Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a type of bizarre adverse drug reaction(ADR)damaging liver(L-ADR)which may lead to substantial hospitalizations and mortality.Due to the general low incidence,detection of L-ADR remai...Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a type of bizarre adverse drug reaction(ADR)damaging liver(L-ADR)which may lead to substantial hospitalizations and mortality.Due to the general low incidence,detection of L-ADR remains an unsolved public health challenge.Therefore,we used the data of 6.673 million of ADR reports from January 1st,2012 to December 31st,2016 in China National ADR Monitoring System to establish a new database of L-ADR reports for future investigation.Results showed that totally 114,357 ADR reports were retrieved by keywords searching of liver-related injuries from the original heterogeneous system.By cleaning and standardizing the data fields by the dictionary of synonyms and English translation,we resulted 94,593 ADR records reported to liver injury and then created a new database ready for computer mining.The reporting status of L-ADR showed a persistent 1.62-fold change over the past five years.The national population-adjusted reporting numbers of L-ADR manifested an upward trend with age increasing and more evident in men.The annual reporting rate of L-ADR in age group over 80 years old strikingly exceeded the annual DILI incidence rate in general population,despite known underreporting situation in spontaneous ADR reporting system.The percentage of herbal and traditional medicines(H/TM)L-ADR reports in the whole number was 4.5%,while 80.60%of the H/TM reports were new findings.There was great geographical disparity of reported agents,i.e.more cardiovascular and antineoplastic agents were reported in higher socio-demographic index(SDI)regions and more antimicrobials,especially antitubercular agents,were reported in lower SDI regions.In conclusion,this study presented a large-scale,unbiased,unified,and computer-minable L-ADR database for further investigation.Age-,sex-and SDI-related risks of L-ADR incidence warrant to emphasize the precise pharmacovigilance policies within China or other regions in the world.展开更多
医疗可及性和质量(healthcare access and quality index,HAQ)是反映医疗系统及时、有效地发现、管理、治疗从而避免疾病死亡能力的重要指标.本研究利用2015年全球疾病负担研究结果,比较2015年中国与全球主要国家的HAQ指数差异,同时分析...医疗可及性和质量(healthcare access and quality index,HAQ)是反映医疗系统及时、有效地发现、管理、治疗从而避免疾病死亡能力的重要指标.本研究利用2015年全球疾病负担研究结果,比较2015年中国与全球主要国家的HAQ指数差异,同时分析1990~2015年期间中国疾病间、省级行政区间HAQ指数及其变化幅度的差异.2015年中国HAQ指数为74.2分,高出全球平均水平20.5分;中国HAQ指数与其期望值仅相差1.2分,此差距远低于全球平均水平(20.1分).1990~2015年中国在呼吸系统疾病(上呼吸道感染、慢性呼吸系统疾病)、计划免疫性疾病(白喉、百日咳、破伤风和麻疹)、通过常规手术治愈的疾病(阑尾炎和腹股沟、股骨和腹部疝)、孕产妇疾病、缺血性心脏病和医疗副作用表现出较高的HAQ.2015年北京、澳门、上海等9个省级行政区的HAQ指数达到80分以上;西藏、青海、贵州、新疆和云南的HAQ指数最低;且处于高和中高社会人口发展水平的大部分省级行政区,其HAQ指数均高于其相应的期望值.1990~2015年中国HAQ指数增长49.30%,其中长幅最大的省级行政区为新疆、江西、云南和陕西,均超过55%;长幅最小的省级行政区为西藏、香港和澳门.研究表明,1990~2015年间,中国医疗可及性和质量有较大程度的提高,但在不同疾病领域、不同省级行政区表现出的医疗可及性和质量及其改善程度差异较大.展开更多
Background:Respiratory cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,but its statistics vary between the East and West.This study aimed to estimate the burdens of tracheal,bronchus,and lung(TBL)cancer...Background:Respiratory cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,but its statistics vary between the East and West.This study aimed to estimate the burdens of tracheal,bronchus,and lung(TBL)cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019 in Asia,and at regional and national levels.Methods:This research evaluated the incidence,mortality,years lived with disability,years of life lost,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for respiratory tract cancers using the Global Burden of Diseases,Injuries,and Risk Factors Study(GBD)2019 database.Age-standardized rates were calculated for TBL cancer from 1990 to 2019,adjusted for smoking and socio-demographic index(SDI).Deaths from TBL cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated for 33 Asian countries.Results:The age-standardized incidence and death rates for TBL cancer in Asia declined from 2010 to 2019,while the incidence rate of larynx cancer increased.Smoking was the leading specific risk factor for deaths from both TBL and larynx cancers.The burden of TBL cancer in Asian countries was influenced by SDI and smoking,particularly among males in Central Asia.Deaths,DALYs,and incidences of larynx cancer in East Asia had not changed significantly over the past 30 years,but showed slight downward trends in males and both sexes combined,and an upward trend in females in recent years.Conclusions:The past decade saw increases in numbers of incident cases and deaths from TBL cancer and larynx cancer in Asia.SDI and smoking were the main factors influencing the disease burden of TBL cancer in Asian countries.This study highlights the need for tailored cancer control programs to address the burden of respiratory tract cancers in different Asian countries.展开更多
Background::Non-transport unintentional injuries(NTUIs)are major public concerns,especially among children and adolescents in low-and middle-income countries.With environmental and cognitive changes,a recent systemati...Background::Non-transport unintentional injuries(NTUIs)are major public concerns,especially among children and adolescents in low-and middle-income countries.With environmental and cognitive changes,a recent systematic description of global trends and regional differences concerning NTUIs is urgently needed for the global agenda of relevant policy-making and intervention target findings.Methods::We used mortality,population,and socio-demographic-index(SDI)data from Global Burden of Disease 2019 to analyze the trends of NTUIs mortality.We applied the slope index of inequality(SII)and relative index of inequality(RII)to measure the absolute and relative inequality between countries and territories.The concentration curve and concentration index(CI)were also used to measure the inequality.We conducted a sensitivity analysis to make our findings credible.Results::In 2019,there were 205,000 deaths due to NTUIs among children and adolescents aged 5 to 24 years,which decreased from 375,000 in 1990.In 2019,the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 8.13 per 100,000,ranging from the lowest in the Netherlands(0.90 per 100,000)to the highest in the Solomon Islands(29.34 per 100,000).The low-middle SDI group had the highest ASMR of NTUIs,while the low SDI group had the slowest decrease.After excluding the death caused by"exposure to forces of nature"and"other unintentional injuries",drowning accounted for the most deaths in almost every SDI group,gender,and age group,but the major causes of death varied in different subgroups.For example,animal contact was a major cause in low and low-middle SDI groups but less in high SDI groups,while high and high-middle SDI groups had a higher proportion of deaths for foreign body and poisonings.The SII showed a declining trend,but the RII and CI did not,which might indicate that inequality was persistent.Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis.Conclusions::Despite the declining trend of the mortality rate and the narrowing gap between countries,there were still a large n展开更多
Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a mul...Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a multilevel hurdle model. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 906 primary school pupils in Kerman, Iran in 2012. The subjects were selected through a stratified cluster random sampling. At first, the whole target area was stratified according to two geographic areas, the north and south area. Then each area was stratified according to gender. In the next step, several schools were considered as clusters, which were selected randomly in each geographic area and gender strata. All the schoolchildren in these schools were included in this study as samples. Twelve-year-old pupils were examined for dental caries. The dependent variable in this study was the dmft/DMFT index. Eight variables, including socio-demographic information, were collected. Multilevel negative binomial hurdle model was employed for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of caries-free pupils was 30.1% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 3.6 ± 2.2. Negative binomial part of the adjusted model showed that the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for females was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10-1.79) times higher than males. Also, the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for overweight pupils was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.98) times lower than those with normal weight. Logistic part of the adjusted model showed that the posibility of caries-free state in overweight pupils was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22-3.11) times higher than those with normal weight. In addition, pupils whose fathers and mothers were workers and housewives, respectively, and those with a high maternal age were at a greater risk for caries experience than others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI, gender, parent’s job and mother’s age at delivery were factors effecting on dental caries in schoolchildren. These pupils need more attention to dental care.展开更多
Background:To understand the magnitude and spatial-temporal distribution of the regional burden attributable to severe mental disorders is of great essential and high policy relevance.The study aimed to address the bu...Background:To understand the magnitude and spatial-temporal distribution of the regional burden attributable to severe mental disorders is of great essential and high policy relevance.The study aimed to address the burden of severe mental disorders by evaluating the years of life lost,years lived with disability,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)in Guangdong,China.Methods:We undertook a longitudinal study based on a multicenter database established by the Health Commission of Guangdong,involving a total of 21 prefectures and four economic regions in the Guangdong province.A total of 520,731 medical records from patients with severe mental disorders were collected for 2010-2020.Data were analyzed via an integrated evaluation framework by synthesizing prevalence estimates,epidemiological adjustment as well as comorbidity assessment to develop internally consistent estimates of DALY.DALY changes during 2010-2020 were decomposed by population growth and aging and further grouped by Socio-demographic Index(SDI).DALYs were projected to 2030 by the weighted median annualized rate of change in 2010-2020.Results:In 2010-2020,the average DALYs for severe mental disorders reached 798,474(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:536,280-1,270,465)person-years(52.2%for males,and 47.8%for females).Severe mental disorders led to a great amount of disease burden,especially in Guangzhou,Shenzhen,and Foshan cities.Schizophrenia and mental retardation with mental disorders were the two leading sources of the burden ascribed to severe mental disorders.Population growth and aging could be accountable for the increasing burden of severe mental disorders.Economic regions with higher SDI carried a greater burden but had lower annualized rates of change in DALYs.The overall burden of severe mental disorders is projected to rise modestly over the next decade.Conclusions:The findings urge prioritization of initiatives focused on public mental health,prevention strategies,health resources reallocation,and active involvement of authorities to effe展开更多
Worldwide,the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on social and economic conditions as well as mental and physical health.Pakistan is considered in high ranks on Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI).The peo-ple ...Worldwide,the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on social and economic conditions as well as mental and physical health.Pakistan is considered in high ranks on Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI).The peo-ple of Pakistan have already faced numerous obstacles in terms of food and housing prospects.Job security,inflated prices of food items,andfinancial distress are the foremost vital challenges of Pakistan’s people during the Pandemic.This study examines the people’s perception of social,economic,and psychological impact and explores the causes and trends of spreading the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.A primary survey method was conducted to collect the data from all Punjab divisions via questionnaire,and 471 respondents werefinally selected for data analysis.The data collection instrument was a questionnaire,and the data analysis tool was SPSS.Investors,analysts,business professionals,economists,business faculty staff,and civil society are the study’s popu-lations.Thefindings show that the overall social and economic life has been affected(82%of respondents agree)by the COVID-19 pandemic.60.5%of respondents manage their spending through salary(mean value=4.45),while 45%use savings(mean value=4.25).Moreover,Government support(mean value=3.95)plays a vital role in managing expenditure in this COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan.Consequently,this study confirms that the lock-down implementation measure(mean value=2.20)is not considered useful in reducing COVID-19 due to Pakistan’sfinancial and economic uncertainty.This study concluded the social distance and testing measures are vital tools in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.However,the study established that micro-smart lockdown,increased COVID-19 testing kits,and adequate medical equipment in the Hospital of Pakistan are the key mechanism to control the pandemic.Consequently,this study recommends that thorough long-term plan-ning be undertaken to mitigate the pandemic’s worst effects and develop a comprehensive strategy with society 展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers Nos.82074112,81630100 and 81721002)the National Science and Technology Directorate Major Project(2015ZX09501-004-001-008,China)+3 种基金the National Industry Program of China(201507004-04)the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYCXTD-C-202005,China)the Beijing Talent Youth Program(JQ21026,China)the Project of China PLA General Hospital(2019-JQPY-003 and 2019MBD-023).
文摘Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a type of bizarre adverse drug reaction(ADR)damaging liver(L-ADR)which may lead to substantial hospitalizations and mortality.Due to the general low incidence,detection of L-ADR remains an unsolved public health challenge.Therefore,we used the data of 6.673 million of ADR reports from January 1st,2012 to December 31st,2016 in China National ADR Monitoring System to establish a new database of L-ADR reports for future investigation.Results showed that totally 114,357 ADR reports were retrieved by keywords searching of liver-related injuries from the original heterogeneous system.By cleaning and standardizing the data fields by the dictionary of synonyms and English translation,we resulted 94,593 ADR records reported to liver injury and then created a new database ready for computer mining.The reporting status of L-ADR showed a persistent 1.62-fold change over the past five years.The national population-adjusted reporting numbers of L-ADR manifested an upward trend with age increasing and more evident in men.The annual reporting rate of L-ADR in age group over 80 years old strikingly exceeded the annual DILI incidence rate in general population,despite known underreporting situation in spontaneous ADR reporting system.The percentage of herbal and traditional medicines(H/TM)L-ADR reports in the whole number was 4.5%,while 80.60%of the H/TM reports were new findings.There was great geographical disparity of reported agents,i.e.more cardiovascular and antineoplastic agents were reported in higher socio-demographic index(SDI)regions and more antimicrobials,especially antitubercular agents,were reported in lower SDI regions.In conclusion,this study presented a large-scale,unbiased,unified,and computer-minable L-ADR database for further investigation.Age-,sex-and SDI-related risks of L-ADR incidence warrant to emphasize the precise pharmacovigilance policies within China or other regions in the world.
文摘医疗可及性和质量(healthcare access and quality index,HAQ)是反映医疗系统及时、有效地发现、管理、治疗从而避免疾病死亡能力的重要指标.本研究利用2015年全球疾病负担研究结果,比较2015年中国与全球主要国家的HAQ指数差异,同时分析1990~2015年期间中国疾病间、省级行政区间HAQ指数及其变化幅度的差异.2015年中国HAQ指数为74.2分,高出全球平均水平20.5分;中国HAQ指数与其期望值仅相差1.2分,此差距远低于全球平均水平(20.1分).1990~2015年中国在呼吸系统疾病(上呼吸道感染、慢性呼吸系统疾病)、计划免疫性疾病(白喉、百日咳、破伤风和麻疹)、通过常规手术治愈的疾病(阑尾炎和腹股沟、股骨和腹部疝)、孕产妇疾病、缺血性心脏病和医疗副作用表现出较高的HAQ.2015年北京、澳门、上海等9个省级行政区的HAQ指数达到80分以上;西藏、青海、贵州、新疆和云南的HAQ指数最低;且处于高和中高社会人口发展水平的大部分省级行政区,其HAQ指数均高于其相应的期望值.1990~2015年中国HAQ指数增长49.30%,其中长幅最大的省级行政区为新疆、江西、云南和陕西,均超过55%;长幅最小的省级行政区为西藏、香港和澳门.研究表明,1990~2015年间,中国医疗可及性和质量有较大程度的提高,但在不同疾病领域、不同省级行政区表现出的医疗可及性和质量及其改善程度差异较大.
文摘Background:Respiratory cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,but its statistics vary between the East and West.This study aimed to estimate the burdens of tracheal,bronchus,and lung(TBL)cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019 in Asia,and at regional and national levels.Methods:This research evaluated the incidence,mortality,years lived with disability,years of life lost,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for respiratory tract cancers using the Global Burden of Diseases,Injuries,and Risk Factors Study(GBD)2019 database.Age-standardized rates were calculated for TBL cancer from 1990 to 2019,adjusted for smoking and socio-demographic index(SDI).Deaths from TBL cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated for 33 Asian countries.Results:The age-standardized incidence and death rates for TBL cancer in Asia declined from 2010 to 2019,while the incidence rate of larynx cancer increased.Smoking was the leading specific risk factor for deaths from both TBL and larynx cancers.The burden of TBL cancer in Asian countries was influenced by SDI and smoking,particularly among males in Central Asia.Deaths,DALYs,and incidences of larynx cancer in East Asia had not changed significantly over the past 30 years,but showed slight downward trends in males and both sexes combined,and an upward trend in females in recent years.Conclusions:The past decade saw increases in numbers of incident cases and deaths from TBL cancer and larynx cancer in Asia.SDI and smoking were the main factors influencing the disease burden of TBL cancer in Asian countries.This study highlights the need for tailored cancer control programs to address the burden of respiratory tract cancers in different Asian countries.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Statistical ScientificResearch Program(No.2021LY052)the China Medical Board(21-434 to YS)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82073573).
文摘Background::Non-transport unintentional injuries(NTUIs)are major public concerns,especially among children and adolescents in low-and middle-income countries.With environmental and cognitive changes,a recent systematic description of global trends and regional differences concerning NTUIs is urgently needed for the global agenda of relevant policy-making and intervention target findings.Methods::We used mortality,population,and socio-demographic-index(SDI)data from Global Burden of Disease 2019 to analyze the trends of NTUIs mortality.We applied the slope index of inequality(SII)and relative index of inequality(RII)to measure the absolute and relative inequality between countries and territories.The concentration curve and concentration index(CI)were also used to measure the inequality.We conducted a sensitivity analysis to make our findings credible.Results::In 2019,there were 205,000 deaths due to NTUIs among children and adolescents aged 5 to 24 years,which decreased from 375,000 in 1990.In 2019,the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 8.13 per 100,000,ranging from the lowest in the Netherlands(0.90 per 100,000)to the highest in the Solomon Islands(29.34 per 100,000).The low-middle SDI group had the highest ASMR of NTUIs,while the low SDI group had the slowest decrease.After excluding the death caused by"exposure to forces of nature"and"other unintentional injuries",drowning accounted for the most deaths in almost every SDI group,gender,and age group,but the major causes of death varied in different subgroups.For example,animal contact was a major cause in low and low-middle SDI groups but less in high SDI groups,while high and high-middle SDI groups had a higher proportion of deaths for foreign body and poisonings.The SII showed a declining trend,but the RII and CI did not,which might indicate that inequality was persistent.Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis.Conclusions::Despite the declining trend of the mortality rate and the narrowing gap between countries,there were still a large n
文摘Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a multilevel hurdle model. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 906 primary school pupils in Kerman, Iran in 2012. The subjects were selected through a stratified cluster random sampling. At first, the whole target area was stratified according to two geographic areas, the north and south area. Then each area was stratified according to gender. In the next step, several schools were considered as clusters, which were selected randomly in each geographic area and gender strata. All the schoolchildren in these schools were included in this study as samples. Twelve-year-old pupils were examined for dental caries. The dependent variable in this study was the dmft/DMFT index. Eight variables, including socio-demographic information, were collected. Multilevel negative binomial hurdle model was employed for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of caries-free pupils was 30.1% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 3.6 ± 2.2. Negative binomial part of the adjusted model showed that the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for females was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10-1.79) times higher than males. Also, the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for overweight pupils was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.98) times lower than those with normal weight. Logistic part of the adjusted model showed that the posibility of caries-free state in overweight pupils was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22-3.11) times higher than those with normal weight. In addition, pupils whose fathers and mothers were workers and housewives, respectively, and those with a high maternal age were at a greater risk for caries experience than others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI, gender, parent’s job and mother’s age at delivery were factors effecting on dental caries in schoolchildren. These pupils need more attention to dental care.
基金supported in part by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation[Grant Numbers 2020A1515011294,2020A1515110230,2021A1515011765,2021A1515011591]the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[Grant Number 2021M693594]support of K.C.Wong Education Foundation.The sponsor of the study had no role in study design,data collection,data analysis,data interpretation,or writing of the manuscript.
文摘Background:To understand the magnitude and spatial-temporal distribution of the regional burden attributable to severe mental disorders is of great essential and high policy relevance.The study aimed to address the burden of severe mental disorders by evaluating the years of life lost,years lived with disability,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)in Guangdong,China.Methods:We undertook a longitudinal study based on a multicenter database established by the Health Commission of Guangdong,involving a total of 21 prefectures and four economic regions in the Guangdong province.A total of 520,731 medical records from patients with severe mental disorders were collected for 2010-2020.Data were analyzed via an integrated evaluation framework by synthesizing prevalence estimates,epidemiological adjustment as well as comorbidity assessment to develop internally consistent estimates of DALY.DALY changes during 2010-2020 were decomposed by population growth and aging and further grouped by Socio-demographic Index(SDI).DALYs were projected to 2030 by the weighted median annualized rate of change in 2010-2020.Results:In 2010-2020,the average DALYs for severe mental disorders reached 798,474(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:536,280-1,270,465)person-years(52.2%for males,and 47.8%for females).Severe mental disorders led to a great amount of disease burden,especially in Guangzhou,Shenzhen,and Foshan cities.Schizophrenia and mental retardation with mental disorders were the two leading sources of the burden ascribed to severe mental disorders.Population growth and aging could be accountable for the increasing burden of severe mental disorders.Economic regions with higher SDI carried a greater burden but had lower annualized rates of change in DALYs.The overall burden of severe mental disorders is projected to rise modestly over the next decade.Conclusions:The findings urge prioritization of initiatives focused on public mental health,prevention strategies,health resources reallocation,and active involvement of authorities to effe
基金funded by the Key Art Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China(15AH007)the Independent Scientific Research Project of Wuhan University(1203/41050028)the Project of Hubei Think Tank in 2020(1203/413000071).
文摘Worldwide,the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on social and economic conditions as well as mental and physical health.Pakistan is considered in high ranks on Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI).The peo-ple of Pakistan have already faced numerous obstacles in terms of food and housing prospects.Job security,inflated prices of food items,andfinancial distress are the foremost vital challenges of Pakistan’s people during the Pandemic.This study examines the people’s perception of social,economic,and psychological impact and explores the causes and trends of spreading the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.A primary survey method was conducted to collect the data from all Punjab divisions via questionnaire,and 471 respondents werefinally selected for data analysis.The data collection instrument was a questionnaire,and the data analysis tool was SPSS.Investors,analysts,business professionals,economists,business faculty staff,and civil society are the study’s popu-lations.Thefindings show that the overall social and economic life has been affected(82%of respondents agree)by the COVID-19 pandemic.60.5%of respondents manage their spending through salary(mean value=4.45),while 45%use savings(mean value=4.25).Moreover,Government support(mean value=3.95)plays a vital role in managing expenditure in this COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan.Consequently,this study confirms that the lock-down implementation measure(mean value=2.20)is not considered useful in reducing COVID-19 due to Pakistan’sfinancial and economic uncertainty.This study concluded the social distance and testing measures are vital tools in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.However,the study established that micro-smart lockdown,increased COVID-19 testing kits,and adequate medical equipment in the Hospital of Pakistan are the key mechanism to control the pandemic.Consequently,this study recommends that thorough long-term plan-ning be undertaken to mitigate the pandemic’s worst effects and develop a comprehensive strategy with society
