The present study presents cytogenetics/cytology of haploidization in the origin of a new, fast growing diploid, small cell-type (F-dPCs). The sequence of events was haploid groupings of the chromosomes in normal, hum...The present study presents cytogenetics/cytology of haploidization in the origin of a new, fast growing diploid, small cell-type (F-dPCs). The sequence of events was haploid groupings of the chromosomes in normal, human metaphase cells, followed by genomic doubling to homozygousdiploidy. These events were responses to DNA replication stress fromamino acid glutamine deprivation. Importantly, these homozygous cells outgrew normal fibroblasts in 2 - 3 passages—they had gained proliferative advantage (GPA), presumably from loss (LOH) of tumor suppressor genes. They were morphologically changed cells with rounded nuclei that grew in a “streaming” growth pattern and with changed form and size of mitosis, similar to some hyperplasias. The grouping of the chromosomes in metaphase cells was asymmetric with a narrow range around the median (23) (no micro-nuclei), suggesting genetic control. The root-origin of haploidization was evidenced by maternal and paternal genomes occupying separate territories in metaphase cells, which assumedly permitted independent segregations of bichromatid chromosomes. In near-haploid ALL-L1 leukemia the loss of virtually, whole chromosomal complements was judged by SNP array analyses, as a primary event before genomic doubling to hyperdiploidy with LOH. From the present data such specific, non-random loss of chromosomes strongly suggested, a haploidization process capable of genomic doubling, as observed for the “birth” of the small, F-dPCs. This suggestion was supported by this type of leukemia being the L1-type, where L1 signifies small cells. The possibility now exists that a tumorigenic process can be initiated directly from diploid cells through haploid (near-haploid) distributed chromosomes in normal metaphase cells. This event followed by monosomic doublings to UPDs would lead to massive LOH and a return to para-diploidy, a frequent occurrence in many types of tumors. The present simple, cultural derivations of the extraordinary F-dPCs allow GPA-identification and experimental展开更多
In this paper, the challenges with and motivations for developing millimeter wave and terahertz communications are described. A high-bye candidate architecture is presented, and use cases highlighting the potential ap...In this paper, the challenges with and motivations for developing millimeter wave and terahertz communications are described. A high-bye candidate architecture is presented, and use cases highlighting the potential applicability of high-frequency links are discussed. Mobility challenges at these higher frequencies are also discussed. Difficulties that arise as a result of high carrier frequencies and higher path loss can be overcome by practical, higher-gain antennas that have the added benefit of reducing intercell interference. Simulation methodology and results are given. The results show that millimeter wave coverage is possible in large, outdoor spaces, and only a reasonable number of base stations are needed. Network throughput can exceed 25 Gbit/s, and cell-edge user throuqhput can reach aDoroximatelv 100 Mbit/s.展开更多
未来无线通信网络将会是一种由宏蜂窝和小蜂窝组成的异构网,同时在该网络中还支持D2D(device to device)通信。在宏蜂窝中引入小蜂窝和D2D通信会给系统带来严重的干扰。为了减少干扰,提升频谱利用率,文中提出了一种基于拍卖理论的资源...未来无线通信网络将会是一种由宏蜂窝和小蜂窝组成的异构网,同时在该网络中还支持D2D(device to device)通信。在宏蜂窝中引入小蜂窝和D2D通信会给系统带来严重的干扰。为了减少干扰,提升频谱利用率,文中提出了一种基于拍卖理论的资源分配算法,并且为了保证系统用户的公平性,引入了最大拍卖预算值。仿真结果证明,文中提出的算法不仅可以减少干扰,提升系统吞吐量,还可以保证系统公平性。展开更多
新一代移动通信网络不断演进为高密集、无定型、立体分层的异构网络,移动性管理旨在保证用户设备(user equipment,UE)移动通信服务的连续性和无缝切换及降低信令开销等。移动性管理问题正成为异构小蜂窝网络(heterogeneous and small ce...新一代移动通信网络不断演进为高密集、无定型、立体分层的异构网络,移动性管理旨在保证用户设备(user equipment,UE)移动通信服务的连续性和无缝切换及降低信令开销等。移动性管理问题正成为异构小蜂窝网络(heterogeneous and small cell networks,Het Nets)中无线资源管理需要应对的关键性挑战之一。阐述了移动性管理的一般性问题,根据移动性管理的主要特征给出了一个综合分类:整体切换性能增强、小蜂窝发现与识别增强和无线链路失效(radio link failure,RLF)恢复增强。此外,依据此分类对近年来第三代合作伙伴计划(3rd generation partnership project,3GPP)成员在无线接入网(radio access network,RAN)标准化工作组历次会议中提出的主要移动性管理增强方案进行了分类阐述和性能对比。对异构小蜂窝网络的移动性管理所面临的挑战和未来研究的趋势进行展望,并在此基础上进行了总结。展开更多
文摘The present study presents cytogenetics/cytology of haploidization in the origin of a new, fast growing diploid, small cell-type (F-dPCs). The sequence of events was haploid groupings of the chromosomes in normal, human metaphase cells, followed by genomic doubling to homozygousdiploidy. These events were responses to DNA replication stress fromamino acid glutamine deprivation. Importantly, these homozygous cells outgrew normal fibroblasts in 2 - 3 passages—they had gained proliferative advantage (GPA), presumably from loss (LOH) of tumor suppressor genes. They were morphologically changed cells with rounded nuclei that grew in a “streaming” growth pattern and with changed form and size of mitosis, similar to some hyperplasias. The grouping of the chromosomes in metaphase cells was asymmetric with a narrow range around the median (23) (no micro-nuclei), suggesting genetic control. The root-origin of haploidization was evidenced by maternal and paternal genomes occupying separate territories in metaphase cells, which assumedly permitted independent segregations of bichromatid chromosomes. In near-haploid ALL-L1 leukemia the loss of virtually, whole chromosomal complements was judged by SNP array analyses, as a primary event before genomic doubling to hyperdiploidy with LOH. From the present data such specific, non-random loss of chromosomes strongly suggested, a haploidization process capable of genomic doubling, as observed for the “birth” of the small, F-dPCs. This suggestion was supported by this type of leukemia being the L1-type, where L1 signifies small cells. The possibility now exists that a tumorigenic process can be initiated directly from diploid cells through haploid (near-haploid) distributed chromosomes in normal metaphase cells. This event followed by monosomic doublings to UPDs would lead to massive LOH and a return to para-diploidy, a frequent occurrence in many types of tumors. The present simple, cultural derivations of the extraordinary F-dPCs allow GPA-identification and experimental
文摘In this paper, the challenges with and motivations for developing millimeter wave and terahertz communications are described. A high-bye candidate architecture is presented, and use cases highlighting the potential applicability of high-frequency links are discussed. Mobility challenges at these higher frequencies are also discussed. Difficulties that arise as a result of high carrier frequencies and higher path loss can be overcome by practical, higher-gain antennas that have the added benefit of reducing intercell interference. Simulation methodology and results are given. The results show that millimeter wave coverage is possible in large, outdoor spaces, and only a reasonable number of base stations are needed. Network throughput can exceed 25 Gbit/s, and cell-edge user throuqhput can reach aDoroximatelv 100 Mbit/s.
文摘未来无线通信网络将会是一种由宏蜂窝和小蜂窝组成的异构网,同时在该网络中还支持D2D(device to device)通信。在宏蜂窝中引入小蜂窝和D2D通信会给系统带来严重的干扰。为了减少干扰,提升频谱利用率,文中提出了一种基于拍卖理论的资源分配算法,并且为了保证系统用户的公平性,引入了最大拍卖预算值。仿真结果证明,文中提出的算法不仅可以减少干扰,提升系统吞吐量,还可以保证系统公平性。
文摘新一代移动通信网络不断演进为高密集、无定型、立体分层的异构网络,移动性管理旨在保证用户设备(user equipment,UE)移动通信服务的连续性和无缝切换及降低信令开销等。移动性管理问题正成为异构小蜂窝网络(heterogeneous and small cell networks,Het Nets)中无线资源管理需要应对的关键性挑战之一。阐述了移动性管理的一般性问题,根据移动性管理的主要特征给出了一个综合分类:整体切换性能增强、小蜂窝发现与识别增强和无线链路失效(radio link failure,RLF)恢复增强。此外,依据此分类对近年来第三代合作伙伴计划(3rd generation partnership project,3GPP)成员在无线接入网(radio access network,RAN)标准化工作组历次会议中提出的主要移动性管理增强方案进行了分类阐述和性能对比。对异构小蜂窝网络的移动性管理所面临的挑战和未来研究的趋势进行展望,并在此基础上进行了总结。
