Renewable portfolio standard （RPS） schedule requires a specified percentage of renewable electricity development by a specified date, and therefore directly determines the pace of renewable electricity in one area. ...Renewable portfolio standard （RPS） schedule requires a specified percentage of renewable electricity development by a specified date, and therefore directly determines the pace of renewable electricity in one area. The article aims to explore the ways the natural resource endowment and population characteristic affect the adoption of a RPS schedule. We used logistic regression to analyze the data of RPS dynamic schedules of 29 states and Washington, D.C. in the United States. Results show that local renewable potential and the interaction performance between citizen ideology and the league of conversation voters scoreboard are main factors affecting the choice of an RPS schedule, and the effect of the interaction performance between citizen ideology and LCV scoreboard has a higher significance. The finding suggests that strategies for developing renewable energy should be based on resources rather than economical level, and nublic education for environmental protection should be emphasized.展开更多
为能够实现对水利大坝工程施工期进度的全程实时动态监控,在工业基础分类标准(industry foundation classes,IFC)应用下,完成基于IFC标准的水利大坝工程施工期进度成本信息模型建构。在建构过程中,从施工进度和成本信息组织、表达视域着...为能够实现对水利大坝工程施工期进度的全程实时动态监控,在工业基础分类标准(industry foundation classes,IFC)应用下,完成基于IFC标准的水利大坝工程施工期进度成本信息模型建构。在建构过程中,从施工进度和成本信息组织、表达视域着手,以能够实现对不同施工构件实体定义以及工程属性集的完善,在属性信息调用过程中获取工程施工顺序、工期以及成本等相关信息。结合实际案例发现,模型在实际应用中,可以实现对水利大坝工程施工期进度和成本控制的全面掌握,进而显著提升工程管理质量,可为工程施工监督管理提供重要依据。展开更多
Based on the empirical analysis of data contained in the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group （ISBSG） repository, this paper presents software engineering project duration models based on project effo...Based on the empirical analysis of data contained in the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group （ISBSG） repository, this paper presents software engineering project duration models based on project effort. Duration models are built for the entire dataset and for subsets of projects developed for personal computer, mid-range and mainframe platforms. Duration models are also constructed for projects requiring fewer than 400 person-hours of effort and for projects requiring more than 400 person-hours of effort. The usefulness of adding the maximum number of assigned resources as a second independent variable to explain duration is also analyzed. The opportunity to build duration models directly from project functional size in function points is investigated as well.展开更多
Mobile stations supporting the 802.11u standard can access WLAN automatically when they are within the coverage of the network service provided by this WLAN. To achieve this goal, the stations need to keep “on” stat...Mobile stations supporting the 802.11u standard can access WLAN automatically when they are within the coverage of the network service provided by this WLAN. To achieve this goal, the stations need to keep “on” states includingidleandactiveall the time. However, studies have noted that the idleness of stations often lead to considerable power consumption. Although the conventional power saving mode (PSM) can provide energy saving effect to some extent, its own disadvantage leads to lower energy efficiency when the number of stations accessing the target WLAN. In this paper, we propose a Schedule-Aware PSM (S-PSM), which can improve the energy efficiency in 802.11u WLAN. Particularly, we use the Generic advertisement service (GAS) defined in 802.11u standard to broadcast the transmission schedule information and all stations switch off their radios based on this information accordingly. We introduce the Respond Contention Window to reduce the collision probability of competition channel. When there is no packet in the access point (AP), AP broadcasts the GAS frame and actives the Idle Timer. All stations will turn into sleep and AP will not send GAS frame until Idle Timer expires. Simulations have shown that our proposed scheme can significantly reduce power consumption compared with the conventional PSM.展开更多
文摘Renewable portfolio standard （RPS） schedule requires a specified percentage of renewable electricity development by a specified date, and therefore directly determines the pace of renewable electricity in one area. The article aims to explore the ways the natural resource endowment and population characteristic affect the adoption of a RPS schedule. We used logistic regression to analyze the data of RPS dynamic schedules of 29 states and Washington, D.C. in the United States. Results show that local renewable potential and the interaction performance between citizen ideology and the league of conversation voters scoreboard are main factors affecting the choice of an RPS schedule, and the effect of the interaction performance between citizen ideology and LCV scoreboard has a higher significance. The finding suggests that strategies for developing renewable energy should be based on resources rather than economical level, and nublic education for environmental protection should be emphasized.
文摘为能够实现对水利大坝工程施工期进度的全程实时动态监控,在工业基础分类标准(industry foundation classes,IFC)应用下,完成基于IFC标准的水利大坝工程施工期进度成本信息模型建构。在建构过程中,从施工进度和成本信息组织、表达视域着手,以能够实现对不同施工构件实体定义以及工程属性集的完善,在属性信息调用过程中获取工程施工顺序、工期以及成本等相关信息。结合实际案例发现,模型在实际应用中,可以实现对水利大坝工程施工期进度和成本控制的全面掌握,进而显著提升工程管理质量,可为工程施工监督管理提供重要依据。
基金Funding for this research was partially provided by Bell Canada and by the Vatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors
文摘Based on the empirical analysis of data contained in the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group （ISBSG） repository, this paper presents software engineering project duration models based on project effort. Duration models are built for the entire dataset and for subsets of projects developed for personal computer, mid-range and mainframe platforms. Duration models are also constructed for projects requiring fewer than 400 person-hours of effort and for projects requiring more than 400 person-hours of effort. The usefulness of adding the maximum number of assigned resources as a second independent variable to explain duration is also analyzed. The opportunity to build duration models directly from project functional size in function points is investigated as well.
文摘Mobile stations supporting the 802.11u standard can access WLAN automatically when they are within the coverage of the network service provided by this WLAN. To achieve this goal, the stations need to keep “on” states includingidleandactiveall the time. However, studies have noted that the idleness of stations often lead to considerable power consumption. Although the conventional power saving mode (PSM) can provide energy saving effect to some extent, its own disadvantage leads to lower energy efficiency when the number of stations accessing the target WLAN. In this paper, we propose a Schedule-Aware PSM (S-PSM), which can improve the energy efficiency in 802.11u WLAN. Particularly, we use the Generic advertisement service (GAS) defined in 802.11u standard to broadcast the transmission schedule information and all stations switch off their radios based on this information accordingly. We introduce the Respond Contention Window to reduce the collision probability of competition channel. When there is no packet in the access point (AP), AP broadcasts the GAS frame and actives the Idle Timer. All stations will turn into sleep and AP will not send GAS frame until Idle Timer expires. Simulations have shown that our proposed scheme can significantly reduce power consumption compared with the conventional PSM.
