Biomass yields and concentrations of crude protein（CP）, ether extract（EE）, neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF）, and crude fiber（CF） were analyzed for five cultivars of summer-sown maize（...Biomass yields and concentrations of crude protein（CP）, ether extract（EE）, neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF）, and crude fiber（CF） were analyzed for five cultivars of summer-sown maize（Zea mays L.） stover grown in field trials at three rates of N fertilization, and sampled immediately after grain harvest.The results revealed differences in yields and concentrations of nutrients according to stalk height and hence harvest portion among the cultivars.N application greatly increased biomass yield and CP, especially in upper stalks and to a lesser extent, EE.Concentrations of NDF and ADF decreased as N rate increased.The results show that stovers from all local popular maize cultivars are suitable as animal fodder and that moderate N application improves feed quality of stover.展开更多
Breeding of forage maize should combine improvement achieved for grain with the specific needs of forage hybrids. Production stability is important when maize is used for silage if the planting area is not in the idea...Breeding of forage maize should combine improvement achieved for grain with the specific needs of forage hybrids. Production stability is important when maize is used for silage if the planting area is not in the ideal agronomic environment. The objectives of the present research were:(i) to quantify environmental and genetic and their interaction effects on maize silage traits;(ii) to identify possible heterotic groups for forage aptitude and suggest the formation of potential heterotic patterns, and(iii) to identify suitable inbred line combinations for producing hybrids with forage aptitude. Forty-five hybrids derived from diallelic crosses(without reciprocals) among ten inbred lines of maize were evaluated in this study. Combined ANOVA over environments showed differences between genotypes(G), environments(E), and their interactions(GEI). Heritability(H2), and genotypic and phenotypic correlations were estimated to evaluate the variation in and relationships between forage traits. Postdictive and predictive AMMI models were fitted to determine the importance of each source of variation, G, E, and GEI, and to select genotypes simultaneously on yield, quality and stability. A predominance of additive effects was found in the evaluated traits. The heterotic pattern Reid-BSSS × Argentine flint was confirmed for ear yield(EY) and harvest index(HI). High and broad genetic variation was found for stover and whole plant traits. Some inbred lines had genes with differential breeding aptitude for ear and stover. Stover and ear yield should be the main breeding objectives in maize forage breeding.展开更多
Reducing the particle size of biomass is of great significance for rational and efficient utilization of biomass.In this study,maize grain,stover,and cob were comminuted at different speeds(2000-2800 r/min)by hammer m...Reducing the particle size of biomass is of great significance for rational and efficient utilization of biomass.In this study,maize grain,stover,and cob were comminuted at different speeds(2000-2800 r/min)by hammer mill with a mesh size of 2.8 mm.The mechanical energy for smashing three selected samples was obtained directly through the sensor and data testing system.Experimental results demonstrated that the maize cob had the highest total specific energy while the maize grain had the lowest(135.83-181.10 kW·h/t and 27.08-36.23 kW·h/t,respectively).In addition,for the same material,higher hammer mill speed generated more specific energy consumption.And the effective specific energy of maize stover had a similar trend to the total specific one.However,the effective specific grinding energy of maize cob and grain increased initially and then decreased with the increase of rotating speed.The fitting curves of the specific energy to mill speeds were determined,and the range of determination coefficients of the regression equation was 0.933-0.996.Particle size distribution curves were drawn by sieving the pulverized particles of the three samples based on a series of standard sieves.Fourteen relevant parameters characterizing the particle size distribution were calculated according to the screening data.Calculation results demonstrated that larger rotational speed leads to smaller particle sizes.Combining the size parameters,distribution parameters,and shape parameters,it was found that the distributions of the three samples all exhibit a distribution of“well-graded fine-skewed mesokurtic”.The Rosin-Rammler function was considered to be suitable for characterizing the particle size distribution of maize grain,stover,and cob particles with a coefficient of determination between 0.930 and 0.992.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD14B07-01 and 2012BAD14B07-02)
文摘Biomass yields and concentrations of crude protein（CP）, ether extract（EE）, neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF）, and crude fiber（CF） were analyzed for five cultivars of summer-sown maize（Zea mays L.） stover grown in field trials at three rates of N fertilization, and sampled immediately after grain harvest.The results revealed differences in yields and concentrations of nutrients according to stalk height and hence harvest portion among the cultivars.N application greatly increased biomass yield and CP, especially in upper stalks and to a lesser extent, EE.Concentrations of NDF and ADF decreased as N rate increased.The results show that stovers from all local popular maize cultivars are suitable as animal fodder and that moderate N application improves feed quality of stover.
文摘Breeding of forage maize should combine improvement achieved for grain with the specific needs of forage hybrids. Production stability is important when maize is used for silage if the planting area is not in the ideal agronomic environment. The objectives of the present research were:(i) to quantify environmental and genetic and their interaction effects on maize silage traits;(ii) to identify possible heterotic groups for forage aptitude and suggest the formation of potential heterotic patterns, and(iii) to identify suitable inbred line combinations for producing hybrids with forage aptitude. Forty-five hybrids derived from diallelic crosses(without reciprocals) among ten inbred lines of maize were evaluated in this study. Combined ANOVA over environments showed differences between genotypes(G), environments(E), and their interactions(GEI). Heritability(H2), and genotypic and phenotypic correlations were estimated to evaluate the variation in and relationships between forage traits. Postdictive and predictive AMMI models were fitted to determine the importance of each source of variation, G, E, and GEI, and to select genotypes simultaneously on yield, quality and stability. A predominance of additive effects was found in the evaluated traits. The heterotic pattern Reid-BSSS × Argentine flint was confirmed for ear yield(EY) and harvest index(HI). High and broad genetic variation was found for stover and whole plant traits. Some inbred lines had genes with differential breeding aptitude for ear and stover. Stover and ear yield should be the main breeding objectives in maize forage breeding.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705193)as well as the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(20170204016NY).
文摘Reducing the particle size of biomass is of great significance for rational and efficient utilization of biomass.In this study,maize grain,stover,and cob were comminuted at different speeds(2000-2800 r/min)by hammer mill with a mesh size of 2.8 mm.The mechanical energy for smashing three selected samples was obtained directly through the sensor and data testing system.Experimental results demonstrated that the maize cob had the highest total specific energy while the maize grain had the lowest(135.83-181.10 kW·h/t and 27.08-36.23 kW·h/t,respectively).In addition,for the same material,higher hammer mill speed generated more specific energy consumption.And the effective specific energy of maize stover had a similar trend to the total specific one.However,the effective specific grinding energy of maize cob and grain increased initially and then decreased with the increase of rotating speed.The fitting curves of the specific energy to mill speeds were determined,and the range of determination coefficients of the regression equation was 0.933-0.996.Particle size distribution curves were drawn by sieving the pulverized particles of the three samples based on a series of standard sieves.Fourteen relevant parameters characterizing the particle size distribution were calculated according to the screening data.Calculation results demonstrated that larger rotational speed leads to smaller particle sizes.Combining the size parameters,distribution parameters,and shape parameters,it was found that the distributions of the three samples all exhibit a distribution of“well-graded fine-skewed mesokurtic”.The Rosin-Rammler function was considered to be suitable for characterizing the particle size distribution of maize grain,stover,and cob particles with a coefficient of determination between 0.930 and 0.992.
