采用问卷法对西安市部分入托儿童的行为、气质结构以及它们与生长环境之间的相互关系进行探讨。发现:①2～3岁儿童的气质类型以 E 和 I—E 型居多。②2～3岁儿童行为障碍的发生率是12.7%,社会退缩及攻击行为相对较多。③行为障碍发生率...采用问卷法对西安市部分入托儿童的行为、气质结构以及它们与生长环境之间的相互关系进行探讨。发现:①2～3岁儿童的气质类型以 E 和 I—E 型居多。②2～3岁儿童行为障碍的发生率是12.7%,社会退缩及攻击行为相对较多。③行为障碍发生率及气质分类与性别无关。④仅以行为总分异常与否诊断行为障碍是很不合适的。⑤气质特征、环境因素对儿童行为均有显著影响,气质的影响相对较大,在环境因素中,教育方法是影响儿童行为的主要因素。⑥在制定儿童异常行为和心理障碍的干预措施时,应认真考虑儿童的气质特征;幼教工作也应针对儿童的气质特征制定相应的教育方案。展开更多
Background Anxiety and fear frequently causes an aversion to applying a face mask and increases difficulty during pediatric induction. There is at present little study of this problem. Therefore, the aim of this study...Background Anxiety and fear frequently causes an aversion to applying a face mask and increases difficulty during pediatric induction. There is at present little study of this problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of mask preconditioning and midazolam pretreatment on mask acceptance during pediatric induction and on postoperative mask fear. Methods One hundred and sixty children were randomly assigned into four groups： the mask preconditioning group （MaG）, the midazolam pretreatment group （MiG）, the mask/midazolam combination group （Ma/MiG）, and the saline group （SAG）. The Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale （m-YPAS） was employed to assess the anxiety in the operation room （OR）. A Mask Acceptance Score （MAS） was measured during inhalational induction and the incidence of mask fear （MAS 〈2） was evaluated postoperatively. Results The MaG and Ma/MiG groups had the highest mask acceptance scores but there were no differences between these two groups （P 〈0.05）. The average anxiety level of children entering the OR was much lower in the MaG and Ma/MiG groups than in the SaG group （P 〈0.05）. During induction, the anxiety level increased in the SaG and MaG groups but decreased in the MiG and Ma/MiG groups （P 〈0.05）. At the postoperative third day, the incidence of mask fears was as high as 23% in the SaG group, 15% in the MiG group, but only 2.5% in the MaG and Ma/MiG groups. Conclusions The single use of mask preconditioning has a better influence than midazolam for increasing mask acceptance during inhalational induction and reducing postoperative mask fear, reducing the anxiety level during induction, improving induction compliance and shortening the total mask time. A mask preconditioning and midazolam combination did not increase mask acceptance during inhalational induction, reduce mask fears postoperatively, improve induction compliance, nor shorten the total mask time. But it can better reduce the anxie展开更多
文摘采用问卷法对西安市部分入托儿童的行为、气质结构以及它们与生长环境之间的相互关系进行探讨。发现:①2～3岁儿童的气质类型以 E 和 I—E 型居多。②2～3岁儿童行为障碍的发生率是12.7%,社会退缩及攻击行为相对较多。③行为障碍发生率及气质分类与性别无关。④仅以行为总分异常与否诊断行为障碍是很不合适的。⑤气质特征、环境因素对儿童行为均有显著影响,气质的影响相对较大,在环境因素中,教育方法是影响儿童行为的主要因素。⑥在制定儿童异常行为和心理障碍的干预措施时,应认真考虑儿童的气质特征;幼教工作也应针对儿童的气质特征制定相应的教育方案。
文摘Background Anxiety and fear frequently causes an aversion to applying a face mask and increases difficulty during pediatric induction. There is at present little study of this problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of mask preconditioning and midazolam pretreatment on mask acceptance during pediatric induction and on postoperative mask fear. Methods One hundred and sixty children were randomly assigned into four groups： the mask preconditioning group （MaG）, the midazolam pretreatment group （MiG）, the mask/midazolam combination group （Ma/MiG）, and the saline group （SAG）. The Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale （m-YPAS） was employed to assess the anxiety in the operation room （OR）. A Mask Acceptance Score （MAS） was measured during inhalational induction and the incidence of mask fear （MAS 〈2） was evaluated postoperatively. Results The MaG and Ma/MiG groups had the highest mask acceptance scores but there were no differences between these two groups （P 〈0.05）. The average anxiety level of children entering the OR was much lower in the MaG and Ma/MiG groups than in the SaG group （P 〈0.05）. During induction, the anxiety level increased in the SaG and MaG groups but decreased in the MiG and Ma/MiG groups （P 〈0.05）. At the postoperative third day, the incidence of mask fears was as high as 23% in the SaG group, 15% in the MiG group, but only 2.5% in the MaG and Ma/MiG groups. Conclusions The single use of mask preconditioning has a better influence than midazolam for increasing mask acceptance during inhalational induction and reducing postoperative mask fear, reducing the anxiety level during induction, improving induction compliance and shortening the total mask time. A mask preconditioning and midazolam combination did not increase mask acceptance during inhalational induction, reduce mask fears postoperatively, improve induction compliance, nor shorten the total mask time. But it can better reduce the anxie
