A system of systems(SoS)composes a set of independent constituent systems(CSs),where the degree of authority to control the independence of CSs varies,depending on different SoS types.Key researchers describe four SoS...A system of systems(SoS)composes a set of independent constituent systems(CSs),where the degree of authority to control the independence of CSs varies,depending on different SoS types.Key researchers describe four SoS types with descending levels of central authority:directed,acknowledged,collaborative and virtual.Although the definitions have been recognized in SoS engineering,what is challenging is the difficulty of translating these definitions into models and simulation environments.Thus,we provide a goal-based method including a mathematical baseline to translate these definitions into more effective agent-based modeling and simulations.First,we construct the theoretical models of CS and SoS.Based on the theoretical models,we analyze the degree of authority influenced by SoS characteristics.Next,we propose a definition of SoS types by quantitatively explaining the degree of authority.Finally,we recognize the differences between acknowledged SoS and collaborative SoS using a migrating waterfowl flock by an agentbased model(ABM)simulation.This paper contributes to the SoS body of knowledge by increasing our understanding of the degree of authority in an SoS,so we may identify suitable SoS types to achieve SoS goals by modeling and simulation.展开更多
For the rapidly developing unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)swarm,the system-of-systems(SoS)oriented design is a prospective conceptual design methodology due to the competence for complex mission requirements and subsyste...For the rapidly developing unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)swarm,the system-of-systems(SoS)oriented design is a prospective conceptual design methodology due to the competence for complex mission requirements and subsystems interactions.In the SoS oriented design,the subsystems performance trade-off is the basis of design decisions.In the trade-off for surveillance missions,most previous works do not consider track reporting and mainly focus on the design of platforms.An improved method for the subsystems performance trade-off in the SoS oriented UAV swarm design is proposed.Within an improved design framework with subsystems disaggregation,this method is characterized by treating platforms,sensors,and communications as equally important subsystems,integrating operational strategies into the trade-off,and enabling the trade-off for track reporting.Those advantages are achieved by a behavior-based modular model structure for agent-based operational modeling and simulation.In addition,a method of analyzing the bounds of the communication range is also presented.Simulation experiments are conducted by using precision-based simulation replication rules and surrogate modeling methods.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method,and show that the configuration of area partitioning changes the trade space of subsystems performances,indicating the necessity of integrating operational strategies into the conceptual design.展开更多
The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly d...The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly determined by the expert with experience. This paper proposed a brand-new method to construct indicator systems based on the repeated simulation of the scenario space, and calculated by quantitative data. Firstly, the selection of key indicators using the Gini indicator importance measure(IIM)is calculated by random forests(RFs). Then, principal component analysis(PCA) is applied when we use the selected indicators to construct the composite indicator system of SoS. Furthermore,a set of rulesare is developed to verify the practicability of the indicator system such as correlation, robustness, accuracy and convergence. Experiment shows that the algorithm achieves good results for the construction of composite indicators of So S.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(61873236)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ21F020003,LY18F030001)the Civil Aerospace Pre-research Project(D020101).
文摘A system of systems(SoS)composes a set of independent constituent systems(CSs),where the degree of authority to control the independence of CSs varies,depending on different SoS types.Key researchers describe four SoS types with descending levels of central authority:directed,acknowledged,collaborative and virtual.Although the definitions have been recognized in SoS engineering,what is challenging is the difficulty of translating these definitions into models and simulation environments.Thus,we provide a goal-based method including a mathematical baseline to translate these definitions into more effective agent-based modeling and simulations.First,we construct the theoretical models of CS and SoS.Based on the theoretical models,we analyze the degree of authority influenced by SoS characteristics.Next,we propose a definition of SoS types by quantitatively explaining the degree of authority.Finally,we recognize the differences between acknowledged SoS and collaborative SoS using a migrating waterfowl flock by an agentbased model(ABM)simulation.This paper contributes to the SoS body of knowledge by increasing our understanding of the degree of authority in an SoS,so we may identify suitable SoS types to achieve SoS goals by modeling and simulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11872314)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB1300102)
文摘For the rapidly developing unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)swarm,the system-of-systems(SoS)oriented design is a prospective conceptual design methodology due to the competence for complex mission requirements and subsystems interactions.In the SoS oriented design,the subsystems performance trade-off is the basis of design decisions.In the trade-off for surveillance missions,most previous works do not consider track reporting and mainly focus on the design of platforms.An improved method for the subsystems performance trade-off in the SoS oriented UAV swarm design is proposed.Within an improved design framework with subsystems disaggregation,this method is characterized by treating platforms,sensors,and communications as equally important subsystems,integrating operational strategies into the trade-off,and enabling the trade-off for track reporting.Those advantages are achieved by a behavior-based modular model structure for agent-based operational modeling and simulation.In addition,a method of analyzing the bounds of the communication range is also presented.Simulation experiments are conducted by using precision-based simulation replication rules and surrogate modeling methods.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method,and show that the configuration of area partitioning changes the trade space of subsystems performances,indicating the necessity of integrating operational strategies into the conceptual design.
基金supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1435218)National Natural Science Foundation of China(6140340171401168)
文摘The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly determined by the expert with experience. This paper proposed a brand-new method to construct indicator systems based on the repeated simulation of the scenario space, and calculated by quantitative data. Firstly, the selection of key indicators using the Gini indicator importance measure(IIM)is calculated by random forests(RFs). Then, principal component analysis(PCA) is applied when we use the selected indicators to construct the composite indicator system of SoS. Furthermore,a set of rulesare is developed to verify the practicability of the indicator system such as correlation, robustness, accuracy and convergence. Experiment shows that the algorithm achieves good results for the construction of composite indicators of So S.
