Multi-terminal hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)systems have been developed quickly in recent years in power transmission area.However,for voltage-source converter(VSC)stations in hybrid HVDC systems,no direct ...Multi-terminal hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)systems have been developed quickly in recent years in power transmission area.However,for voltage-source converter(VSC)stations in hybrid HVDC systems,no direct current(DC)filters are required.In addition,the DC reactor is also not installed at the line end because the DC fault can be limited by the converter itself.This means that the boundary element at the line end is absent,and the single-ended protections used in line commutated converter(LCC)based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)systems or VSC-HVDC systems cannot distinguish the fault line in multi-terminal hybrid HVDC systems.This paper proposes a novel singleended DC protection strategy suitable for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system,which mainly applies the transient information and active injection concept to detect and distinguish the fault line.Compared with the single-ended protections used in LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems,the proposed protection strategy is not dependent on the line boundary element and is thus suitable for the multiterminal hybrid HVDC system.The corresponding simulation cases based on power systems computer aided design(PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC(EMTDC)are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed protection.展开更多
为了揭示含氧燃料与喷油策略耦合对发动机燃烧、性能和排放特性影响的机制,基于三维仿真软件CONVERGE,耦合化学反应动力学机理,研究了正戊醇—柴油混合燃料在不同喷射策略下燃烧与有害排放物的生成过程。结果表明,正戊醇促进了燃烧过程...为了揭示含氧燃料与喷油策略耦合对发动机燃烧、性能和排放特性影响的机制,基于三维仿真软件CONVERGE,耦合化学反应动力学机理,研究了正戊醇—柴油混合燃料在不同喷射策略下燃烧与有害排放物的生成过程。结果表明,正戊醇促进了燃烧过程,燃用正戊醇—柴油混合燃料时,缸内最高燃烧压力和燃烧放热峰值增大,发动机平均指示压力(indicated mean effective pressure,IMEP)升高,CO、总碳氢化合物(total hydrocarbons,THC)和碳烟排放降低,但NO_(x)排放升高。采用大比例预喷射策略可以促进主喷燃烧过程,提高缸内温度,增大IMEP,但导致CO及THC排放升高,而小预喷间隔会导致碳烟排放增加。后喷射策略导致发动机IMEP降低,但可以降低NO_(x)排放。在小后喷间隔下碳烟排放显著降低,但在大后喷间隔下碳烟排放明显升高。研究表明,正戊醇柴油混合燃料采用大预喷间隔及小后喷间隔的3次喷油策略,能够获得最高的IMEP及最低的有害物排放。展开更多
Surface engineering,which modulates the electronic structure and adsorption/desorption properties of electrocatalysts,is one of the key strategies for improving the catalytic performance.Herein,we demonstrate a facile...Surface engineering,which modulates the electronic structure and adsorption/desorption properties of electrocatalysts,is one of the key strategies for improving the catalytic performance.Herein,we demonstrate a facile solid-phase reaction for surface engineering of MnO_(2)to boost the oxygen reduction kinetics.Via reaction with surface hydroxy groups,La single atoms with loading amount up to 2.7 wt%are anchored onto a-MnO_(2)nanorods.After surface engineering,the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics is significantly improved with the half-wave potential from 0.70 to 0.84 V,the number of transferred electrons from 2.5 to 3.9 and the limiting current density from 4.8 to 6.0 mA·cm^(-2).In addition,the catalyst delivers superior discharge performance in both alkaline and neutral metal–air batteries.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that atomic La modulates the surface electronic configuration of MnO_(2),reduces its d-band center and thus lowers the OOH*and O*reaction energy barrier.This work provides a new route for rational design of highly active electrocatalyst and holds great potential for application in various catalytic reactions.展开更多
Convolutional neural networks(CNNs) exhibit excellent performance in the areas of image recognition and object detection, which can enhance the intelligence level of spacecraft. However, in aerospace, energetic partic...Convolutional neural networks(CNNs) exhibit excellent performance in the areas of image recognition and object detection, which can enhance the intelligence level of spacecraft. However, in aerospace, energetic particles, such as heavy ions, protons, and alpha particles, can induce single event effects(SEEs) that lead CNNs to malfunction and can significantly impact the reliability of a CNN system. In this paper, the MNIST CNN system was constructed based on a 28 nm systemon-chip(SoC), and then an alpha particle irradiation experiment and fault injection were applied to evaluate the SEE of the CNN system. Various types of soft errors in the CNN system have been detected, and the SEE cross sections have been calculated. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind some soft errors have been explained. This research will provide technical support for the design of radiation-resistant artificial intelligence chips.展开更多
Fuel injection timing is an important control parameter for engine combustion optimization and emissions control. However, the actual fuel injection timing is different from the nominal one commanded by the electronic...Fuel injection timing is an important control parameter for engine combustion optimization and emissions control. However, the actual fuel injection timing is different from the nominal one commanded by the electronic control unit, due to the system hydraulic lag or the possible communication malfunction. In this study,a simple estimate approach based on the injector inlet pressure is proposed to capture four critical characteristic instants at the start and end of injection. The critical characteristic moments estimated using this pressure-based approach are validated against those determined by the actual injection rate profiles, in the context of different single or split injection processes. The comparison revealed that the characteristic injection moments estimated by the injector inlet pressures and those determined by the actual injection rate profiles have a satisfactory agreement, certifying the broad applicability and reliability of this pressure-based approach in the detection of the real fuel injection start and end time.展开更多
文摘Multi-terminal hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)systems have been developed quickly in recent years in power transmission area.However,for voltage-source converter(VSC)stations in hybrid HVDC systems,no direct current(DC)filters are required.In addition,the DC reactor is also not installed at the line end because the DC fault can be limited by the converter itself.This means that the boundary element at the line end is absent,and the single-ended protections used in line commutated converter(LCC)based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)systems or VSC-HVDC systems cannot distinguish the fault line in multi-terminal hybrid HVDC systems.This paper proposes a novel singleended DC protection strategy suitable for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system,which mainly applies the transient information and active injection concept to detect and distinguish the fault line.Compared with the single-ended protections used in LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems,the proposed protection strategy is not dependent on the line boundary element and is thus suitable for the multiterminal hybrid HVDC system.The corresponding simulation cases based on power systems computer aided design(PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC(EMTDC)are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed protection.
文摘为了揭示含氧燃料与喷油策略耦合对发动机燃烧、性能和排放特性影响的机制,基于三维仿真软件CONVERGE,耦合化学反应动力学机理,研究了正戊醇—柴油混合燃料在不同喷射策略下燃烧与有害排放物的生成过程。结果表明,正戊醇促进了燃烧过程,燃用正戊醇—柴油混合燃料时,缸内最高燃烧压力和燃烧放热峰值增大,发动机平均指示压力(indicated mean effective pressure,IMEP)升高,CO、总碳氢化合物(total hydrocarbons,THC)和碳烟排放降低,但NO_(x)排放升高。采用大比例预喷射策略可以促进主喷燃烧过程,提高缸内温度,增大IMEP,但导致CO及THC排放升高,而小预喷间隔会导致碳烟排放增加。后喷射策略导致发动机IMEP降低,但可以降低NO_(x)排放。在小后喷间隔下碳烟排放显著降低,但在大后喷间隔下碳烟排放明显升高。研究表明,正戊醇柴油混合燃料采用大预喷间隔及小后喷间隔的3次喷油策略,能够获得最高的IMEP及最低的有害物排放。
基金financially supported by the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(No.21B0289)Changsha Municipal Science and Technology Projects(No.2022cskj006)。
文摘Surface engineering,which modulates the electronic structure and adsorption/desorption properties of electrocatalysts,is one of the key strategies for improving the catalytic performance.Herein,we demonstrate a facile solid-phase reaction for surface engineering of MnO_(2)to boost the oxygen reduction kinetics.Via reaction with surface hydroxy groups,La single atoms with loading amount up to 2.7 wt%are anchored onto a-MnO_(2)nanorods.After surface engineering,the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics is significantly improved with the half-wave potential from 0.70 to 0.84 V,the number of transferred electrons from 2.5 to 3.9 and the limiting current density from 4.8 to 6.0 mA·cm^(-2).In addition,the catalyst delivers superior discharge performance in both alkaline and neutral metal–air batteries.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that atomic La modulates the surface electronic configuration of MnO_(2),reduces its d-band center and thus lowers the OOH*and O*reaction energy barrier.This work provides a new route for rational design of highly active electrocatalyst and holds great potential for application in various catalytic reactions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12305303)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(Grant Nos.2023JJ40520,2021JJ40444,and 2019JJ30019)+3 种基金the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province of China(Grant No.20A430)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2020RC3054)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in the Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2023-JC-QN-0015)the Doctoral Research Fund of University of South China。
文摘Convolutional neural networks(CNNs) exhibit excellent performance in the areas of image recognition and object detection, which can enhance the intelligence level of spacecraft. However, in aerospace, energetic particles, such as heavy ions, protons, and alpha particles, can induce single event effects(SEEs) that lead CNNs to malfunction and can significantly impact the reliability of a CNN system. In this paper, the MNIST CNN system was constructed based on a 28 nm systemon-chip(SoC), and then an alpha particle irradiation experiment and fault injection were applied to evaluate the SEE of the CNN system. Various types of soft errors in the CNN system have been detected, and the SEE cross sections have been calculated. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind some soft errors have been explained. This research will provide technical support for the design of radiation-resistant artificial intelligence chips.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51306114)
文摘Fuel injection timing is an important control parameter for engine combustion optimization and emissions control. However, the actual fuel injection timing is different from the nominal one commanded by the electronic control unit, due to the system hydraulic lag or the possible communication malfunction. In this study,a simple estimate approach based on the injector inlet pressure is proposed to capture four critical characteristic instants at the start and end of injection. The critical characteristic moments estimated using this pressure-based approach are validated against those determined by the actual injection rate profiles, in the context of different single or split injection processes. The comparison revealed that the characteristic injection moments estimated by the injector inlet pressures and those determined by the actual injection rate profiles have a satisfactory agreement, certifying the broad applicability and reliability of this pressure-based approach in the detection of the real fuel injection start and end time.
