By means of stress relaxation and strain-induced precipitation in deformed austenite, bainite with micron sheaves size was obtained in Nb-containing steel. Microstructures of deformed samples isothermally relaxed for ...By means of stress relaxation and strain-induced precipitation in deformed austenite, bainite with micron sheaves size was obtained in Nb-containing steel. Microstructures of deformed samples isothermally relaxed for various time followed by cooling in water were examined. Stress relaxation test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to detect precipitation of microalloy elements, such as Nb, Ti, during isothermal holding after deformation. All the samples were constituted by lath-like bainite along with acicular ferrite, but the size of bainitic sheaves and the amount of acicular ferrite were changed with relaxation time. To achieve optimum refinement, relaxation should be confined in the stage when the precipitates have sufficiently grown and started to coarsen. The sample having not undergone relaxation does not exhibit obvious refinement despite of its higher dislocation density. These results indicate that relaxation promotes bainite to refine, which is because deformed austenitic grains are divided by dislocation walls formed during relaxation and acicular ferrite formed before bainitic transformation.展开更多
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to investigate theevolution of dislocation configuration and strain induced precipitation behavior during relaxationprocess after deformation in Fe-Ni-Nb-Ti-C-B alloy...Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to investigate theevolution of dislocation configuration and strain induced precipitation behavior during relaxationprocess after deformation in Fe-Ni-Nb-Ti-C-B alloy. Experimental results indicate that thedislocation density is very high and distribute randornly before relaxation. As the relaxation timeincreasing, dislocation cells will form gradually by polygonization. The strain inducedprecipitation retards the progress. In the final relaxation stage, most dislocations get rid ofpinning of precipitates and the cells have developed into subgrains with large size.展开更多
Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and...Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and V or V-N microalloying. Vanadium dissolved in γ matrix restrains DIFT. During deformation, vanadium carbonitrides rapidly precipitate due to strain-induced precipitation, which causes decrease in vanadium dissolved in matrix and indirectly accelerates DIFT. Under heavy deformation, deformation induced ferrite （DIF） grains in V microalloyed steel were finer than those in V free steel. The more V added to steel, the finer DIF grains obtained. Moreover, the addition of N to V microalloyed steels can remarkably accelerate precipitation of V, and then promote DIFT. However, DIF grains in V-N microalloyed steel easily coarsen.展开更多
以热力学和动力学为基础,对Fe Nb C N系统在奥氏体中的析出行为进行模拟,预测了奥氏体在等温和冷却过程中的析出动力学,分析了变形工艺和冷却制度对碳氮化物析出体积分数、析出开始和结束时间等动力学参数的影响·结果表明,在900℃...以热力学和动力学为基础,对Fe Nb C N系统在奥氏体中的析出行为进行模拟,预测了奥氏体在等温和冷却过程中的析出动力学,分析了变形工艺和冷却制度对碳氮化物析出体积分数、析出开始和结束时间等动力学参数的影响·结果表明,在900℃左右的鼻子区,析出动力学过程明显加速;变形大大促进了碳氮化物的析出,缩短了析出的开始时间;随着冷却速率的增大,连续冷却析出的开始温度和结束温度均有所降低,并且析出变得越来越不充分·用该方法进行的计算机模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好·展开更多
Effects of lanthanum（La） as micro-alloying element on the hot deformation behaviour of the high strength Mn-Cr-Mo bainitic rail steel were investigated under a range of deformation conditions. The results indicate t...Effects of lanthanum（La） as micro-alloying element on the hot deformation behaviour of the high strength Mn-Cr-Mo bainitic rail steel were investigated under a range of deformation conditions. The results indicate that La increases the flow stress by 10-30 MPa through strengthening nanoscale strain induced precipitation（SIP） θ-（Fe,La）3 C during hot deformation. The hot deformation activation energy increases by 10-40 kJ/mol due to the ＂Zener effect＂ of SIP and the dynamic recrystallization（DRX） is retarded due to the competitive behaviour between SIP and DRX. Bainite plates in the DRX domain can be refined by adding La, resulting in the improvement of hot workability. The DRX domain with peak power dissipation efficiency of 52% is determined to be the optimal processing region for Mn-Cr-Mo-La bainitic rail steel.展开更多
文摘By means of stress relaxation and strain-induced precipitation in deformed austenite, bainite with micron sheaves size was obtained in Nb-containing steel. Microstructures of deformed samples isothermally relaxed for various time followed by cooling in water were examined. Stress relaxation test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to detect precipitation of microalloy elements, such as Nb, Ti, during isothermal holding after deformation. All the samples were constituted by lath-like bainite along with acicular ferrite, but the size of bainitic sheaves and the amount of acicular ferrite were changed with relaxation time. To achieve optimum refinement, relaxation should be confined in the stage when the precipitates have sufficiently grown and started to coarsen. The sample having not undergone relaxation does not exhibit obvious refinement despite of its higher dislocation density. These results indicate that relaxation promotes bainite to refine, which is because deformed austenitic grains are divided by dislocation walls formed during relaxation and acicular ferrite formed before bainitic transformation.
基金The work was financially supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China(No.G1998061507).]
文摘Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to investigate theevolution of dislocation configuration and strain induced precipitation behavior during relaxationprocess after deformation in Fe-Ni-Nb-Ti-C-B alloy. Experimental results indicate that thedislocation density is very high and distribute randornly before relaxation. As the relaxation timeincreasing, dislocation cells will form gradually by polygonization. The strain inducedprecipitation retards the progress. In the final relaxation stage, most dislocations get rid ofpinning of precipitates and the cells have developed into subgrains with large size.
文摘Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and V or V-N microalloying. Vanadium dissolved in γ matrix restrains DIFT. During deformation, vanadium carbonitrides rapidly precipitate due to strain-induced precipitation, which causes decrease in vanadium dissolved in matrix and indirectly accelerates DIFT. Under heavy deformation, deformation induced ferrite （DIF） grains in V microalloyed steel were finer than those in V free steel. The more V added to steel, the finer DIF grains obtained. Moreover, the addition of N to V microalloyed steels can remarkably accelerate precipitation of V, and then promote DIFT. However, DIF grains in V-N microalloyed steel easily coarsen.
文摘以热力学和动力学为基础,对Fe Nb C N系统在奥氏体中的析出行为进行模拟,预测了奥氏体在等温和冷却过程中的析出动力学,分析了变形工艺和冷却制度对碳氮化物析出体积分数、析出开始和结束时间等动力学参数的影响·结果表明,在900℃左右的鼻子区,析出动力学过程明显加速;变形大大促进了碳氮化物的析出,缩短了析出的开始时间;随着冷却速率的增大,连续冷却析出的开始温度和结束温度均有所降低,并且析出变得越来越不充分·用该方法进行的计算机模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好·
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51461034)
文摘Effects of lanthanum（La） as micro-alloying element on the hot deformation behaviour of the high strength Mn-Cr-Mo bainitic rail steel were investigated under a range of deformation conditions. The results indicate that La increases the flow stress by 10-30 MPa through strengthening nanoscale strain induced precipitation（SIP） θ-（Fe,La）3 C during hot deformation. The hot deformation activation energy increases by 10-40 kJ/mol due to the ＂Zener effect＂ of SIP and the dynamic recrystallization（DRX） is retarded due to the competitive behaviour between SIP and DRX. Bainite plates in the DRX domain can be refined by adding La, resulting in the improvement of hot workability. The DRX domain with peak power dissipation efficiency of 52% is determined to be the optimal processing region for Mn-Cr-Mo-La bainitic rail steel.
