Dielectric elastomers(DEs)have emerged as one of the most promising artificial muscle technologies,due to their exceptional properties such as large actuation strain,fast response,high energy density,and flexible proc...Dielectric elastomers(DEs)have emerged as one of the most promising artificial muscle technologies,due to their exceptional properties such as large actuation strain,fast response,high energy density,and flexible processibility for various configurations.Over the past two decades,researchers have been working on developing DE materials with improved properties and exploring innovative applications of dielectric elastomer actuators(DEAs).This review article focuses on two main topics:recent material innovation of DEs and development of multilayer stacking processes for DEAs,which are important to promoting commercialization of DEs.It begins by explaining the working principle of a DEA.Then,recently developed strategies for preparing new DE materials are introduced,including reducing mechanical stiffness,increasing dielectric permittivity,suppressing viscoelasticity loss,and mitigating electromechanical instability without pre-stretching.In the next section,different multilayer stacking methods for fabricating multilayer DEAs are discussed,including conventional dry stacking,wet stacking,a novel dry stacking method,and micro-fabrication-enabled stacking techniques.This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent developments in high-performance DE materials and multilayer stacking methods.It highlights the progress made in the field and also discusses potential future directions for further advancements.展开更多
Ammonia is a commodity chemical with high added value.Electrochemical reduction of nitrogen has great promise for the sustainable synthesis of ammonia in recent vears.Because of its rich resources and unique electroni...Ammonia is a commodity chemical with high added value.Electrochemical reduction of nitrogen has great promise for the sustainable synthesis of ammonia in recent vears.Because of its rich resources and unique electronic structure and characteristics,2D transition metal compounds have been used as electrocatalysts for electro-chemical reduction of nitrogen for clean and sustainable production of ammonia,This review outlines the latest development in the use of 2D transition metal compounds as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction.reaction(NRR).First,we introduce the N,reduction mechanism,and briefly summarize the performance indicators ofthe catalyst.Then,we focused on the functionalization of unique 2D materials to design high-performance 2D electrocatalysts in respect of simulation calculation and experimental development.Finally,the current challenges and future opportunities for NRR electrocatalvsts are introduced.展开更多
以柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇为原料,用结晶硫酸高铈为催化剂合成环保增塑剂柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,硫酸高铈催化合...以柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇为原料,用结晶硫酸高铈为催化剂合成环保增塑剂柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,硫酸高铈催化合成柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯的最佳反应条件为n（2-乙基已醇）∶n（柠檬酸）=3.60∶1,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.5%,反应时间为90 m in,反应温度为150℃～160℃,在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯收率在98%以上。展开更多
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.T229722).
文摘Dielectric elastomers(DEs)have emerged as one of the most promising artificial muscle technologies,due to their exceptional properties such as large actuation strain,fast response,high energy density,and flexible processibility for various configurations.Over the past two decades,researchers have been working on developing DE materials with improved properties and exploring innovative applications of dielectric elastomer actuators(DEAs).This review article focuses on two main topics:recent material innovation of DEs and development of multilayer stacking processes for DEAs,which are important to promoting commercialization of DEs.It begins by explaining the working principle of a DEA.Then,recently developed strategies for preparing new DE materials are introduced,including reducing mechanical stiffness,increasing dielectric permittivity,suppressing viscoelasticity loss,and mitigating electromechanical instability without pre-stretching.In the next section,different multilayer stacking methods for fabricating multilayer DEAs are discussed,including conventional dry stacking,wet stacking,a novel dry stacking method,and micro-fabrication-enabled stacking techniques.This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent developments in high-performance DE materials and multilayer stacking methods.It highlights the progress made in the field and also discusses potential future directions for further advancements.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia,China(No.2018AAC03012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21765016)+1 种基金the Ningxia Leading Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents Project.China(No.KJT2018002)the National First-rate Discipline Project of Ningxia,China(NXYLXK2017404)。
文摘Ammonia is a commodity chemical with high added value.Electrochemical reduction of nitrogen has great promise for the sustainable synthesis of ammonia in recent vears.Because of its rich resources and unique electronic structure and characteristics,2D transition metal compounds have been used as electrocatalysts for electro-chemical reduction of nitrogen for clean and sustainable production of ammonia,This review outlines the latest development in the use of 2D transition metal compounds as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction.reaction(NRR).First,we introduce the N,reduction mechanism,and briefly summarize the performance indicators ofthe catalyst.Then,we focused on the functionalization of unique 2D materials to design high-performance 2D electrocatalysts in respect of simulation calculation and experimental development.Finally,the current challenges and future opportunities for NRR electrocatalvsts are introduced.
文摘以柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇为原料,用结晶硫酸高铈为催化剂合成环保增塑剂柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,硫酸高铈催化合成柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯的最佳反应条件为n（2-乙基已醇）∶n（柠檬酸）=3.60∶1,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.5%,反应时间为90 m in,反应温度为150℃～160℃,在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三（2-乙基）己酯收率在98%以上。
