Plant take up the essential nutrient sulfur as sulfate from the soil, reduce it, and assimilate into bioorganic compounds, with cysteine being the first product. Both sulfate uptake and assimilation are highly regulat...Plant take up the essential nutrient sulfur as sulfate from the soil, reduce it, and assimilate into bioorganic compounds, with cysteine being the first product. Both sulfate uptake and assimilation are highly regulated by the demand for the reduced sulfur, by availability of nutrients, and by environmental conditions. In the last decade, great prog- ress has been achieved in dissecting the regulation of sulfur metabolism. Sulfate uptake and reduction of activated sulfate, adenosine 5＇-phosphosulfate （APS）, to sulfite by APS reductase appear to be the key regulatory steps. Here, we review the current knowledge on regulation of these processes, with special attention given to similarities and differences.展开更多
Sulfate uptake and distribution in plants are managed by the differential expression of a family of transporters, developmentally, spatially, and in response to sulfur nutrition. Elucidation of the signaling pathways ...Sulfate uptake and distribution in plants are managed by the differential expression of a family of transporters, developmentally, spatially, and in response to sulfur nutrition. Elucidation of the signaling pathways involved requires a knowledge of the component parts and their interactions. Here, the expression patterns of the full complement of sulfate transporters in wheat, as influenced by development and sulfur nutrition, are described. The 10 wheat sulfate transporters characterized here are compared to the gene families for both rice and Brachypodium, for whom full genome information is available. Expression is reported in young seedlings with a focus on roles in uptake from nutrient solution and differential expression in relation to sulfate deprivation. In addition, patterns of expression in all organs at the grain filling stage are reported and indicate differential responses to nutritional signals of the individual transporters in specific tissues and an overall coordination of uptake, storage, and remobilization to deliver sulfur to the developing grain.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted wide attention for their high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides and the insulation of active mat...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted wide attention for their high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides and the insulation of active materials severely restrict the development of Li-S batteries.Constructing conductive sulfur scaffolds with catalytic conversion capability for cathodes is an efficient approach to solving above issues.Vanadium-based compounds and their heterostructures have recently emerged as functional sulfur catalysts supported on conductive scaffolds.These compounds interact with polysulfides via different mechanisms to alleviate the shuttle effect and accelerate the redox kinetics,leading to higher Coulombic efficiency and enhanced sulfur utilization.Reports on vanadium-based nanomaterials in Li-S batteries have been steadily increasing over the past several years.In this review,first,we provide an overview of the synthesis of vanadium-based compounds and heterostructures.Then,we discuss the interactions and constitutive relationships between vanadium-based catalysts and polysulfides formed at sulfur cathodes.We summarize the mechanisms that contribute to the enhancement of electrochemical performance for various types of vanadium-based catalysts,thus providing insights for the rational design of sulfur catalysts.Finally,we offer a perspective on the future directions for the research and development of vanadium-based sulfur catalysts.展开更多
Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have attracted increasing concerns in electrocatalysis because of their maximal metal atom utilization,distinctive electronic properties,and catalytic performance.However,the isolated single...Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have attracted increasing concerns in electrocatalysis because of their maximal metal atom utilization,distinctive electronic properties,and catalytic performance.However,the isolated single sites are disadvantageous for reactions that require simultaneously activating different reactants/intermediates.Fully exposed metal cluster catalyst(FECC),inheriting the merits of SACs and metallic nanoparticles,can synergistically adsorb and activate reactants/intermediates on their multi-atomic sites,demonstrating great promise in electrocatalytic reactions.Here a facile method to regulate the atomic dispersion of Ni species from cluster to single-atom scale for efficient CO_(2) reduction was developed.The obtained Ni FECC exhibits high Faradaic efficiency of CO up to 99%,high CO partial current density of 347.2 mA cm^(−2),and robust durability under 20 h electrolysis.Theoretical calculations illuminate that the ensemble of multiple Ni atoms regulated by sulfur atoms accelerates the reaction kinetics and thus improves CO production.展开更多
The Permian coal in southwest China contains highest sulfur among the Chinese coal .Compositional variations of sumir in coal are mainly controlled by palaogeographital environmentsduring peat accumulation. High organ...The Permian coal in southwest China contains highest sulfur among the Chinese coal .Compositional variations of sumir in coal are mainly controlled by palaogeographital environmentsduring peat accumulation. High organic sulfur coal is formed in peat swamp developing in tidal flat of limited carbonate platform, and it is provided with especial petrologital and geochemical characteristics, and its organoschr-containing compounds are mainly thiophene series. The macroscopitaland microscopical shapes or types of pyrites in Late Permisn coal are diversined. Bituminous coal and anthracite are diamagnetic, but the pyrites are paramagnetic. The magnetic susceptibility oftbe pyrites is depended on the content of paramagnatic elements associnted with pyrites.展开更多
Metal-sulfur battery,which provides considerable high energy density at a low cost,is an appealing energy-storage technology for future long-range electric vehicles and large-scale power grids.One major challenge of m...Metal-sulfur battery,which provides considerable high energy density at a low cost,is an appealing energy-storage technology for future long-range electric vehicles and large-scale power grids.One major challenge of metal-sulfur batteries is their long-term cycling stability,which is significantly deteriorated by the generation of various soluble polysulfide intermediates and the shuttling of these intermediates through the separator.Furthermore,the intrinsically sluggish reaction kinetics associated with the poor conductivity of sulfur/sulfides family causes a large polarization in cycle behavior,which further deteriorates the electrode rechargeability.To solve these problems,the research communities have spent a great amount of effort on designing smart cathodes to delicately tailor the physiochemical interaction between the sulfur hosts and polysulfides.Here,we summarize the key progress in the development of two-dimensional(2D)host materials showing advantageous tunability of their physiochemical properties through coordination control methods such as defect engineering,heteroatom doping,heterostructure,and phase and interface engineering.Accordingly,we discuss the mechanisms of polysulfide anchoring and catalyzing upon specific coordination environment in conjunction with possible structure-property relationships and theoretical analysis.This review will provide prospective fundamental guidance for future sulfur host design and beyond.展开更多
文摘Plant take up the essential nutrient sulfur as sulfate from the soil, reduce it, and assimilate into bioorganic compounds, with cysteine being the first product. Both sulfate uptake and assimilation are highly regulated by the demand for the reduced sulfur, by availability of nutrients, and by environmental conditions. In the last decade, great prog- ress has been achieved in dissecting the regulation of sulfur metabolism. Sulfate uptake and reduction of activated sulfate, adenosine 5＇-phosphosulfate （APS）, to sulfite by APS reductase appear to be the key regulatory steps. Here, we review the current knowledge on regulation of these processes, with special attention given to similarities and differences.
文摘Sulfate uptake and distribution in plants are managed by the differential expression of a family of transporters, developmentally, spatially, and in response to sulfur nutrition. Elucidation of the signaling pathways involved requires a knowledge of the component parts and their interactions. Here, the expression patterns of the full complement of sulfate transporters in wheat, as influenced by development and sulfur nutrition, are described. The 10 wheat sulfate transporters characterized here are compared to the gene families for both rice and Brachypodium, for whom full genome information is available. Expression is reported in young seedlings with a focus on roles in uptake from nutrient solution and differential expression in relation to sulfate deprivation. In addition, patterns of expression in all organs at the grain filling stage are reported and indicate differential responses to nutritional signals of the individual transporters in specific tissues and an overall coordination of uptake, storage, and remobilization to deliver sulfur to the developing grain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51962002)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2022GXNSFAA035463)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB2404402)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted wide attention for their high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides and the insulation of active materials severely restrict the development of Li-S batteries.Constructing conductive sulfur scaffolds with catalytic conversion capability for cathodes is an efficient approach to solving above issues.Vanadium-based compounds and their heterostructures have recently emerged as functional sulfur catalysts supported on conductive scaffolds.These compounds interact with polysulfides via different mechanisms to alleviate the shuttle effect and accelerate the redox kinetics,leading to higher Coulombic efficiency and enhanced sulfur utilization.Reports on vanadium-based nanomaterials in Li-S batteries have been steadily increasing over the past several years.In this review,first,we provide an overview of the synthesis of vanadium-based compounds and heterostructures.Then,we discuss the interactions and constitutive relationships between vanadium-based catalysts and polysulfides formed at sulfur cathodes.We summarize the mechanisms that contribute to the enhancement of electrochemical performance for various types of vanadium-based catalysts,thus providing insights for the rational design of sulfur catalysts.Finally,we offer a perspective on the future directions for the research and development of vanadium-based sulfur catalysts.
基金funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(Germany)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFB1505603)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51925102)Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRW-CN-2021-3)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(E1202002)。
文摘Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have attracted increasing concerns in electrocatalysis because of their maximal metal atom utilization,distinctive electronic properties,and catalytic performance.However,the isolated single sites are disadvantageous for reactions that require simultaneously activating different reactants/intermediates.Fully exposed metal cluster catalyst(FECC),inheriting the merits of SACs and metallic nanoparticles,can synergistically adsorb and activate reactants/intermediates on their multi-atomic sites,demonstrating great promise in electrocatalytic reactions.Here a facile method to regulate the atomic dispersion of Ni species from cluster to single-atom scale for efficient CO_(2) reduction was developed.The obtained Ni FECC exhibits high Faradaic efficiency of CO up to 99%,high CO partial current density of 347.2 mA cm^(−2),and robust durability under 20 h electrolysis.Theoretical calculations illuminate that the ensemble of multiple Ni atoms regulated by sulfur atoms accelerates the reaction kinetics and thus improves CO production.
文摘The Permian coal in southwest China contains highest sulfur among the Chinese coal .Compositional variations of sumir in coal are mainly controlled by palaogeographital environmentsduring peat accumulation. High organic sulfur coal is formed in peat swamp developing in tidal flat of limited carbonate platform, and it is provided with especial petrologital and geochemical characteristics, and its organoschr-containing compounds are mainly thiophene series. The macroscopitaland microscopical shapes or types of pyrites in Late Permisn coal are diversined. Bituminous coal and anthracite are diamagnetic, but the pyrites are paramagnetic. The magnetic susceptibility oftbe pyrites is depended on the content of paramagnatic elements associnted with pyrites.
基金support from the Science and Technology Bureau of Huangpu District(No.2020GH03)the Innovation and Technology-Fund Partnership Research Programme(No.PRP/055/21FX)+2 种基金Innovation and Technology Fund-Gong Hong Kong Technology Cooperation Funding Scheme(No.GHP/047/20GD)Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices(GDSTC No.2019B121205001)Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center.
文摘Metal-sulfur battery,which provides considerable high energy density at a low cost,is an appealing energy-storage technology for future long-range electric vehicles and large-scale power grids.One major challenge of metal-sulfur batteries is their long-term cycling stability,which is significantly deteriorated by the generation of various soluble polysulfide intermediates and the shuttling of these intermediates through the separator.Furthermore,the intrinsically sluggish reaction kinetics associated with the poor conductivity of sulfur/sulfides family causes a large polarization in cycle behavior,which further deteriorates the electrode rechargeability.To solve these problems,the research communities have spent a great amount of effort on designing smart cathodes to delicately tailor the physiochemical interaction between the sulfur hosts and polysulfides.Here,we summarize the key progress in the development of two-dimensional(2D)host materials showing advantageous tunability of their physiochemical properties through coordination control methods such as defect engineering,heteroatom doping,heterostructure,and phase and interface engineering.Accordingly,we discuss the mechanisms of polysulfide anchoring and catalyzing upon specific coordination environment in conjunction with possible structure-property relationships and theoretical analysis.This review will provide prospective fundamental guidance for future sulfur host design and beyond.
