confidence level, our Universe can still exist at least 16.7 Gyr before it ends in a big rip. Moreover, for the phantom energy dominated Universe, we find that a gravitationally bound system will be destroyed at a time t = P√2｜ 1 ＋ 3w（ 1）] / [6π] 1 ＋ w（-1）｜], where P is the period of a circular orbit around this system, before the big rip.展开更多
New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the...New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes wi展开更多
The universe is vast and when we look at the sky, its parameters (dimensions, mass, and age) seems limitless. Lemaître proposed that the universe began from a primeval-atom [1] which was later ironically nic...The universe is vast and when we look at the sky, its parameters (dimensions, mass, and age) seems limitless. Lemaître proposed that the universe began from a primeval-atom [1] which was later ironically nicknamed by Hoyle “Big Bang” in a BBC broadcast in 1949 [2]. From general relativity, Einstein proposed a cosmological model [3] with a spatially finite universe. He assumed a uniform distribution of matter in a huge 4-D sphere. Even if his equations were showing that the universe was either contracting or expanding, Einstein introduced the “cosmological constant” in his equation to force the universe to be static (being consistent with the general way of thinking of his time). In 1929, from observations of galaxies, Hubble found that the universe was expanding. From that moment, Einstein discarded his cosmological constant as an unnecessary fudge factor. Many cosmological models have been built over time. Each of them excels in explaining some aspects of the universe. We consider that the global topology of the universe is not known, but making the assumptions that it is relatively homogenous and isotropic, its extrapolated local topology leads us to some global “apparent” parameters. From our new cosmological model, we calculate the main parameters of the universe which are its apparent mass mu, its apparent curving radius Ru, its apparent age Tu and the “quantum of speed” εv. The quantum of speed is a new notion in physics. It is the smallest speed increment that may exist. For metrology purposes, we calculate these parameters from the most precise physics’ parameters available.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 69674014)by Trans-Century Training Programme Foundation for the Talents, State Education Commission of China
文摘Adaptive fuzzy controllers by means of variable universe are proposed based on interpolation forms of fuzzy control. First, monotonicity of control rules is defined, and it is proved that the monotonicity of interpolation functions of fuzzy control is equivalent to the monotonicity of control rules. This means that there is not any contradiction among the control rules under the condition for the control rules being monotonic. Then structure of the contraction-expansion factor is discussed. At last, three models of adaptive fuzzy control based on variable universe are given which are adaptive fuzzy control model with potential heredity, adaptive fuzzy control model with obvious heredity and adaptive fuzzy control model with successively obvious heredity.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 69974006 and 60174013) .
文摘This paper focuses on the control problem of the quadruple inverted pendulum by variable universe adaptive fuzzy control.First,the mathematical model on the quadruple inverted pendulum is described and its controllability is versified.Then,an efficient controller on the quadruple inverted pendulum is designed by using variable universe adaptive fuzzy control theory.Finally the simulation of the quadruple inverted pendulum is shown in detail.Besides,the experimental results on the hardware systems,i.e.real object systems,on a single inverted pendulum,a double inverted pendulum and a triple inverted pendulum are briefly introduced.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 69974006 and 60174013).
文摘A kind of stable adaptive fuzzy control of nonlinear system is implemented using variable universe method. First of all, the basic structure of variable universe adaptive fuzzy controllers is briefly introduced. Then the contraction-expansion factor that is a key tool of variable universe method is defined by means of integral regulation idea, and a kind of adaptive fuzzy controllers is designed by using such a contraction-expansion factor. The simulation on first order nonlinear system is done. Secondly, it is proved that the variable universe adaptive fuzzy control is asymptotically stable by use of Lyapunov theory. The simulation on the second order nonlinear system shows that its simulation effect is also quite good. Finally a useful tool, called symbolic factor, is proposed, which may be of universal significance. It can greatly reduce the settling time and enhance the robustness of the system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61433013 and 61621002
文摘In order to avoid the overcharge and overdischarge damages, and to improve the lifetime of the lithium-ion batteries, it is essential to keep the cell voltages in a battery pack at the same level,i.e., battery equalization. Based on the bi-directional modified Cuk converter, variable universe fuzzy controllers are proposed to adaptively maintain equalizing currents between cells of a serially connected battery pack in varying conditions. The inputs to the fuzzy controller are the voltage differences and the average voltages of adjacent cell pairs. A large voltage difference requires large equalizing current while adjacent cells both with low/high voltages can only stand small discharge/charge currents. Compared with the conventional fuzzy control method, the proposed method differs in that the universe can shrink or expand as the effects of the input changes. This is important as the input may change in a small range. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed variable universe fuzzy control method has fast equalization speed and good adaptiveness for varying conditions.
文摘Extremely low background experiments to measure key nuclear reaction cross sections of astrophysical interest are conducted at the world’s deepest underground laboratory,the Jingping Underground laboratory for Nuclear Astrophysics(JUNA).High precision measurements provide reliable information to understand nucleosynthetic processes in celestial objects and resolve mysteries on the origin of atomic nuclei discovered in the first generations of Pop.III stars in the universe and meteoritic SiC grains in the solar system.
文摘Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.
文摘This article explores the dead universe theory as a novel interpretation for the origin and evolution of the universe, suggesting that our cosmos may have originated from the remnants of a preceding universe. This perspective challenges the conventional Big Bang theory, particularly concerning dark matter, the expansion of the universe, and the interpretation of phenomena such as gravitational waves.
基金supported by the Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11105053, 10705041, 10975032, 11175042,10535060, 10975172 and 10821504)+1 种基金the National Ministry of Education of China (Grant Nos. NCET-09-0276 and N100505001)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB815401)
文摘We explore the ultimate fate of the Universe by using a divergence-free parametrization for dark energy w（z）=w0＋wa, [In（2 ＋ z） / （1 ＋ z） - In 2] . Unlike the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization, this parametrization has well behaved, bounded behavior for both high redshifts and negative redshifts, and thus can genuinely cover many theoretical dark energy models. Alter constraining the parameter space of this parametrization by using the current cosmological observations, we find that, at the 95.4% confidence level, our Universe can still exist at least 16.7 Gyr before it ends in a big rip. Moreover, for the phantom energy dominated Universe, we find that a gravitationally bound system will be destroyed at a time t = P√2｜ 1 ＋ 3w（ 1）] / [6π] 1 ＋ w（-1）｜], where P is the period of a circular orbit around this system, before the big rip.
文摘New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes wi
文摘The universe is vast and when we look at the sky, its parameters (dimensions, mass, and age) seems limitless. Lemaître proposed that the universe began from a primeval-atom [1] which was later ironically nicknamed by Hoyle “Big Bang” in a BBC broadcast in 1949 [2]. From general relativity, Einstein proposed a cosmological model [3] with a spatially finite universe. He assumed a uniform distribution of matter in a huge 4-D sphere. Even if his equations were showing that the universe was either contracting or expanding, Einstein introduced the “cosmological constant” in his equation to force the universe to be static (being consistent with the general way of thinking of his time). In 1929, from observations of galaxies, Hubble found that the universe was expanding. From that moment, Einstein discarded his cosmological constant as an unnecessary fudge factor. Many cosmological models have been built over time. Each of them excels in explaining some aspects of the universe. We consider that the global topology of the universe is not known, but making the assumptions that it is relatively homogenous and isotropic, its extrapolated local topology leads us to some global “apparent” parameters. From our new cosmological model, we calculate the main parameters of the universe which are its apparent mass mu, its apparent curving radius Ru, its apparent age Tu and the “quantum of speed” εv. The quantum of speed is a new notion in physics. It is the smallest speed increment that may exist. For metrology purposes, we calculate these parameters from the most precise physics’ parameters available.
