使用华北地区120站降水资料、美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析环流资料和Kaplan扩展海温资料(Kaplan et al,.1998),对华北降水季节演变主要模态及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,华北降水季节演变存在两个...使用华北地区120站降水资料、美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析环流资料和Kaplan扩展海温资料(Kaplan et al,.1998),对华北降水季节演变主要模态及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,华北降水季节演变存在两个主要模态,第一模态夏季降水在中北部偏多、南部偏少,第二模态夏季北部偏少、中南部偏多,两者明显不同。第一模态主要受ENSO演变过程和印度洋偶极子(IOD)事件的控制,第二模态主要受IOD演变过程控制。印度洋海温异常明显比赤道东太平洋异常幅度小,但对华北夏季降水的影响比ENSO更加明显。影响华北季节降水演变两个模态的季风环流明显不同:第一模态在春季,东亚北部开始出现类似夏季风的异常形势,到夏季时,春季建立的异常东亚夏季风环流进一步加强,而且印度夏季风偏西风环流在华南并入东亚夏季风;第二模态在春季,东亚地区也开始出现偏南风异常,到夏季,东亚偏南夏季风异常进一步加强,但越过长江后迅速转向向东,在华南无明显印度夏季风环流并入。另外,影响两个模态的水汽通道和水汽源地也明显不同:第一模态在夏季,影响华北的水汽通道有三条,即西南风水汽通道、东南风水汽通道和偏西风水汽通道,其中西南风水汽通道最为重要,水汽源地主要在南海和东海;第二模态在夏季,影响华北夏季降水的主要是西南风水汽通道,水汽源地主要在孟加拉湾和南海。展开更多
By averaging June-July-August (JJA) mean geopotential height anomalies at 850 hPa over the specified areas, the author proposes two innovative and succinct parameters to objectively define the zonal and meridional dis...By averaging June-July-August (JJA) mean geopotential height anomalies at 850 hPa over the specified areas, the author proposes two innovative and succinct parameters to objectively define the zonal and meridional displacements of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in summer, respectively. Thus, these two indices and the present results may provide a basis for validating atmospheric general circulation models simulating the WNPSH. For the zonal index, the specified area is the west edge (110°–150°E, 10°–30°N) of the WNPSH. For the meridional index, the specified area is the northwest edge (120°–150°E, 30°–40°N) of the WNPSH. The interannual variations of these two indices are found to be independent. The results from a composite analysis based on the meridional index are in good agreement with previous studies based on case analyses. The two indices are compared with the existing indices announced by the National Climate Center (NCC) in China, on the interannual timescale. Despite slight differences, the interannual variations of the presented indices are basically similar to those of the NCC indices, and thus the circulation and precipitation associated with the present indices exhibit similar features to those associated with the NCC indices. Furthermore, an analysis of the differences between the associations of the present indices and the NCC indices shows that the presented indices are better than the NCC indices. An important result is that the zonal index is related to a more outstanding anomaly of precipitation, especially in East Asia and the Philippine Sea, both based on the presented indices and the NCC indices. The two indices can also be used to describe the seasonal march of the WNPSH during summer, namely, the poleward and eastward shifts. It is found that climatologically, the WNPSH shifts poleward and eastward rapidly in middle July, but the amplitudes of the poleward and eastward shifts are more remarkable in the summers when the WNPSH is located poleward and e展开更多
Following the implementation of the strictest clean air policies to date in Beijing,the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_(2.5) have changed over the past few years.To improve pollution reduction polic...Following the implementation of the strictest clean air policies to date in Beijing,the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_(2.5) have changed over the past few years.To improve pollution reduction policies and subsequent air quality further,it is necessary to explore the changes in PM_(2.5) over time.In this study,over one year(2017-2018)field study based on filter sampling(TH-150C;Wuhan Tianhong,China)was conducted in Fengtai District,Beijing,revealed that the annual average PM_(2.5) concentration(64.8±43.1μg/m^3)was significantly lower than in previous years and the highest PM_(2.5) concentration occurred in spring(84.4±59.9μg/m^3).Secondary nitrate was the largest source and accounted for 25.7%of the measured PM_(2.5).Vehicular emission,the second largest source(17.6%),deserves more attention when considering the increase in the number of motor vehicles and its contribution to gaseous pollutants.In addition,the contribution from coal combustion to PM_(2.5) decreased significantly.During weekends,the contribution from EC and NO3−increased whereas the contributions from SO4^2−,OM,and trace elements decreased,compared with weekdays.During the period of residential heating,PM_(2.5) mass decreased by 23.1%,compared with non-heating period,while the contributions from coal combustion and vehicular emission,and related species increased.With the aggravation of pollution,the contribution of vehicular emission and secondary sulfate increased and then decreased,while the contribution of NO3−and secondary nitrate continued to increase,and accounted for 34.0%and 57.5%of the PM_(2.5) during the heavily polluted days,respectively.展开更多
A possible reason for the unreasonable simula- tion of maximum rainfall location, intensity and seasonal evolution over eastern China in CCM3 has been investigated. The analyses focus on the relationship between the s...A possible reason for the unreasonable simula- tion of maximum rainfall location, intensity and seasonal evolution over eastern China in CCM3 has been investigated. The analyses focus on the relationship between the simulated East Asian subtropical westerly jet biases and the seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China. Comparisons of the simulated and observed precipitation distributions indicate that the simulated maximum rainfall location, intensity and seasonal evolution are inconsistent with reality. The simu- lated westerly jet center is located to the north of 40°N, which shifts eastward and northward and strengthens, com- pared with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The correlation analysis shows that there exists a significant positive correlation be- tween the maximum rainfall amount and zonal wind at 200 hPa over the Great Bend of the Huanghe River. Thus the simulated unrealistic heavy precipitation in the inland area of western China is related to the biases in the location and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet. Further analysis indicates that the temperature differences from south to north in the lower troposphere and the larger sensi- ble heating over the southeast Tibetan Plateau are responsi- ble for the westerly jet location and intensity biases. There- fore, much more attention should be paid to the accurate simulation of the surface heating near the Tibetan Plateau and the location and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet for the improvement of precipitation simulation over East Asia.展开更多
文摘使用华北地区120站降水资料、美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析环流资料和Kaplan扩展海温资料(Kaplan et al,.1998),对华北降水季节演变主要模态及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,华北降水季节演变存在两个主要模态,第一模态夏季降水在中北部偏多、南部偏少,第二模态夏季北部偏少、中南部偏多,两者明显不同。第一模态主要受ENSO演变过程和印度洋偶极子(IOD)事件的控制,第二模态主要受IOD演变过程控制。印度洋海温异常明显比赤道东太平洋异常幅度小,但对华北夏季降水的影响比ENSO更加明显。影响华北季节降水演变两个模态的季风环流明显不同:第一模态在春季,东亚北部开始出现类似夏季风的异常形势,到夏季时,春季建立的异常东亚夏季风环流进一步加强,而且印度夏季风偏西风环流在华南并入东亚夏季风;第二模态在春季,东亚地区也开始出现偏南风异常,到夏季,东亚偏南夏季风异常进一步加强,但越过长江后迅速转向向东,在华南无明显印度夏季风环流并入。另外,影响两个模态的水汽通道和水汽源地也明显不同:第一模态在夏季,影响华北的水汽通道有三条,即西南风水汽通道、东南风水汽通道和偏西风水汽通道,其中西南风水汽通道最为重要,水汽源地主要在南海和东海;第二模态在夏季,影响华北夏季降水的主要是西南风水汽通道,水汽源地主要在孟加拉湾和南海。
基金This study was supported by the National Key Programme for Developing Basic SciencesG1998040900 Part 1 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 40075016 and 40023001.
文摘By averaging June-July-August (JJA) mean geopotential height anomalies at 850 hPa over the specified areas, the author proposes two innovative and succinct parameters to objectively define the zonal and meridional displacements of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in summer, respectively. Thus, these two indices and the present results may provide a basis for validating atmospheric general circulation models simulating the WNPSH. For the zonal index, the specified area is the west edge (110°–150°E, 10°–30°N) of the WNPSH. For the meridional index, the specified area is the northwest edge (120°–150°E, 30°–40°N) of the WNPSH. The interannual variations of these two indices are found to be independent. The results from a composite analysis based on the meridional index are in good agreement with previous studies based on case analyses. The two indices are compared with the existing indices announced by the National Climate Center (NCC) in China, on the interannual timescale. Despite slight differences, the interannual variations of the presented indices are basically similar to those of the NCC indices, and thus the circulation and precipitation associated with the present indices exhibit similar features to those associated with the NCC indices. Furthermore, an analysis of the differences between the associations of the present indices and the NCC indices shows that the presented indices are better than the NCC indices. An important result is that the zonal index is related to a more outstanding anomaly of precipitation, especially in East Asia and the Philippine Sea, both based on the presented indices and the NCC indices. The two indices can also be used to describe the seasonal march of the WNPSH during summer, namely, the poleward and eastward shifts. It is found that climatologically, the WNPSH shifts poleward and eastward rapidly in middle July, but the amplitudes of the poleward and eastward shifts are more remarkable in the summers when the WNPSH is located poleward and e
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41805095,41705113,41877312)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Nos.2018SZ0288 and 2019YFS0476)+1 种基金the National Research Program for Key Is-sues in Air Pollution Control(DQGG0101)the Beijing Ma-jor Science and Technology Project(Z181100005418014)。
文摘Following the implementation of the strictest clean air policies to date in Beijing,the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_(2.5) have changed over the past few years.To improve pollution reduction policies and subsequent air quality further,it is necessary to explore the changes in PM_(2.5) over time.In this study,over one year(2017-2018)field study based on filter sampling(TH-150C;Wuhan Tianhong,China)was conducted in Fengtai District,Beijing,revealed that the annual average PM_(2.5) concentration(64.8±43.1μg/m^3)was significantly lower than in previous years and the highest PM_(2.5) concentration occurred in spring(84.4±59.9μg/m^3).Secondary nitrate was the largest source and accounted for 25.7%of the measured PM_(2.5).Vehicular emission,the second largest source(17.6%),deserves more attention when considering the increase in the number of motor vehicles and its contribution to gaseous pollutants.In addition,the contribution from coal combustion to PM_(2.5) decreased significantly.During weekends,the contribution from EC and NO3−increased whereas the contributions from SO4^2−,OM,and trace elements decreased,compared with weekdays.During the period of residential heating,PM_(2.5) mass decreased by 23.1%,compared with non-heating period,while the contributions from coal combustion and vehicular emission,and related species increased.With the aggravation of pollution,the contribution of vehicular emission and secondary sulfate increased and then decreased,while the contribution of NO3−and secondary nitrate continued to increase,and accounted for 34.0%and 57.5%of the PM_(2.5) during the heavily polluted days,respectively.
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40333026)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.ZKCX2-SW-210)
文摘A possible reason for the unreasonable simula- tion of maximum rainfall location, intensity and seasonal evolution over eastern China in CCM3 has been investigated. The analyses focus on the relationship between the simulated East Asian subtropical westerly jet biases and the seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China. Comparisons of the simulated and observed precipitation distributions indicate that the simulated maximum rainfall location, intensity and seasonal evolution are inconsistent with reality. The simu- lated westerly jet center is located to the north of 40°N, which shifts eastward and northward and strengthens, com- pared with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The correlation analysis shows that there exists a significant positive correlation be- tween the maximum rainfall amount and zonal wind at 200 hPa over the Great Bend of the Huanghe River. Thus the simulated unrealistic heavy precipitation in the inland area of western China is related to the biases in the location and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet. Further analysis indicates that the temperature differences from south to north in the lower troposphere and the larger sensi- ble heating over the southeast Tibetan Plateau are responsi- ble for the westerly jet location and intensity biases. There- fore, much more attention should be paid to the accurate simulation of the surface heating near the Tibetan Plateau and the location and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet for the improvement of precipitation simulation over East Asia.
