The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has...The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.展开更多
The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
Three displacement functions are introduced to represent each mechanical displacement according to the 3-D theory in this paper. By expanding the displacement functions and the electric potential in orthogonal series,...Three displacement functions are introduced to represent each mechanical displacement according to the 3-D theory in this paper. By expanding the displacement functions and the electric potential in orthogonal series, the free vibration equation of piezoelectric cylindrical shells satisfying SS3 boundary conditions can be obtained. The equation was solved by utilizing Bessel functions with complex arguments. Results are presented graphically as well as in table, and compared with those of other references. Some frequencies that were missing in Ref. [9] are discovered.展开更多
The idea of Green quasifunction method is clarified in detail by considering a free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation.A Green quasifunction is established ...The idea of Green quasifunction method is clarified in detail by considering a free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation.A Green quasifunction is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the problem.This function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the problem.The mode shape differential equation of the free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation is reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by Green formula.There are multiple choices for the normalized boundary equation.Based on a chosen normalized boundary equation, the irregularity of the kernel of integral equations is avoided.Finally, natural frequency is obtained by the condition that there exists a nontrivial solution in the numerically discrete algebraic equations derived from the integral equations.Numerical results show high accuracy of the Green quasifunction method.展开更多
An exact analysis of a rotating piezoelectric spherical shell with arbitrary thickness is given. Three displacement functions are introduced to simplify the basic equations of a spherically isotropic, piezoelectric m...An exact analysis of a rotating piezoelectric spherical shell with arbitrary thickness is given. Three displacement functions are introduced to simplify the basic equations of a spherically isotropic, piezoelectric medium. By expanding the displacement functions as well as the electric potential in terms of spherical harmonics, the basic equations of equilibrium are converted to an uncoupled Euler type, second order ordinary differential equation and a coupled system of three second order ordinary differential equations. A general solution to the homogeneous equations of equilibrium is then derived. The static analysis of a rotating spherical shell is performed and the numerical example is presented. (Edited author abstract) 13 Refs.展开更多
For surface defects in electronic water pump shells,the manual detection efficiency is low,prone to misdetection and leak detection,and encounters problems,such as uncertainty.To improve the speed and accuracy of surf...For surface defects in electronic water pump shells,the manual detection efficiency is low,prone to misdetection and leak detection,and encounters problems,such as uncertainty.To improve the speed and accuracy of surface defect detection,a lightweight detection method based on an improved YOLOv5s method is proposed to replace the traditional manual detection methods.In this method,the MobileNetV3 module replaces the backbone network of YOLOv5s,depth-separable convolution is introduced,the parameters and calculations are reduced,and CIoU_Loss is used as the loss function of the boundary box regression to improve its detection accuracy.A dataset of electronic pump shell defects is established,and the performance of the improved method is evaluated by comparing it with that of the original method.The results show that the parameters and FLOPs are reduced by 49.83%and 61.59%,respectively,compared with the original YOLOv5s model,and the detection accuracy is improved by 1.74%,which is an indication of the superiority of the improved method.To further verify the universality of the improved method,it is compared with the results using the original method on the PASCALVOC2007 dataset,which verifies that it yields better performance.In summary,the improved lightweight method can be used for the real-time detection of electronic water pump shell defects.展开更多
In this paper, the displacement solution method of the conical shell is presented. From the differential equations in displacement form of conical shell and by introducing a displacement function, U,the differential e...In this paper, the displacement solution method of the conical shell is presented. From the differential equations in displacement form of conical shell and by introducing a displacement function, U,the differential equations are changed into an eight-order soluble partial differential equation about the displacement Junction U in which the coefficients are variable. A t the same time, the expressions of the displacement and internal force components of the shell are also given by the displacement function. As special cases of this paper, the displacement function introduced by V. Z. Vlasov in circular cylindrical shell, the basic equation of the cylindrical shell and that of the circular plate are directly derived.Under the arbitrary loads and boundary conditions, the general bending problem of the conical shell is reduced to finding the displacement functionU,and the general solution of the governing equation is obtained in generalized hypergeometric function, For the axisymmetric bending deformation of the conical shell, the general solution is expressed in the Bessel functionOn the basis of the governing equation obtained in this paper, the differential equation of conical shell on the elastic foundation (A Winkler Medium) is deduced, its general solutions are given in a power series, and the numerical calculations are carried out.展开更多
文摘The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
基金The project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaZhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Three displacement functions are introduced to represent each mechanical displacement according to the 3-D theory in this paper. By expanding the displacement functions and the electric potential in orthogonal series, the free vibration equation of piezoelectric cylindrical shells satisfying SS3 boundary conditions can be obtained. The equation was solved by utilizing Bessel functions with complex arguments. Results are presented graphically as well as in table, and compared with those of other references. Some frequencies that were missing in Ref. [9] are discovered.
基金supported by Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Disaster Forecast and Control in Engineering
文摘The idea of Green quasifunction method is clarified in detail by considering a free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation.A Green quasifunction is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the problem.This function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the problem.The mode shape differential equation of the free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation is reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by Green formula.There are multiple choices for the normalized boundary equation.Based on a chosen normalized boundary equation, the irregularity of the kernel of integral equations is avoided.Finally, natural frequency is obtained by the condition that there exists a nontrivial solution in the numerically discrete algebraic equations derived from the integral equations.Numerical results show high accuracy of the Green quasifunction method.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,and the Japanese Committee of Culture,Education and Science
文摘An exact analysis of a rotating piezoelectric spherical shell with arbitrary thickness is given. Three displacement functions are introduced to simplify the basic equations of a spherically isotropic, piezoelectric medium. By expanding the displacement functions as well as the electric potential in terms of spherical harmonics, the basic equations of equilibrium are converted to an uncoupled Euler type, second order ordinary differential equation and a coupled system of three second order ordinary differential equations. A general solution to the homogeneous equations of equilibrium is then derived. The static analysis of a rotating spherical shell is performed and the numerical example is presented. (Edited author abstract) 13 Refs.
基金This work is supported by the Qing Lan Project of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province,the 2022 Jiangsu Science and Technology Plan Special Fund(International Science and Technology Cooperation)(BZ2022029).
文摘For surface defects in electronic water pump shells,the manual detection efficiency is low,prone to misdetection and leak detection,and encounters problems,such as uncertainty.To improve the speed and accuracy of surface defect detection,a lightweight detection method based on an improved YOLOv5s method is proposed to replace the traditional manual detection methods.In this method,the MobileNetV3 module replaces the backbone network of YOLOv5s,depth-separable convolution is introduced,the parameters and calculations are reduced,and CIoU_Loss is used as the loss function of the boundary box regression to improve its detection accuracy.A dataset of electronic pump shell defects is established,and the performance of the improved method is evaluated by comparing it with that of the original method.The results show that the parameters and FLOPs are reduced by 49.83%and 61.59%,respectively,compared with the original YOLOv5s model,and the detection accuracy is improved by 1.74%,which is an indication of the superiority of the improved method.To further verify the universality of the improved method,it is compared with the results using the original method on the PASCALVOC2007 dataset,which verifies that it yields better performance.In summary,the improved lightweight method can be used for the real-time detection of electronic water pump shell defects.
文摘In this paper, the displacement solution method of the conical shell is presented. From the differential equations in displacement form of conical shell and by introducing a displacement function, U,the differential equations are changed into an eight-order soluble partial differential equation about the displacement Junction U in which the coefficients are variable. A t the same time, the expressions of the displacement and internal force components of the shell are also given by the displacement function. As special cases of this paper, the displacement function introduced by V. Z. Vlasov in circular cylindrical shell, the basic equation of the cylindrical shell and that of the circular plate are directly derived.Under the arbitrary loads and boundary conditions, the general bending problem of the conical shell is reduced to finding the displacement functionU,and the general solution of the governing equation is obtained in generalized hypergeometric function, For the axisymmetric bending deformation of the conical shell, the general solution is expressed in the Bessel functionOn the basis of the governing equation obtained in this paper, the differential equation of conical shell on the elastic foundation (A Winkler Medium) is deduced, its general solutions are given in a power series, and the numerical calculations are carried out.
