A new porphyrin-fluorescein hybrid 2 (Fl-PPTPP) has been synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, IR, H-NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The supramolecular 1 self-assembly of Fl-PPTPP with amino-porphyrinatomangane...A new porphyrin-fluorescein hybrid 2 (Fl-PPTPP) has been synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, IR, H-NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The supramolecular 1 self-assembly of Fl-PPTPP with amino-porphyrinatomanganese [Mn (p-APTPP)Cl] by hydrogen-bonding was studied using fluorescence spectroscopic titration and ESI-MS.展开更多
Nowadays,cancer has become the leading cause of death worldwide,driving the need for effective therapeutics to improve patient prognosis.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)has been widely applied as an antitumor modality,owing ...Nowadays,cancer has become the leading cause of death worldwide,driving the need for effective therapeutics to improve patient prognosis.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)has been widely applied as an antitumor modality,owing to its minimal invasiveness,localized tumor damage,and high safety profile.However,its efficacy is limited by poor stability of photosensitizers,inadequate tumor accumulation,and a complex tumor microenvironment.To overcome these challenges,extensive endeavors have been made to explore the co-assembly of the widely used photosensitizer chlorin e6(Ce6)with various functional small molecules to enhance pharmacodynamic activity.This review provides a comprehensive overview of current studies on Ce6-based nanoparticles for effective PDT and precise delivery of functional molecules.The self-assembly mechanism will be discussed in detail,with a focus on potential strategies for combinational therapy with PDT.展开更多
This paper describes the design, synthesis and characterization of a hydrogen-bonded molecular duplex with 1,8-naphthalimide fluorescent pendants. The two oligoamide molecular strands, with complementary hydrogen bond...This paper describes the design, synthesis and characterization of a hydrogen-bonded molecular duplex with 1,8-naphthalimide fluorescent pendants. The two oligoamide molecular strands, with complementary hydrogen bond sequences of DDADAA and AADADD, can form an ultra stable self-assembly duplex. Its molecular structure was confu-med by ^1H NMR and ESI-MS, and its photoluminescence properties were determined. The resulting duplex exhibited a dramatically enhanced photoluminescence （PL） quantum efficiency of 63.7% compared to the corresponding 1,8-naphthalimide segment （32.4%）, suggesting that the formation of the duplex with larger molecular weight could successfully inhibit the quenching of the fluorescent pendant. This novel duplex is a prospective candidate for new electroluminescent emitter.展开更多
Four 2,5-dialkoxylphenyl-l,3,4-oxadiazoles are shown to be efficient organogelators. These com- pounds readily form stable gels in many organic solvents and their gelation property as well as supramolecular structures...Four 2,5-dialkoxylphenyl-l,3,4-oxadiazoles are shown to be efficient organogelators. These com- pounds readily form stable gels in many organic solvents and their gelation property as well as supramolecular structures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance （1H NMR）, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy （UV-vis）. The results indicate that the gelator molecules self-assemble into gels with elongated fibrous networks and layer structures, and van der Waals interaction is the main driving force.展开更多
Silver(Ag) nanostructures demonstrate outstanding optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties and are utilized in photonic, energy, sensors, and biomedical devices.The target application and the performanc...Silver(Ag) nanostructures demonstrate outstanding optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties and are utilized in photonic, energy, sensors, and biomedical devices.The target application and the performance can be inherently tuned by control of configuration, shape, and size of Ag nanostructures. In this work, we demonstrate the systematical fabrication of various configurations of Ag nanostructures on sapphire(0001) by controlling the Ag deposition thickness at different annealing environments in a plasma ion coater. In particular, the evolution of Ag particles(between 2 and 20 nm),irregular nanoclusters(between 30 and 60 nm), and nanocluster networks(between 80 and 200 nm) are found be depended on the thickness of Ag thin film. The results were systematically analyzed and explained based on the solid-state dewetting,surface diffusion, Volmer–Weber growth model, coalescence,and surface energy minimization mechanism. The growth behavior of Ag nanostructures is remarkably differentiated at higher annealing temperature(750 ℃) due to the sublimation and temperature-dependent characteristic of dewetting process.In addition, Raman and reflectance spectra analyses reveal that optical properties of Ag nanostructures depend on their morphology.展开更多
Metallo-supramolecular chemistry based on the reversible,directional,and predictable noncovalent interaction of metal–ligand coordination has been widely applied in constructing a myriad of two-and threedimensional s...Metallo-supramolecular chemistry based on the reversible,directional,and predictable noncovalent interaction of metal–ligand coordination has been widely applied in constructing a myriad of two-and threedimensional supramolecules with sophisticated structures.The development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry highly relies on facile characterization methods.For advancement of structural complexity with desired functions,however,conventional crystallographicandspectroscopiccharacterizationsarelimited by crystal growth,sample purity,and severe signal overlaps.With high sensitivity and low requirement for purity,multidimensional mass spectrometry(MS),including electrospray ionization-MS(ESI-MS),tandem MS(MS2),and ion mobility-MS(IM-MS),is emerging as an essential analytical tool for characterization of the chemical compositions,connectivity,stability,shape,and size of metallo-supramolecules,as well as kinetic and thermodynamic features of self-assembly processes.Thus,this review mainly focuses on the recentdevelopment ofmultidimensionalMSinmetallosupramolecular characterization and discusses how ESI-MS,MS2,and IM-MS assist the development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry.展开更多
A gold electrode covered with selfassembled monolayers of 2mercaptobenzothiazole(Au/MBT)has been developed and its electrochemical characteristics have been investigated in detail.Using hexacyanoferrate as the electro...A gold electrode covered with selfassembled monolayers of 2mercaptobenzothiazole(Au/MBT)has been developed and its electrochemical characteristics have been investigated in detail.Using hexacyanoferrate as the electrochemical probe for studying the characteristics of the MBT monolayer film,the results,obtained by A.C.impedance spectroscopy technique,show that the electron transfer of hexacyanoferrate()on Au|MBT in higher pH media was more difficult than that obtained in H2SO4 medium or on a bare gold electrode.The electrochemical reversibility of Fe(CN)3-6/Fe(CN)4-6 changed with pH of the solution due to the proton and deproton states of N atom of MBT.The relationship between the coverage of MBT on Au surface or pH and the apparent heterogeneous rate constant was derived and discussed.The double layer capacitance of Au|MBT is(76455)F/cm2.The characteristic frequency was dependent on the pH of the solution.展开更多
Advances in nanotechnology depend upon expanding the ability to create biologically inspired complex materials with well-defined multidimensional structures.Fabrication of hybrid hierarchical structures by combining c...Advances in nanotechnology depend upon expanding the ability to create biologically inspired complex materials with well-defined multidimensional structures.Fabrication of hybrid hierarchical structures by combining colloidal organic and inorganic building blocks remains a challenge due to the difficulty in preparing a diverse spectrum of rigid-flexible coupling units of precise shape and size.Herewe reportageneral strategy for crafting amyriad of uniform aggregates via manipulating self-assembly of distinct dendimers with precisely controlled polyhed raloligomeric silse squioxane(POSS)-embedded cores integrating stiffness and ductility.The rigidity of POSS units exerts steric effects onself-amplification of hydrophobic do mains while the flexibility from internally ductile linkages provides ideal scenarios in establishing self-adaptive structural optimization,which subsequently drive the assemblies to proceed into hierarchical self-assembly via multiple coordination effects,generating highly complex multi compartment micelles(MCMs)without any preprocessing.Our facile approach enables a robust modular nanofabrication of well-organized dendrimers toward artificial functional systems with defined geometric architectures and intriguing functions for advanced biological applications.展开更多
The aggregation-induced emission luminogens(AIEgens)with unique photophysical properties propel the rapid development of novel delivery systems for drugs and genes.In this review,we first presented numeral classic typ...The aggregation-induced emission luminogens(AIEgens)with unique photophysical properties propel the rapid development of novel delivery systems for drugs and genes.In this review,we first presented numeral classic types of delivery systems based on light-up AIEgens for real-time monitoring of the delivery processes and evaluation of therapeutic outcomes of delivered drugs or genes.Next,general strategies were discussed for the delicately structural design of AIEgens that can self-assemble into bright therapeutic carriers through covalent or noncovalent interactions.Furthermore,given the unprecedented enhancements in therapeutic effects through the use of multimodes of therapy,AIEgens that were endowed with multiproperties and functionalities were investigated in the constructions of delivery systems for multimodality therapy.Especially,the combinational uses of AIE photosensitizers with chemo drug and small interference RNA(siRNA)were given as examples of augmenting the therapeutic performance in drug-resistant treatment and moderate immunotherapy by showing synergistic effects.展开更多
Nanostructures/patterns formed by biomolecules can produce different physicochemical properties in terms of hydrophobicity, zeta-potential, color, etc., which play paramount roles in life. Peptides, as the main bio-bu...Nanostructures/patterns formed by biomolecules can produce different physicochemical properties in terms of hydrophobicity, zeta-potential, color, etc., which play paramount roles in life. Peptides, as the main bio-building blocks, can form nanostructures with different functions,either in solutions or on interfaces. Previously, we synthesized a short peptide with the inspiration of an Alzheimer’s disease-related peptide: amyloid β peptide(A-p),namely GAV-9, which can epitaxially self-assemble into regular nanofilaments on liquid-solid interfaces, and it was found that both the hydrophobicity and charge state of the interfaces can significantly influence its assembling behavior. It was also reported that another A-β-containing dipeptide, FF,can self-assemble into nanostructures in solutions. Owing to the close relationship between these two short peptides, it is interesting to conjugate them into a de novo peptide with two separated structural domains and study its self-assembling behavior. To this end, herein we have synthesized the GAV-FF peptide with a sequence of NH2-VGGAVVAGVFF-CONH2 and verified its selfassembling property using the in situ liquid-phase atomic force microscopy. The results show that the GAV-FF peptide can self-assemble into nanofilaments both in solutions and on aqueous-solid interfaces, but with different morphologies. The FF domain accelerates the template-assisted self-assembling(TASA) process of the GAV domain, which in return enhances the solubility of FF in aqueous solutions and further participates in the fibrillization of FF. The current results could help deepen the understanding of the aggregation mechanism of diseaserelated peptides and could also shed light on the strategies to create artificial bio-functional nanostructures/patterns,which hold a significant potential for biomedical applications.展开更多
A biphenyl-bridged bis-tris(urea)ligand L was rationally designed with a favorable angle to construct a hexagon-shaped A_(6)L_(6)(A=anion)complex upon assembly with phosphate anions(PO_(4)^(3−))via anioncoordination-d...A biphenyl-bridged bis-tris(urea)ligand L was rationally designed with a favorable angle to construct a hexagon-shaped A_(6)L_(6)(A=anion)complex upon assembly with phosphate anions(PO_(4)^(3−))via anioncoordination-driven assembly(ACDA).Due to the moderate flexibility of L,another well-defined discrete architecture,a square-like A_(4)L_(4) complex,has also been obtained from ligand L and PO_(4)^(3−).Interconversion between these two self-assemblies can be readily realized by solvent regulation.In addition,the two anionic architectures display different binding abilities for selected cationic guest molecules,enabling the uptake of a desired guest from amixture of guests.展开更多
Cluster-assembled materials(CAMs)present delicate structures and tailored properties,which have gained extensive interest in recent years.Due to the noncovalent linkage and size of sub-1 nm,clusters present polymer-li...Cluster-assembled materials(CAMs)present delicate structures and tailored properties,which have gained extensive interest in recent years.Due to the noncovalent linkage and size of sub-1 nm,clusters present polymer-like solution behaviors distinct from conventional nanocrystals,whereby a variety of CAMs with different constructions have been fabricated.To our knowledge,the morphologies and properties of CAMs are closely connected,which are strongly dependent on the structure and coordination state of cluster building blocks.For the CAMs with superior performances,the specific arrangement and surroundings of clusters at subnanometer scale usually result in wellorganized structures.In this review,we will summarize the recent progress of CAMs with highly ordered structures and advanced properties,where polyoxometalate cluster assemblies as well as cluster-nuclei co-assemblies are involved.The application potentials of CAMs are then discussed,especially on the cluster arrangements and interactions at subnanometer scale.However,current researches are far from reaching the point,and future efforts are needed before the nature of cluster-based nanostructures can be sufficiently revealed.We hope this article can offer unique insights and instructive understanding to the CAMs.展开更多
基金We are gratefully acknowledged financial support of this work by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (2007 1034) the N.S.F of Guangdong Province of China.
文摘A new porphyrin-fluorescein hybrid 2 (Fl-PPTPP) has been synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, IR, H-NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The supramolecular 1 self-assembly of Fl-PPTPP with amino-porphyrinatomanganese [Mn (p-APTPP)Cl] by hydrogen-bonding was studied using fluorescence spectroscopic titration and ESI-MS.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82222903Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine(Start-up Fund)of The University of Hong Kong.
文摘Nowadays,cancer has become the leading cause of death worldwide,driving the need for effective therapeutics to improve patient prognosis.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)has been widely applied as an antitumor modality,owing to its minimal invasiveness,localized tumor damage,and high safety profile.However,its efficacy is limited by poor stability of photosensitizers,inadequate tumor accumulation,and a complex tumor microenvironment.To overcome these challenges,extensive endeavors have been made to explore the co-assembly of the widely used photosensitizer chlorin e6(Ce6)with various functional small molecules to enhance pharmacodynamic activity.This review provides a comprehensive overview of current studies on Ce6-based nanoparticles for effective PDT and precise delivery of functional molecules.The self-assembly mechanism will be discussed in detail,with a focus on potential strategies for combinational therapy with PDT.
基金This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20102004).
文摘This paper describes the design, synthesis and characterization of a hydrogen-bonded molecular duplex with 1,8-naphthalimide fluorescent pendants. The two oligoamide molecular strands, with complementary hydrogen bond sequences of DDADAA and AADADD, can form an ultra stable self-assembly duplex. Its molecular structure was confu-med by ^1H NMR and ESI-MS, and its photoluminescence properties were determined. The resulting duplex exhibited a dramatically enhanced photoluminescence （PL） quantum efficiency of 63.7% compared to the corresponding 1,8-naphthalimide segment （32.4%）, suggesting that the formation of the duplex with larger molecular weight could successfully inhibit the quenching of the fluorescent pendant. This novel duplex is a prospective candidate for new electroluminescent emitter.
文摘Four 2,5-dialkoxylphenyl-l,3,4-oxadiazoles are shown to be efficient organogelators. These com- pounds readily form stable gels in many organic solvents and their gelation property as well as supramolecular structures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance （1H NMR）, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy （UV-vis）. The results indicate that the gelator molecules self-assemble into gels with elongated fibrous networks and layer structures, and van der Waals interaction is the main driving force.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(no.2011-0030079 and 2016R1A1A1A05005009)the research grant of Kwangwoon University in 2016
文摘Silver(Ag) nanostructures demonstrate outstanding optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties and are utilized in photonic, energy, sensors, and biomedical devices.The target application and the performance can be inherently tuned by control of configuration, shape, and size of Ag nanostructures. In this work, we demonstrate the systematical fabrication of various configurations of Ag nanostructures on sapphire(0001) by controlling the Ag deposition thickness at different annealing environments in a plasma ion coater. In particular, the evolution of Ag particles(between 2 and 20 nm),irregular nanoclusters(between 30 and 60 nm), and nanocluster networks(between 80 and 200 nm) are found be depended on the thickness of Ag thin film. The results were systematically analyzed and explained based on the solid-state dewetting,surface diffusion, Volmer–Weber growth model, coalescence,and surface energy minimization mechanism. The growth behavior of Ag nanostructures is remarkably differentiated at higher annealing temperature(750 ℃) due to the sublimation and temperature-dependent characteristic of dewetting process.In addition, Raman and reflectance spectra analyses reveal that optical properties of Ag nanostructures depend on their morphology.
基金X.L.acknowledges the support from the Developmental Fund for Science and Technology of Shenzhen government(grant no.RCJC20200714114556036)Tencent Funders Alumni Foundation.H.W.thanks the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.22001176).
文摘Metallo-supramolecular chemistry based on the reversible,directional,and predictable noncovalent interaction of metal–ligand coordination has been widely applied in constructing a myriad of two-and threedimensional supramolecules with sophisticated structures.The development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry highly relies on facile characterization methods.For advancement of structural complexity with desired functions,however,conventional crystallographicandspectroscopiccharacterizationsarelimited by crystal growth,sample purity,and severe signal overlaps.With high sensitivity and low requirement for purity,multidimensional mass spectrometry(MS),including electrospray ionization-MS(ESI-MS),tandem MS(MS2),and ion mobility-MS(IM-MS),is emerging as an essential analytical tool for characterization of the chemical compositions,connectivity,stability,shape,and size of metallo-supramolecules,as well as kinetic and thermodynamic features of self-assembly processes.Thus,this review mainly focuses on the recentdevelopment ofmultidimensionalMSinmetallosupramolecular characterization and discusses how ESI-MS,MS2,and IM-MS assist the development of metallo-supramolecular chemistry.
文摘A gold electrode covered with selfassembled monolayers of 2mercaptobenzothiazole(Au/MBT)has been developed and its electrochemical characteristics have been investigated in detail.Using hexacyanoferrate as the electrochemical probe for studying the characteristics of the MBT monolayer film,the results,obtained by A.C.impedance spectroscopy technique,show that the electron transfer of hexacyanoferrate()on Au|MBT in higher pH media was more difficult than that obtained in H2SO4 medium or on a bare gold electrode.The electrochemical reversibility of Fe(CN)3-6/Fe(CN)4-6 changed with pH of the solution due to the proton and deproton states of N atom of MBT.The relationship between the coverage of MBT on Au surface or pH and the apparent heterogeneous rate constant was derived and discussed.The double layer capacitance of Au|MBT is(76455)F/cm2.The characteristic frequency was dependent on the pH of the solution.
基金This work was supported by NSFC(nos.51973226,21725403,51803188,and 21504096),the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(no.2014CB932200),and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(nos.2018M642783 and 2019T120636).
文摘Advances in nanotechnology depend upon expanding the ability to create biologically inspired complex materials with well-defined multidimensional structures.Fabrication of hybrid hierarchical structures by combining colloidal organic and inorganic building blocks remains a challenge due to the difficulty in preparing a diverse spectrum of rigid-flexible coupling units of precise shape and size.Herewe reportageneral strategy for crafting amyriad of uniform aggregates via manipulating self-assembly of distinct dendimers with precisely controlled polyhed raloligomeric silse squioxane(POSS)-embedded cores integrating stiffness and ductility.The rigidity of POSS units exerts steric effects onself-amplification of hydrophobic do mains while the flexibility from internally ductile linkages provides ideal scenarios in establishing self-adaptive structural optimization,which subsequently drive the assemblies to proceed into hierarchical self-assembly via multiple coordination effects,generating highly complex multi compartment micelles(MCMs)without any preprocessing.Our facile approach enables a robust modular nanofabrication of well-organized dendrimers toward artificial functional systems with defined geometric architectures and intriguing functions for advanced biological applications.
基金the National Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22274106,22104104startup funds from Soochow Universitythe Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BK20210701。
文摘The aggregation-induced emission luminogens(AIEgens)with unique photophysical properties propel the rapid development of novel delivery systems for drugs and genes.In this review,we first presented numeral classic types of delivery systems based on light-up AIEgens for real-time monitoring of the delivery processes and evaluation of therapeutic outcomes of delivered drugs or genes.Next,general strategies were discussed for the delicately structural design of AIEgens that can self-assemble into bright therapeutic carriers through covalent or noncovalent interactions.Furthermore,given the unprecedented enhancements in therapeutic effects through the use of multimodes of therapy,AIEgens that were endowed with multiproperties and functionalities were investigated in the constructions of delivery systems for multimodality therapy.Especially,the combinational uses of AIE photosensitizers with chemo drug and small interference RNA(siRNA)were given as examples of augmenting the therapeutic performance in drug-resistant treatment and moderate immunotherapy by showing synergistic effects.
基金the Program Funded by the University for Fostering Distinguished Young Scholarsthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51763019,U1832125)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M630937)the Grassland Talents Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regionthe Distinguished Young Scholars Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regionthe Young Leading Talents of Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
文摘Nanostructures/patterns formed by biomolecules can produce different physicochemical properties in terms of hydrophobicity, zeta-potential, color, etc., which play paramount roles in life. Peptides, as the main bio-building blocks, can form nanostructures with different functions,either in solutions or on interfaces. Previously, we synthesized a short peptide with the inspiration of an Alzheimer’s disease-related peptide: amyloid β peptide(A-p),namely GAV-9, which can epitaxially self-assemble into regular nanofilaments on liquid-solid interfaces, and it was found that both the hydrophobicity and charge state of the interfaces can significantly influence its assembling behavior. It was also reported that another A-β-containing dipeptide, FF,can self-assemble into nanostructures in solutions. Owing to the close relationship between these two short peptides, it is interesting to conjugate them into a de novo peptide with two separated structural domains and study its self-assembling behavior. To this end, herein we have synthesized the GAV-FF peptide with a sequence of NH2-VGGAVVAGVFF-CONH2 and verified its selfassembling property using the in situ liquid-phase atomic force microscopy. The results show that the GAV-FF peptide can self-assemble into nanofilaments both in solutions and on aqueous-solid interfaces, but with different morphologies. The FF domain accelerates the template-assisted self-assembling(TASA) process of the GAV domain, which in return enhances the solubility of FF in aqueous solutions and further participates in the fibrillization of FF. The current results could help deepen the understanding of the aggregation mechanism of diseaserelated peptides and could also shed light on the strategies to create artificial bio-functional nanostructures/patterns,which hold a significant potential for biomedical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.21971210,91856102,and 21772154)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(no.2019KJXX-062).
文摘A biphenyl-bridged bis-tris(urea)ligand L was rationally designed with a favorable angle to construct a hexagon-shaped A_(6)L_(6)(A=anion)complex upon assembly with phosphate anions(PO_(4)^(3−))via anioncoordination-driven assembly(ACDA).Due to the moderate flexibility of L,another well-defined discrete architecture,a square-like A_(4)L_(4) complex,has also been obtained from ligand L and PO_(4)^(3−).Interconversion between these two self-assemblies can be readily realized by solvent regulation.In addition,the two anionic architectures display different binding abilities for selected cationic guest molecules,enabling the uptake of a desired guest from amixture of guests.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:22035004National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Numbers:2016YFA0202801,2017YFA0700101。
文摘Cluster-assembled materials(CAMs)present delicate structures and tailored properties,which have gained extensive interest in recent years.Due to the noncovalent linkage and size of sub-1 nm,clusters present polymer-like solution behaviors distinct from conventional nanocrystals,whereby a variety of CAMs with different constructions have been fabricated.To our knowledge,the morphologies and properties of CAMs are closely connected,which are strongly dependent on the structure and coordination state of cluster building blocks.For the CAMs with superior performances,the specific arrangement and surroundings of clusters at subnanometer scale usually result in wellorganized structures.In this review,we will summarize the recent progress of CAMs with highly ordered structures and advanced properties,where polyoxometalate cluster assemblies as well as cluster-nuclei co-assemblies are involved.The application potentials of CAMs are then discussed,especially on the cluster arrangements and interactions at subnanometer scale.However,current researches are far from reaching the point,and future efforts are needed before the nature of cluster-based nanostructures can be sufficiently revealed.We hope this article can offer unique insights and instructive understanding to the CAMs.
