This paper presents the developments of sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine(IPMSM)for last 10 years,which could be divided into the past and the present for each 5 years.Several popular...This paper presents the developments of sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine(IPMSM)for last 10 years,which could be divided into the past and the present for each 5 years.Several popular methods developed for last 10 years would be described and evaluated,and the limitations with the methods are discussed.In the past a concept extended EMF(EEMF)was introduced and it can model IPMSM as a non-salient motor,meaning that the representation of IPMSM in the estimated rotor reference frame would be much simpler and accurate.However,because it still relied on back EMF,standstill operation was impossible.And,the position control of IPMSM could not be achieved with EEMF concept.For sensorless drive,the high-frequency signal injection method exploiting inherent saliency of IPMSM has been continuously developed for last 10 years and applied to various industry fields,where torque control at standstill is essential.Its performance has been improved but there are still many problems to be solved.In the present,the square-wave signal injection at estimated d-axis has improved the control performance conspicuously.However,there are strong demands to improve the control performance of sensorless drive,yet.Based on the problems in the present,in this paper the possible developments of sensorless drive of IPMSM in next 5 years are enlightened as the future of sensorless control.展开更多
Objective： To investigate the relationship between the proliferation of sensitized human airway smooth muscle cells （HASMCs） and the expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase （ERK） and the effect of She...Objective： To investigate the relationship between the proliferation of sensitized human airway smooth muscle cells （HASMCs） and the expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase （ERK） and the effect of Shenmai Injection （参麦注射液, SMI） on HASMCs. Methods： The HASMCs cultured in vitro were divided into three groups： （1） control group; （2） sensitized group： containing 10% asthmatic serum; （3） SMI group： further divided into three different concentration subgroups interferred with 10 μL/mL, 50 μL/mL, and 100 μL/mL SMI, respectively. The proliferation of HASMCs was detected using MTT method, the expression of proliferating cell nucleus antigen （PCNA） in HASMCs was detected using immunocytochemical staining, and the expression of phosphoration-ERK1/2 （p-ERK1/2） protein was detected using Western-blot. Results： After passive sensitization, the optical density value （A49o value） of HASMCs was significantly increased from 0.366± 0.086 to 0.839 ± 0.168 （P〈0.05）. In addition, the expression of PCNA was significantly increased from 28.7% ± 5.9% in the control group to 69.8% ±7.5% in the sensitized group （P〈0.05）. At the same time, the expression of p-ERK1/2 in passively sensitized HASMCs was significantly increased compared with the control group （all P〈0.05）. Affer application of 10 μL/mL, 50 μL/mL, and 100 μL/mL SMI to the cultured media of passively sensitized group, the A570 value was significantly decreased from 0.839 ±0.168 to 0.612 ±0.100, 0.412 ± 0.092, and 0.339 ± 0.077, respectively （P〈0.05）. Moreover, the expression of PCNA was significantly decreased from 69.8% ±7.5% to 57.8% ± 6.2%, 40.7%±5.4%, and 26.1% ± 5.2%, respectively. At the same time, the expression of p-ERK1/2 in each SMI group was significantly decreased compared with the sensitized group （all ,P〈0.05）. Conclusion： ERK signal transduction pathway may be involved in the airway remodeling in asthma. The expression of ERK can be inhibited by S展开更多
文摘This paper presents the developments of sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine(IPMSM)for last 10 years,which could be divided into the past and the present for each 5 years.Several popular methods developed for last 10 years would be described and evaluated,and the limitations with the methods are discussed.In the past a concept extended EMF(EEMF)was introduced and it can model IPMSM as a non-salient motor,meaning that the representation of IPMSM in the estimated rotor reference frame would be much simpler and accurate.However,because it still relied on back EMF,standstill operation was impossible.And,the position control of IPMSM could not be achieved with EEMF concept.For sensorless drive,the high-frequency signal injection method exploiting inherent saliency of IPMSM has been continuously developed for last 10 years and applied to various industry fields,where torque control at standstill is essential.Its performance has been improved but there are still many problems to be solved.In the present,the square-wave signal injection at estimated d-axis has improved the control performance conspicuously.However,there are strong demands to improve the control performance of sensorless drive,yet.Based on the problems in the present,in this paper the possible developments of sensorless drive of IPMSM in next 5 years are enlightened as the future of sensorless control.
基金Supported by the Key Project in Science and Technology of Henan Province(No.072300450100)Project of High and New Technology Development of Health Department in Henan Province(No.20060140)
文摘Objective： To investigate the relationship between the proliferation of sensitized human airway smooth muscle cells （HASMCs） and the expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase （ERK） and the effect of Shenmai Injection （参麦注射液, SMI） on HASMCs. Methods： The HASMCs cultured in vitro were divided into three groups： （1） control group; （2） sensitized group： containing 10% asthmatic serum; （3） SMI group： further divided into three different concentration subgroups interferred with 10 μL/mL, 50 μL/mL, and 100 μL/mL SMI, respectively. The proliferation of HASMCs was detected using MTT method, the expression of proliferating cell nucleus antigen （PCNA） in HASMCs was detected using immunocytochemical staining, and the expression of phosphoration-ERK1/2 （p-ERK1/2） protein was detected using Western-blot. Results： After passive sensitization, the optical density value （A49o value） of HASMCs was significantly increased from 0.366± 0.086 to 0.839 ± 0.168 （P〈0.05）. In addition, the expression of PCNA was significantly increased from 28.7% ± 5.9% in the control group to 69.8% ±7.5% in the sensitized group （P〈0.05）. At the same time, the expression of p-ERK1/2 in passively sensitized HASMCs was significantly increased compared with the control group （all P〈0.05）. Affer application of 10 μL/mL, 50 μL/mL, and 100 μL/mL SMI to the cultured media of passively sensitized group, the A570 value was significantly decreased from 0.839 ±0.168 to 0.612 ±0.100, 0.412 ± 0.092, and 0.339 ± 0.077, respectively （P〈0.05）. Moreover, the expression of PCNA was significantly decreased from 69.8% ±7.5% to 57.8% ± 6.2%, 40.7%±5.4%, and 26.1% ± 5.2%, respectively. At the same time, the expression of p-ERK1/2 in each SMI group was significantly decreased compared with the sensitized group （all ,P〈0.05）. Conclusion： ERK signal transduction pathway may be involved in the airway remodeling in asthma. The expression of ERK can be inhibited by S
